3 Paradigma Penelitian: Positivis, Konstruktivis, dan Kritis (Sumadi)

Summary

The video discusses three key research paradigms in the context of epistemology: positivist, constructivist, and critical paradigms. It explains how each paradigm views reality and guides the research process, influencing methodology, data collection, and analysis. The positivist paradigm emphasizes objectivity and external reality, while the constructivist paradigm focuses on the co-creation of knowledge through researcher-subject interaction. The critical paradigm critiques societal power structures and aims for social transformation. The video also highlights differences in ontological, epistemological, and axiological perspectives across these paradigms, offering insights into their implications for academic research.

Takeaways

• 😀 Paradigms are foundational beliefs that guide researchers in their search for truth in scientific inquiry.
• 😀 The lecture focuses on three main research paradigms: positivism, constructivism, and critical paradigms.
• 😀 Positivism emphasizes objective reality and scientific detachment, aiming to uncover universal laws and truths.
• 😀 Constructivism views reality as socially constructed, with knowledge emerging from the interaction between the researcher and the subject.
• 😀 The critical paradigm critiques societal norms and power structures, with an aim to transform society through research.
• 😀 Paradigms influence the methodology of research, including design, data collection, and the interpretation of results.
• 😀 Understanding paradigms is crucial for researchers to follow correct procedures and ensure valid results in their studies.
• 😀 Paradigms also affect the ontology (nature of reality), epistemology (nature of knowledge), and axiology (role of values) of research.
• 😀 Thomas Kuhn introduced the concept of paradigms in research in 1962, framing them as accepted conceptual frameworks guiding scientific inquiry.
• 😀 The choice of paradigm determines the researcher's approach to objectivity, interaction with subjects, and the role of ethics in the research process.

Q & A

What is the main topic of the lecture in the transcript?

The main topic of the lecture is the discussion of three paradigms in research: positivism, constructivism, and critical theory, all within the context of epistemology.

Why is it important to understand research paradigms?

Understanding research paradigms is crucial because they guide the design of research, the methods used, and the way data is analyzed, ensuring the research process follows correct procedures and leads to valid findings.

What is the definition of a paradigm according to the transcript?

A paradigm is described as a set of basic beliefs or a conceptual framework that guides human actions and thought, especially in research, by determining how we perceive reality and approach the search for truth.

How did Thomas Kuhn contribute to the concept of paradigms?

Thomas Kuhn introduced the concept of paradigms in research in his 1962 work, using it to describe a conceptual framework accepted by a community of researchers that guides their investigations.

What is the key characteristic of positivism in terms of ontology?

Positivism views reality as objective, governed by universal laws. It assumes that reality can be understood through observation and scientific analysis, emphasizing an external, measurable world.

What is the ontological perspective of constructivism?

Constructivism sees reality as a social construct. It holds that reality is shaped by cultural, social, and political contexts, meaning it is relative and can vary based on individual or societal experiences.

What does the critical paradigm focus on from an ontological perspective?

The critical paradigm views reality as being shaped by historical and socio-political forces. It critiques existing societal structures, emphasizing the need to challenge and deconstruct perceived truths in order to transform society.

What does the transcript say about the epistemology of positivism?

Positivism follows an objective epistemology, where knowledge is considered external and independent of the researcher. The researcher maintains a clear distance from the research subject to ensure objectivity.

How does constructivism approach epistemology?

Constructivism adopts a subjective, transactional approach to epistemology, where knowledge is seen as the result of the interaction between the researcher and the research subject, making the researcher an active participant in shaping the findings.

What is the epistemological stance of the critical paradigm?

The critical paradigm aligns with a transactional, subjective approach like constructivism, but with a focus on how values influence the research process, recognizing the need for the researcher to mediate between different perspectives to achieve transformative outcomes.

How does each paradigm view the role of values in research?

In positivism, values are kept separate from the research process. In constructivism, values are integral to understanding the social realities being studied. In critical theory, values play a central role, as the researcher seeks to critique and transform societal norms.

What is the primary aim of critical research, according to the transcript?

The primary aim of critical research is to challenge societal norms, address issues of oppression and inequality, and foster social change, often with the goal of creating a more just and equitable world.