Sejarah Periode Jomon, Periode Tertua dalam Sejarah Jepang

Historical Study

12 Jul 202207:11

Summary

TLDRThe Jomon period, Japan's earliest historical era, began around 14,500 BCE and ended around 310 CE with the advent of the Yayoi period. Named after its distinctive pottery, Jomon society was marked by settled villages, hunting, gathering, and fishing. They developed sophisticated pottery and tools from stone and wood. Towards the end, they adopted agriculture and metalworking from Korea, leading to the formation of modern Japanese society.

Takeaways

🗓️ The Jomon period is the earliest known era in Japanese history, beginning around 14,500 BCE and ending around 310 CE with the start of the Yayoi period.
🌐 The name 'Jomon' comes from the cord-pattern style of pottery produced during this era.
🏔 People arrived in the area now known as Japan at the end of the last glacial period, possibly following animal herds across land bridges formed during the glacial period.
🍃 As the climate warmed and land bridges disappeared, the Jomon people adapted to living on an island with dwindling animal herds.
🐟 The Jomon diet included a variety of foods such as bear meat, fish, shellfish, wild grapes, chestnuts, and acorns, as evidenced by refuse piles and middens near villages.
🏡 Around 5000 BCE, the Jomon people developed a settled lifestyle, forming villages with the largest villages covering about 100 hectares and housing around 500 people.
🌊 Coastal villages were heavily reliant on fishing, while inland settlements adopted a hunting lifestyle.
🏰 Early Jomon housing was simple but evolved into pit dwellings supported by pillars and capable of accommodating five people.
🛠️ Jomon technology primarily consisted of basic stone and wood tools, similar to Neolithic technology used elsewhere in Europe and Asia.
👗 Jomon clothing was made from tree bark cloth, sewn with bone needles.
🎨 Jomon pottery was handmade without the use of a potter's wheel, starting from coils of soft clay mixed with other materials like fibers or crushed shells, then shaped and fired outdoors.
🗝️ Towards the end of the Jomon period, there is evidence of contact with the mainland, such as similar pottery styles in Korea and southern Japan's Kyushu island.

Q & A

What does the term 'Jomon' mean and how does it relate to Japanese history?
-The term 'Jomon' means 'cord pattern' or 'pattern of ropes' and it comes from the style of pottery made during that era. It is the earliest period in Japanese history, starting around 14,500 BCE and ending around 310 BCE when the Yayoi period began.
How did the climate change affect the Jomon people?
-The Jomon people were affected by climate change around 911 BCE. As the climate warmed, the land bridges disappeared, and they found themselves on an island with animals that gradually became extinct. This led to the Jomon people developing a settled lifestyle and forming villages.
What were the main food sources for the Jomon people?
-The Jomon people's food sources included bears, fish, shellfish, wild grapes, chestnuts, and tree seeds. Evidence of their diet was found in garbage dumps and middens near villages.
How large were the villages during the Jomon period?
-The largest villages during the Jomon period were about 100 hectares in size and had a population of around 500 people. Villages near the sea relied heavily on fishing, while those in the middle of the islands adopted a hunting lifestyle.
What types of houses did the Jomon people live in?
-Initially, the Jomon people lived in simple houses that soon developed into pit houses built around a central hearth. These houses were supported by pillars and could accommodate five people each.
How did the Jomon people's lifestyle change with climate variations?
-The Jomon people's lifestyle changed with climate variations around the year 911 BCE. They adapted to living in different areas depending on the climate, which was a significant shift from their previous nomadic lifestyle.
What kind of tools did the Jomon people use?
-The Jomon people used basic stone and wood tools such as knives, chisels, bows, and arrows. They also used various traps and snares for hunting. Their technology was similar to the Neolithic technology used in Europe and other parts of Asia.
What materials were used for clothing by the Jomon people?
-The Jomon people's clothing was made from tree bark and elm bast, sewn using bone needles. They also made baskets, indicating a level of craftsmanship and resourcefulness.
What evidence is there of fishing practices among the Jomon people?
-The Jomon people developed fishing tools such as harpoons and hooks, indicating a sophisticated understanding of fishing techniques. Unlike in Europe and America, agriculture was not practiced until much later, towards the end of the Jomon period.
How were Jomon pottery made and what were their characteristics?
-Jomon pottery was handmade without the use of a potter's wheel. It began with coils of soft clay mixed with other materials like fibers or crushed shells. The outer and inner surfaces were then smoothed with tools and fired in a suitable fire outside. The pottery from the earliest Jomon period had a round bottom for cooking outside, placed on a pile of stones or sand. Later, the pottery became more decorated and the walls thinner, with more uses than in the earlier period.
What are the 'dogu' and what do they signify in Jomon culture?
-The 'dogu' are clay figurines that were made during the Jomon period. Initially, they were flat images of various sizes, but by the middle and later Jomon periods, they became three-dimensional, often depicting pregnant women to enhance fertility or ordinary people. They were sometimes damaged, believed to transfer misfortune or illness to the represented living person.
What contact did the Jomon people have with other cultures?
-For most of the Jomon period, Japan was isolated from the rest of Asia, so their culture and technology were considered original and possibly more primitive due to lack of access to ideas and technologies from other cultures. However, towards the end of this period, evidence suggests contact with the Korean peninsula, such as similar pottery found in Korea and Kyushu, the southernmost island of Japan.

Outlines

00:00

🏞️ Jomon Period Overview

The Jomon period, dating back to approximately 14,500 BCE and ending around 310 CE, marks the earliest known era in Japanese history. It coincides with the Neolithic period in Europe and Asia. The name Jomon, meaning 'cord pattern,' is derived from the pottery style of that time. The first inhabitants of what is now Japan arrived at the end of the last glacial period, possibly following herds of animals over land bridges formed during the glacial period. As the climate warmed and the land bridges disappeared, these people found themselves on an island with various animals. The Jomon people began hunting and gathering to meet their food needs, which included bears, fish, shellfish, wild grapes, chestnuts, and tree seeds. Evidence of their diet can be found in ancient garbage dumps and remains near villages. Around 5000 BCE, they developed a settled lifestyle in villages, with the largest village covering about 100 hectares and housing around 500 people. Coastal settlements relied heavily on fishing, while those in the interior adopted a hunting lifestyle. Early houses were simple but evolved into pit dwellings with central hearths and structures supported by pillars, capable of accommodating five people each. The Jomon people lived in different regions depending on climate changes, which occurred around 911 CE. They used basic stone and wood tools, similar to Neolithic Europe and Asia, and also developed fishing tools. Unlike Europe and America, agriculture was not practiced until the later part of the period, and no large-scale agricultural tools were found. However, there is evidence of small-scale gardening or cultivation. Jomon pottery was handmade without a potter's wheel, starting from coils of soft clay mixed with other materials like fibers or crushed shells. The outer and inner surfaces were smoothed and then fired in appropriate outdoor conditions. The oldest pottery pieces found date back to the earliest part of the Jomon period and were used for cooking outside, placed on piles of stones or sand. Later, pottery became more decorated and versatile.

05:02

🗿 Jomon Culture and Rituals

In the earlier phases of the Jomon period, clay figurines known as 'dogo' were made, initially as flat images of various sizes. By the middle Jomon period, these figurines were widespread and numerous, and by the late Jomon period, they had developed into three-dimensional shapes. Many of these represented pregnant women, possibly to enhance fertility, or ordinary people, sometimes intentionally damaged due to beliefs that they could affect the health or fortune of the person they represented. It was common for men entering puberty to undergo a tooth extraction ritual for unknown reasons. In northern Japan, stone circles from the Jomon period have been found around villages, but their purpose remains a mystery, though it is theorized they were used to ensure good harvests and abundant fishing. During most of the Jomon period, Japan was isolated from the rest of Asia, leading to a unique and possibly more primitive culture and technology. However, by the end of this period, there is evidence of contact with the Korean peninsula, such as similar pottery found in Korea and Kyushu, the southernmost island of Japan. The Jomon people eventually learned to cultivate rice and process metals from Korea and interacted with local people in the southern regions, which would later become modern Japanese. A small group of people still carry specific Jomon DNA, particularly in northern Japan, such as on the island of Hokkaido.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Jomon period

The Jomon period is identified as the earliest historical era in Japan, dating back around 14,500 years before the common era. It overlaps with the Neolithic period in Europe and Asia and ended around 310 CE with the beginning of the Yayoi period. The term 'Jomon' means 'cord pattern', reflecting the style of pottery made during this era. This era is central to the video's theme as it sets the stage for understanding the lifestyle, culture, and technological advancements of early Japan.

💡Neolithic

Neolithic refers to the final phase of the Stone Age, characterized by the development of agriculture and the use of polished stone tools. In the context of the video, the Neolithic period is mentioned to draw a parallel with the Jomon period, indicating a time when humans began to settle and develop more complex societies, including the establishment of permanent settlements and the advent of pottery.

💡Settlements

Settlements refer to the establishment of communities in specific areas. In the video, the development of settlements around 5000 BCE is highlighted, with villages being the center of a settled lifestyle. The largest villages during the Jomon period covered about 100 hectares and had populations of around 500 people. These settlements were often near the sea and relied heavily on fishing.

💡Subsistence

Subsistence in the video refers to the means by which the Jomon people obtained their food, primarily through hunting and gathering. The script mentions that they found food such as bears, fish, shellfish, wild grapes, chestnuts, and tree seeds. This subsistence strategy is crucial to understanding how the Jomon people sustained themselves and their communities.

💡Climate change

Climate change is implied in the video when discussing how the Jomon people adapted to different environments based on climatic shifts around 911 BCE. This change is significant as it influenced their lifestyle, forcing them to move to different areas and adapt their living conditions, which is an important aspect of the narrative of human adaptation and survival.

💡Pottery

Pottery is a significant aspect of the Jomon culture, as indicated by the period's name. The video describes the pottery as having a cord pattern and being made by hand without the use of a potter's wheel. The pottery was used for cooking and storage, with the earliest pieces having a round bottom for outdoor cooking and later pieces being more decorative and thinner-walled. Pottery is a key indicator of the technological and artistic achievements of the Jomon people.

💡Agriculture

Agriculture, particularly rice cultivation, is mentioned in the video as a practice that was introduced to Japan from present-day Korea towards the end of the Jomon period. The adoption of agriculture marked a significant shift in the Jomon way of life, moving from a hunter-gatherer society to a more settled, agrarian one. This transition is pivotal to the overarching narrative of societal development.

💡Metalworking

Metalworking refers to the process of working with metals to create tools and other objects. The video mentions that advanced metalworking techniques were introduced to Japan from Korea, which allowed the Jomon people to create more sophisticated tools and weapons. This technological advancement is indicative of the cultural exchange and progress during the Jomon period.

💡Clothing

Clothing in the Jomon period is described as being made from the bark of the mulberry tree, sewn using bone needles. This reflects the resourcefulness and craftsmanship of the Jomon people, as they utilized available materials to create functional and protective clothing, which is an essential aspect of their daily life and cultural identity.

💡Fishing

Fishing was a critical activity for Jomon settlements near the sea, as mentioned in the video. The development of fishing tools like harpoons and hooks is highlighted, indicating the importance of the sea as a food source. Fishing not only provided sustenance but also played a role in the economic and cultural life of the Jomon people.

💡Ceremony

Ceremony is implied in the video through the mention of ritual practices such as the burial of babies in large jars and adults in pits, along with the placement of ceremonial offerings and ornaments. These practices suggest a complex belief system and social structure within Jomon society, indicating that rituals and ceremonies played a significant role in their cultural and spiritual lives.

Highlights

The Jomon period is the earliest era in Japanese history, starting around 14,500 BCE and coinciding with the Neolithic period in Europe and Asia.

The Jomon period ended around 310 CE with the beginning of the Yayoi period.

The name Jomon, meaning 'cord pattern,' originates from the style of pottery made during this time.

People arrived in the area now known as Japan at the end of the last glacial period, likely following herds of animals across land bridges formed during the glacial period.

As the climate warmed and land bridges disappeared, the Jomon people adapted to living on an island with dwindling animal herds.

The Jomon people began hunting and gathering to meet their food needs, which included bears, fish, shellfish, wild grapes, chestnuts, and tree seeds.

Evidence of their diet was found in garbage dumps, household waste piles, and shell mounds near villages.

Around 5000 BCE, Jomon people developed a settled lifestyle in villages, with the largest village covering about 100 hectares and a population of around 500 people.

Coastal settlements were heavily reliant on fishing, while those in the middle of the island adopted a hunting lifestyle.

Early Jomon housing was simple and soon developed into pit houses built around hearths, capable of accommodating five people.

Jomon people settled in different areas depending on climate changes around 911 CE.

Jomon technology mostly consisted of basic stone and wood tools, similar to Neolithic technology used in Europe and other parts of Asia.

Their clothing was made from tree bark cloth sewn with bone needles.

Jomon people also made baskets and, unlike in Europe and America, agriculture was not practiced until later.

There is evidence of small-scale horticulture or gardening, but no large-scale agricultural tools were found until the Yayoi period.

Jomon pottery was handmade without a potter's wheel, starting from coils of clay mixed with other materials like fibers or crushed shells.

Pottery from the earliest Jomon period had a round bottom for cooking outside, placed on piles of stones or sand.

In the middle Jomon period, pots were more decorated with fire or snake motifs.

By the end of the Jomon period, the pottery walls were thinner, and the vessels had more uses than in the middle period.

Jomon people buried babies in large jars, while adults were buried in pits and shell mounds near villages, along with ceremonial offerings and ornaments.

From the earlier Jomon phase, clay figurines called 'dogo' were made, initially as flat images of various sizes.

In the middle Jomon phase, these figurines were widespread and abundant.

By the end of the Jomon period, the figurines had three-dimensional shapes, many depicting pregnant women to enhance fertility or ordinary people.

A common practice for men entering puberty was a tooth extraction ritual for unknown reasons.

In northern Japan, stone circles from the Jomon period have been found, their purpose remains unknown, but it is theorized to bring good luck in hunting and fishing.

For most of the Jomon period, Japan was isolated from the rest of Asia, so its culture and technology can be considered original and possibly more primitive due to lack of access to ideas and technologies from other cultures.

Towards the end of this period, evidence indicates contact with the mainland, such as similar pottery found in Korea and Kyushu, the southernmost island of Japan.

The Jomon people eventually learned to cultivate rice and process metal from Korea and established contact with people in the southern regions, who would become modern Japanese, although a small group still retains specific Jomon DNA, especially in northern Japan, such as on Hokkaido Island.