AP World History UNIT 2 REVIEW—1200-1450
Summary
TLDRIn this AP World History review video, the instructor compares intercontinental trade routes from 1200 to 1450, covering the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean routes, and Trans-Saharan networks. They discuss similarities, such as the role of large states in maintaining safety and facilitating technological advancements, and secondary consequences like cultural and religious exchanges. Differences in goods, technology, and religion across routes are highlighted, as well as key cities and travelers. The video concludes with a look at the Mongol Empire's vast influence on trade, cultural diffusion, and the spread of the Black Death.
Takeaways
- 🌍 The major trade routes between 1200 and 1450 were the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean routes, and the Trans-Saharan Network, connecting various regions like China, Europe, East Africa, and North Africa.
- 🏰 All these trade routes flourished largely due to the establishment of large, stable states, such as the Mongol Empire, which provided safety and security for merchants.
- ⚙️ These trade routes led to the development of new technologies like the magnetic compass, lateen sail, saddles, and the sternpost rudder, which made trade more efficient.
- 🛍️ The primary purpose of these routes was trade, but they also resulted in significant cultural exchange, including the spread of religions like Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity.
- 🍚 The introduction of new crops, like Champa rice to China and bananas to East Africa, had profound environmental and societal impacts, such as population growth and migration.
- 🏙️ The growth of major trading cities like Chang’an, Calicut, and Timbuktu was a direct result of the flourishing trade along these routes.
- 📦 Each trade route specialized in different types of goods: Silk Roads in luxury goods like silk and porcelain, Indian Ocean in common goods like rice and ivory, and Trans-Saharan in salt and slaves.
- 🧭 The technologies that emerged along the trade routes varied: Silk Roads developed saddles and caravanserais, while the Indian Ocean routes advanced in maritime tech like the astrolabe and compass.
- ✝️ Religions spread differently across the trade routes: Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism traveled along the Silk Roads, Islam across both the Indian Ocean and Trans-Saharan routes.
- ☠️ Trade also facilitated the spread of disease, with the Black Death traveling across Afro-Eurasia, leading to population loss and significant social changes, especially in Europe.
Q & A
What are the major trade routes discussed in the video?
-The major trade routes discussed are the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean trade routes, and the Trans-Saharan trade network.
How did large states contribute to the flourishing of these trade routes?
-Large states, such as the Mongols controlling the Silk Road, provided protection and stability, allowing merchants to feel safe while traveling, which helped the trade routes flourish.
What technological innovations were developed to facilitate trade along these routes?
-Innovations included the magnetic compass, the lateen sail, saddles for camels and horses, and the sternpost rudder. These technologies made trade more efficient and profitable.
What were some of the secondary consequences of trade along these routes?
-In addition to trade, cultural exchanges occurred, such as the spread of religions (Buddhism, Islam, Christianity), the introduction of new crops like Champa rice to China and bananas to East Africa, and the growth of trading cities like Shang'an, Calicut, and Timbuktu.
What kinds of goods were traded along the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean routes, and Trans-Saharan routes?
-The Silk Roads specialized in luxury goods like silk, porcelain, and gunpowder. The Indian Ocean routes traded common goods such as gold, ivory, textiles, and pepper, along with luxury items. The Trans-Saharan routes focused on horses, salt, gold, and slaves.
How did the religions traveling along the trade routes differ?
-The Silk Roads saw the spread of Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism, and Islam. The Indian Ocean routes also facilitated the spread of Christianity, in addition to Buddhism and Islam. The Trans-Saharan routes mainly spread Islam to sub-Saharan Africa.
What were some cultural consequences of trade mentioned in the video?
-Cultural consequences included the spread of Zen Buddhism to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, the conversion of Bantu-speaking tribes to Islam, and the creation of the Swahili language, a mix of Arabic and Bantu.
Who were two significant travelers whose accounts impacted the spread of cultural awareness during this period?
-Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler, and Marco Polo, an Italian explorer, both traveled extensively and documented their experiences, which sparked interest in foreign goods and cultures.
What were the environmental consequences of trade routes?
-Environmental consequences included the spread of crops like Champa rice in China and bananas in Africa, but also the spread of diseases like the Black Death, which significantly reduced populations, particularly in Europe.
What impact did the Mongol Empire have on trade and world history during this period?
-The Mongols established the largest land-based empire in history and created the Pax Mongolica, which allowed trade to flourish. However, they also contributed to the spread of the Black Death. Their legacy included influencing state centralization after the fall of their empire.
Outlines
📜 Overview of AP World History Unit 2: Trade Routes and Mongol Impact
In this video, the presenter reviews Unit 2 of AP World History, focusing on intercontinental trade routes and the role of the Mongols. The key trade networks from 1200 to 1450 include the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean routes, and the trans-Saharan routes. These routes connected major regions, fostering not just trade but cultural and technological exchange as well. The Mongols played a crucial role in protecting these routes, ensuring their prosperity and facilitating safe trade.
🌍 Similarities in Major Trade Routes
The three major trade routes were similar due to their reliance on large states for security and flourishing. New technologies, like the magnetic compass and the lateen sail, were introduced to improve trade. Additionally, the primary purpose of these routes was trade, but they also enabled cultural exchange, including the spread of religions like Islam and Buddhism. The routes also contributed to the growth of trading cities like Shang'an, Calicut, and Timbuktu.
🔍 Differences Between Trade Routes
While the trade routes shared similarities, they also had notable differences in the types of goods, technologies, and religions they carried. The Silk Roads specialized in luxury goods, while the Indian Ocean routes facilitated the transport of both luxury and common goods, and the trans-Saharan routes focused on items like gold and salt. Each route had unique technological advancements, such as caravanserai for the Silk Roads and the astrolabe for the Indian Ocean. Religions also varied, with Buddhism spreading on the Silk Roads and Islam moving across the trans-Saharan routes.
🕌 Religious Spread Along Trade Routes
Religions traveled extensively through the trade networks. The Silk Roads saw the spread of Buddhism and Islam, while the Indian Ocean routes facilitated the spread of Christianity and Islam. Along the trans-Saharan routes, Islam was the dominant religion, spreading into sub-Saharan Africa. The interaction between merchants and local populations led to religious conversions and the blending of cultures, such as the creation of Swahili through the interaction of Bantu and Arabic-speaking people.
🛤️ Cultural Consequences of Trade
The trade networks fostered cultural exchange, with significant effects on local cultures. For example, Zen Buddhism spread from China to Korea and Japan, while African Bantu tribes adopted Islam through merchant influence. The stories of travelers like Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo sparked interest in faraway lands and their goods. These exchanges changed how people viewed the world and led to the adoption of new ideas and innovations.
🌿 Environmental and Health Impacts of Trade
Trade brought environmental consequences, such as the spread of crops like Champa rice in China and bananas in Africa. However, it also spread diseases like the Black Death, which decimated populations across Afro-Eurasia. The plague's impact was particularly severe in Europe, where it reduced the population drastically, giving surviving workers leverage to demand better wages and working conditions.
⚔️ The Mongol Empire: Brutality and Legacy
The Mongols established the largest land-based empire in history under the leadership of Genghis Khan. Though known for their brutality, they also contributed to trade security through the Pax Mongolia, facilitating trade across regions. However, they also played a role in spreading the Black Death. Despite their vast empire, the Mongols left a minimal cultural legacy, but their methods of centralizing power influenced the rise of states in Asia and Europe after their decline.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Silk Roads
💡Indian Ocean Trade Routes
💡Trans-Saharan Routes
💡Mongols
💡Technology
💡Cultural Exchange
💡Champa Rice
💡Black Death
💡Trading Cities
💡Pax Mongolica
Highlights
Introduction to unit 2 of AP World History, focusing on intercontinental trade routes and the Mongols' role in the period from 1200 to 1450.
Three major trade routes during this period: the Silk Roads, Indian Ocean routes, and trans-Saharan network.
Similarity: All trade routes depended on the establishment of large states for protection, which allowed merchants to travel safely and promote trade.
New technologies like the magnetic compass, lateen sail, saddles, and sternpost rudder helped transport goods more efficiently across these routes.
Similarity: The primary purpose of these trade routes was trade, but secondary consequences included cultural exchanges such as the spread of religions like Buddhism, Islam, and Christianity.
Champa rice introduced to China, leading to a population explosion due to its drought resistance and multiple harvests per year.
Introduction of bananas to East Africa by Indonesian merchants led to large-scale migration of the Bantu-speaking people.
Growth of trading cities such as Chang'an, Calicut, Sri Vijaya, and Timbuktu due to the convergence of major trade routes.
Different trade routes specialized in different types of goods: luxury goods on the Silk Roads, common goods like rice and textiles in the Indian Ocean, and horses, salt, gold, and slaves on the trans-Saharan routes.
Technological differences: Saddles and caravanserai on the Silk Roads, maritime technology like the astrolabe and lateen sail on the Indian Ocean routes.
Religions spread differently: Buddhism on the Silk Roads, Christianity along the Indian Ocean routes, and Islam across the trans-Saharan routes.
Cultural consequences of trade included the spread of Zen Buddhism to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, and the conversion of Bantu-speaking tribes to Islam, resulting in the creation of the Swahili language.
Famous travelers like Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo helped broaden people’s imaginations and created a demand for goods from far-off places.
The Black Death spread through trade routes, starting in China and wiping out large portions of populations, especially in Europe.
The Mongols established the largest land-based empire in history, creating the Pax Mongolica, which allowed for safe trade and the spread of goods and ideas across Asia, Europe, and Africa.
Transcripts
hi and welcome back to hi mister in this
video I'm gonna help you review
everything you need to know for unit 2
of AP World History and in order to do
that we're gonna compare the different
intercontinental trade routes and then
see what the Mongols had to do with all
this business you're ready I'm ready
let's get to it so what were the
similarities and differences in the
different networks of exchange in the
period 1200 to 1450 so glad you asked
but slow down we need to figure out what
networks of exchange we're actually
talking about here the major trade
routes you need to know for this period
are as follows the Silk Roads
the Indian Ocean routes in the
trans-saharan Network the Silk Roads
connected China to Europe while passing
through Central Asia and Southwest Asia
the Indian Ocean that were connected
East Asia with East Africa and had
Southeast Asia South Asian Southwest
Asia all in between the trans-saharan
routes connected North Africa in the
Mediterranean Basin with sub-saharan
Africa ok so now that we know what we're
talking about what was different and
what was similar about these trade
routes and just for poops and giggles
let's start with similarities and I will
name three first these three major trade
routes were similar because they
depended in large part for their
existence and their flourishing upon the
establishment of large states probably
the best example of this is when the
Mongols controlled all the land across
which the Silk Road stretched but I get
ahead of myself we'll talk about them
later but the point is when these trade
routes were well protected by large
states in cooperation with one another
merchants felt safe to travel there it
was a big deal because when people feel
safe they can start thinking about other
things than their safety and in this
case the other things that they started
thinking about was new technology all
these trade routes gave birth to new
technologies which helped them transport
goods across them at a more efficient
speed new technologies like the magnetic
compass the lateen sail saddles for
camels and horses and the sternpost
runner made trade along these routes far
more manageable and profitable to boot a
second similarity between all these
three trade routes is what I'll call
their primary purpose and their
secondary consequences now it shouldn't
surprise you that the primary purpose of
these trade routes was trade you got
stuff I got stuff let's make a deal but
the secondary consequence of that
particular interchange is that people
from all parts of the known world came
together and exchanged cultural goods
for example merchants often shared their
religion among the people with whom they
traded but it wasn't only the merchants
who were doing the proselytizing as they
say in England that's as may be but
because these trade routes were
well established missionaries from
different faiths like Christianity and
Islam and Buddhism took to the routes to
bring their messages far and wide not
only that the introduction of new crops
to new places was a big deal too because
of merchant contact Champa rice was
introduced to China and it was a strain
of rice that was drought resistant and
capable of several harvests a year and
that led to a population explosion in
China and let's not forget about bananas
when Indonesian merchants introduced
this new fruit to East African
bantu-speaking people it led to
large-scale migration of those people
because now they could move to places
that the banana grew instead of staying
put where their staple crop the yam yam
am I the only one that gets a great deal
of pleasure out of saying that word yeah
protip if you're struggling with AP
World History just stop for a moment and
say yeah and the third similarity
between these trading routes is that
they caused the growth of trading cities
if you think about the major trading
routes of so many strings Criss crossing
the world then you will see that at some
points those strings cross one another
and sometimes a lot of strings cross at
one point and in general wherever you
see those strings not up pretty tightly
you've got a major trading city that
grew up precisely because it was at the
convergence of all of those routes let
me give you a couple of examples the
Silk Road trade network produced the
commercial city of Shang on in China the
Indian Ocean trade routes produced
Calicut in India and the Sri Vijaya
kingdom in Southeast Asia and the
trans-saharan routes are responsible for
the massive growth of Timbuktu and Mali
okay so those are some of the
similarities between the different major
trading routes and on a macro level
they're basically all similarity it's
only when you zoom in you can see the
details of these things that really the
differences start to show up and let's
look at those differences under three
headings goods technology and religion
these three major trading routes are
different precisely because they
specialized in carrying different kinds
of goods they're different because each
trading route had different conditions
that require new technologies in order
to facilitate trade and in general
they're different because not the same
religions travelled across each route
I'm feeling a chart you want a chart
let's do a chart in terms of goods the
Silk Roads mainly facilitated the trade
of luxury goods like silk porcelain
gunpowder horses and textiles across the
Indian Ocean more common goods were
transported in addition to the luxury
goods for example go
old ivory fruit textiles pepper and rice
and the trans-saharan routes specialized
in goods like horses salt golden slaves
in terms of technology the Silk Roads
gave birth to saddles which help
merchants travel farther and bear
heavier loads and caravanserai which
were little travel stop spread out over
about a day's travel so that merchants
could stop and refresh themselves before
moving on the indian ocean routes gave
us new maritime technology for example
they invented navigational aids like the
astrolabe in the magnetic compass and
they also invented new ways to travel
faster and with more precision like the
stern post rudder and the lateen sail
and finally in terms of religion it'll
be important for you to know which
religions traveled along these routes
along the Silk Roads Buddhists brought
their religions from South Asia to East
and Southeast Asia neo-confucianism
traveled from China to Japan Korea and
Vietnam and Islam traveled from
Southwest Asia to South Asia along the
Indian ocean routes you've got the
religions I just mentioned but add to
them Christianity from the Mediterranean
Basin and along the trans-saharan routes
it was mostly Islam that traveled from
Southwest Asia and North Africa down
into sub-saharan Africa all right you
didn't think that all these places that
were deeply connected by trade weren't
changed by that interconnectivity did
you so crazy now as I mentioned before
when merchants show up to a place they
are carrying way more than goods for
trade so that means we need to consider
the cultural and environmental
consequences of this trade first let's
talk about cultural consequences I
already alluded to some of these changes
when we talked about religion but let's
take a closer look Zen Buddhism was an
innovation on Buddhism that originated
in China and through trade spread to
Korea Japan and Vietnam
this was the Buddhism of the masses and
in China even though a lot of the
Confucian elite poo-pooed this new form
of Buddhism it was widely and eagerly
embraced by the common folk another
example is the conversion of the African
bantu-speaking tribes to Islam when
Muslim merchants showed up on their
shores they found the Bantu very willing
to convert to Islam and a major
consequence of that meeting was the
birth of the Swahili language which is a
mixture of Arabic and Bantu another
cultural consequence of trade was the
opening of people's imaginations to
places far beyond where they lived those
mainly travelers who were responsible
for this and maybe two of the most
important are eben Battuta and Marco
Polo even Battuta was a Muslim who made
it his ambition to travel all through
dar al-islam and he kept meticulous
notes on the people's with whom he
interacted Marco Polo was an Italian
traveller who found his way over to
China and served for a time in the court
of Kublai Khan the Emperor of the Yuan
Dynasty when both of these travellers
stories were published the people who
read them did so with great enthusiasm
and found they had a desire for goods
from those places and other things all
right what about the environmental
consequences of trade well I mentioned
earlier the impact of Champa rice on
China and bananas in Africa on the
negative side disease travel through
these routes as well most notably the
Black Death or the bubonic plague and
from what historians can tell the Black
Death began in China and spread all
throughout afro-eurasia
along trade routes and whenever this
nasty bacteria showed up in a place it
was capable of wiping out significant
portions of the population and in some
cases the death toll was something like
75% of the population dead this
transformed every place in touch but it
transformed Europe especially the reason
for that is because with all the working
populations severely diminished all of a
sudden the surviving workers found that
they were in a position to negotiate for
better wages and better working
conditions and we can't finish unit two
without talking about the Mongol
arguably they are the most significant
pastoral people ever to take the stage
in world history starting in 1209 and
stretching about a hundred years for
these folks were able to establish the
largest land-based
Empire in history not bigger than the
Romans yeah no bigger than the Greeks
yeah bigger than the Persians oh yeah so
the mongols began as a cluster of
scattered tribes in the Mongolian steppe
and it took the magnetic leadership of
Genghis Khan to unite them and turn them
into a fierce and brutal army bent on
conquest the conquest began in China and
then stretched far west
now the Mongols had a reputation for
brutality and it was well deserved but
they're also a complicated Bunch those
Mongols it wasn't all brutality and in
fact since they covered such a large
portion of the world with their empire
they were able to establish what is
known as the Pax Mongolia or the Peace
of the Mongols because of the security
that was the result of that peace trade
flourished between the Middle East and
Asia and Africa and Europe but as I
mentioned before one of the consequences
of that revitalized trade was the
quickening spread of the Black Death and
most historians give a healthy chunk of
that responsibility to our friends the
Mongols and the Mongols cultural legacy
was relatively minor they left us no new
religion
no economic structure nothing like that
but they did affect the formulation of
states after their fault what I mean is
one of the keys to the Mongolian success
was the centralization of power and
after the fall of the Mongol Empire many
states in Asia and Europe and South Asia
used the same techniques that the
Mongols used to consolidate their own
power
all right that was unit two of AP World
History if you're clicky fingers feeling
good then subscribe and join the
handlers history family this was helpful
to you in any way then hit the like
button and let me know I'll see you
later
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