Types of Qualitative Research Designs ~GM Lectures
Summary
TLDRThis video script explores qualitative research designs, emphasizing their focus on understanding the world through participants' perspectives. It outlines various types, including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, historical analysis, content and discourse analysis, and grounded theory. Each design is characterized by in-depth data collection and analysis, with context-specific results. The script also highlights the importance of researchers' active involvement and the subjectivity of findings.
Takeaways
- 🔍 Qualitative research focuses on understanding the world from the perspectives of participants.
- 👥 It involves the active participation of researchers in the data collection process.
- 📊 The results of qualitative research are often subjective and influenced by participants' experiences.
- 📚 There are several types of qualitative research designs, including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, historical analysis, content and discourse analysis, and grounded theory.
- 📖 Case studies involve in-depth, long-term examination of a person, group, or phenomenon.
- 🌐 Ethnography is the study of a cultural group to understand their beliefs and practices.
- 🌟 Phenomenology aims to examine the unique human experiences regarding certain phenomena.
- 📜 Historical analysis looks at primary documents to understand past events' connections to the present.
- 📰 Content and discourse analysis involves examining text or communication modes to reveal communication patterns.
- 🔬 Grounded theory is about discovering new theories during data collection and analysis.
- 📝 Qualitative research designs use various data gathering methods like interviews, observations, and fieldwork.
- 👤 Sampling in qualitative research is typically smaller and involves context-specific, carefully selected participants.
Q & A
What is qualitative research?
-Qualitative research is a type of research that focuses on explaining the reality of the world through the perspectives of the participants. It is characterized by the researcher's active involvement when interacting with participants and gathering data in a natural setting. The results tend to be subjective, influenced by the perceptions and opinions of the respondents based on their experiences.
What are the different types of qualitative research designs mentioned in the script?
-The script mentions six different types of qualitative research designs: case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, historical analysis, content and discourse analysis, and grounded theory.
How does a case study in qualitative research differ from other types?
-Case studies involve a long time and in-depth study of a person, group, organization, or situation or phenomena. They are often used to narrow down a broad field of research into one or a few easily researchable examples and are useful for testing whether a specific theory and model applies to real-world phenomena.
What is the purpose of ethnography in qualitative research?
-Ethnography involves studying a particular cultural group to understand their belief systems and practices. It aims for an in-depth understanding of the organizational setup and lifestyle of the group members and falls under the field of anthropology.
Can you provide an example of a phenomenology study from the script?
-An example of a phenomenology study given in the script is when a researcher aims to recognize the different strategies used by foreign students to adapt to new language learning environments. The researcher would interact with participants through interviews to identify their experiences, struggles, and adapting strategies.
How does historical analysis in qualitative research work?
-Historical analysis involves examining primary documents to understand the connection of past events to the present time. Researchers rely on primary sources of historical data, such as direct accounts of events, archival data, official documents, personal records, and eyewitness records.
What is the focus of content and discourse analysis in qualitative research?
-Content and discourse analysis focuses on analyzing or examining the text or content of the modes of communication. It is conducted to identify intentions, focus or communication trends, describe attitudinal and behavioral responses, reveal international differences, and determine the psychological or emotional state of a person or group.
What is the main goal of grounded theory in qualitative research?
-The main goal of grounded theory is to discover a new theory to underlie the study at the time of data collection and analysis. It helps offer an explanation about the main concern of the participants involved in the research.
How are participants selected in qualitative research?
-In qualitative research, participants are carefully selected and are usually experts or knowledgeable about the topic being studied, members of a specific group that is the focus of the study, or witnesses with first-hand experiences related to the topic or phenomenon.
What are the key characteristics of qualitative research designs when it comes to data gathering?
-Qualitative research designs involve interviews, observations, direct interaction with participants, and may have multiple sessions. They often occur within a specific time frame and involve a relatively smaller, context-specific population sample.
Why is it important for researchers to understand the differences between qualitative research designs?
-Understanding the differences between qualitative research designs is important for researchers to determine which design is most suitable for their research goals. Each design has its characteristics and procedures that help achieve specific objectives.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Qualitative Research
The video begins with an introduction to qualitative research, emphasizing its focus on understanding the world from the perspectives of participants. It highlights the researcher's active involvement in data collection in natural settings and the subjective nature of the results, which are influenced by the participants' experiences and opinions. The video then explores various types of qualitative research designs, including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, historical analysis, grounded theory, and content and discourse analysis.
🔍 Case Studies and Ethnography
This section delves into case studies, which involve in-depth, long-term examination of individuals, groups, organizations, or phenomena. Case studies are useful for narrowing broad research fields and testing theories in real-world contexts. An example is provided where researchers observe students' vocabulary development across different academic strands. Ethnography is then discussed, focusing on studying cultural groups to understand their beliefs, practices, and lifestyles. The example of observing people living in remote areas to understand their culture and practices is given, with an emphasis on direct interaction and immersion.
🌐 Phenomenology, Historical Analysis, and Content Analysis
Phenomenology is introduced as a method to examine unique and meaningful human experiences related to specific phenomena, aiming to present a detailed discussion of participants' lived experiences. An example is provided where researchers explore strategies used by foreign students to adapt to new language learning environments. Historical analysis is then explained, involving the examination of primary documents to understand connections between past events and the present. The example of studying the development of the educational system in the Philippines is used to illustrate this method. Content analysis is also discussed, focusing on analyzing text or communication modes to identify communication trends, attitudes, and behavioral responses.
📊 Grounded Theory and Summary of Qualitative Research Designs
Grounded theory is presented as a method where researchers discover new theories during data collection and analysis, offering explanations about participants' main concerns. It involves various data collection methods to uncover the 'how' and 'why' behind phenomena. The video then provides a summary of the different qualitative research designs, discussing their objectives, data gathering methods, and sampling techniques. It emphasizes that qualitative research is characterized by the involvement of participants' opinions, ideas, beliefs, and perspectives, derived from their meaningful experiences. The video concludes by stressing the importance of understanding the differences among qualitative research designs to select the most suitable approach for research goals.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Qualitative Research
💡Case Studies
💡Ethnography
💡Phenomenology
💡Historical Analysis
💡Content and Discourse Analysis
💡Grounded Theory
💡Subjectivity
💡Sampling
💡Interviews and Observations
Highlights
Qualitative research focuses on explaining the reality of the world through the perspectives of participants.
Qualitative research is characterized by the researcher's active involvement when interacting with participants.
Results of qualitative research are subjective and affected by the perceptions and opinions of the respondents.
Different types of qualitative research designs include case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, historical analysis, ground theory, and content in discourse analysis.
Case studies involve a long time and in-depth study of a person, group, organization, or phenomena.
Ethnography studies a particular cultural group to understand their belief systems and practices.
Phenomenology examines the human experience regarding a certain phenomenon, recognizing each experience as unique.
Historical analysis examines primary documents to understand the connection of past events to the present time.
Content and discourse analysis involves the examination of text or content of communication modes.
Grounded theory is used when a researcher discovers a new theory during data collection and analysis.
Case studies are useful for testing whether a specific theory applies to real-world phenomena.
Ethnography provides a first-hand experience of the practices of a group and their testimonies.
Phenomenology aims to present a detailed discussion of the lived experiences of the participants.
Historical analysis relies on primary sources of historical data for its study.
Content and discourse analysis helps identify communication trends and differences.
Grounded theory offers an explanation about the main concern of the participants involved in the research.
Qualitative research designs have relatively smaller, context-specific population samples.
Researchers use purposive sampling, involving experts or knowledgeable individuals relevant to the study topic.
Qualitative research is characterized by the involvement of the opinions, ideas, beliefs, and perspectives of selected participants.
Transcripts
good day everyone in this video we're
going to discuss
qualitative research designs
[Music]
but before anything else let's have a
short review of what qualitative
research is
qualitative research is a type of
research that focuses on explaining the
reality of the world through the
perspectives of the participants
also
qualitative research is characterized by
the researchers active involvement when
interacting with participants when
gathering data in the natural setting
and lastly in qualitative research the
results of the research study tend to be
subjective
as it is affected by the perceptions and
opinions of the respondents
based on their experiences
now that we have discussed what
qualitative research is the next
question is
what are the different types of
qualitative research designs
it is worth noting that qualitative
research has different types namely
case studies ethnography phenomenology
historical analysis ground theory and
content in discourse analysis
now at this point we're going to talk
about the different types of qualitative
research designs
starting with case studies case studies
involve a long time and in-depth study
of a person
group organization or situation or
phenomena
case studies are often used to narrow
down a very broad field of research into
one or a few easily researchable
examples
it is worth noting that case studies are
also useful for testing whether a
specific theory and model
actually applies to phenomena in the
real world
with this in mind let's have this
example when we have a study on how
students vocabulary development
is influenced by their environment the
theory
is that environment influences a
person's vocabulary acquisition
and development with this in mind
the researcher would then observe
different groups of students
one group of students would be enrolled
in humanities and social sciences strand
while the other group of students would
be enrolled in the strand of science
technology engineering and mathematics
since case studies would involve a long
time the researcher would have multiple
observations starting with the beginning
of the senior high school years
in the middle of the senior high school
and at the end
of the senior high school years of the
students from there
the researcher could compare whether
there's an actual difference or
similarities in terms of the manner of
conversation
expressions used and known vocabulary
words between
the humanities and social sciences group
and the science technology engineering
and mathematics group
based on the results the researcher
would then be able to come up with
conclusions
and recommendations
next we have ethnography ethnography
involves studying a particular cultural
group
in order to get a clear understanding of
their belief systems and practices
ethnography also aims to have a more
in-depth understanding of the
organizational setup and lifestyle
of the members of the group it is also
worth noting
that ethnography falls under the field
of anthropology
with this in mind let's have this
example wherein we're
going to have a study that observes the
culture and practice of people living in
far-flung areas away from modernization
with this in mind the researcher would
observe a group of people
who are members of a group who are
living in far-flung areas
the researcher then directly interacts
with these group of people
through interviews observations and
immersion these kinds of practices help
the researcher have first
hand experience of the practice of the
members of the group
as well as obtain first-hand testimonies
from the research participants
and present accurate reports regarding
the research subject
since the researcher is able to interact
with them directly and personally
however in ethnography since the
research
involves a particular group of people
the results are context
specific when we say context specific it
means that the findings are applicable
only
to that specific group of people and not
to the general public
next we have phenomenology phenomenology
aims to
examine the human experience regarding a
certain phenomenon
also it recognizes that each experience
is unique
and meaningful as such one of the
objectives of phenomenology is to
present
a detailed discussion of the lived
experience of the participants that are
involved in the study
with this in mind let's have this
example when a researcher aims to
recognize the different strategies used
by foreign students
to adapt to new language learning
environments
based on this example the researcher
would involve different foreign students
who are studying
in a particular country from there
the researcher then interacts with the
participants through interviews
such as focus group discussions or
in-depth interviews during these
discussions or interviews
the researcher would then be able to
identify the different experiences
struggles as well as the adapting
strategies that are used by the
participants
and from there the researcher will be
able to come up with a detailed
discussion of results
the next type of qualitative research
design is historical analysis
historical analysis involves examination
of primary documents to make you
understand the connection of past
events to the present time in historical
analysis
researchers rely on primary sources of
historical data
let's have this example where we're
going to discuss the development of the
educational system
in the philippines with this in mind a
researcher needs to have
primary sources of historical data some
examples
would be direct accounts of events
archival data official documents
personal records and eyewitness records
once the researcher is able to have an
analysis
of these sources of information the
researcher would then be able to
identify
how the educational system in the past
[Music]
is connected with the educational system
in the present in terms of policy
changes
trends shifts teaching strategy
developments
and update in the materials that have
been used
[Music]
next we focus on content in the sports
analysis
this type of qualitative research design
requires an analysis or examination of
text or content of the modes of
communication
furthermore according to
publichealth.columbia.edu
content in this course analysis is
conducted for the following reasons
one would be to identify the intentions
focus or communication trends of an
individual
group or institution another would be to
describe the attitudinal and behavioral
responses to communications
to reveal international differences in
terms of communication content
reveal the patterns in communication
content and to determine the
psychological or
emotional state of a person or groups
for example if a researcher wants to
determine
or understand the language of journalism
as mentioned earlier the researcher
would then have an analysis of the
different modes of communication such as
journals articles and audiovisual
materials
based on this analysis the researcher
would then be able to identify
how journalism jargons or the language
of journalism
has similarities and differences in
terms of
regular communication jargons
and lastly we have grounded theory
this takes place when a researcher
discovers a new theory to underlie his
study at the time of data collection
and analysis also grounded theory helps
offer an
explanation about the main concern of
the participants
involved in the research we have to take
note that in grounded theory a
researcher
through various means of data collection
such as interviews
observations field fieldwork focus group
discussions
and study of artifacts and text is able
to discover an idea
that would explain the how and why
behind a particular phenomenon
now at this point we're going to have a
short summary of the different types of
qualitative research designs in terms of
objectives
case studies are conducted in order to
have an in-depth examination about a
particular case or phenomenon
while ethnography is done to help the
researcher learn more about the life and
practice of a different group of people
or a specific group of people
phenomenology is conducted to provide a
detailed discussion of the meaningful
experiences of the participants
while historical analysis aims to
identify the connections between
past and present events
content and discourse analysis is also
conducted
to analyze the different modes of
communication
in order to determine possible
differences
while grounded theory is done in order
to discover a possible explanation
behind a particular phenomenon
when it comes to data gathering case
studies involve
interviews observations direct
interaction with participants and may
have multiple sessions
while ethnography while it also involves
interviews
observations immersions it is done
within a specific time frame
with regard to data gathering for
phenomenology it involves
interviews observations focus group
discussions and
done at a specific time while historical
analysis involves analysis of primary
sources of data which may involve
also interviews with experts of the
topic
for content in this course analysis it
involves analysis or
examination of text or content of the
different modes of communication
and grounded theory involves interviews
observations
different kinds of fieldwork study of
artifacts and texts
now when it comes to sampling all the
different qualitative research designs
would have
relatively smaller population sample
all population samples are context
specific and are carefully selected
meaning to say that when it comes to
selecting participants
researchers conducting a qualitative
research would usually
involve propositive sampling
participants may
be experts or people who are
knowledgeable with regard to the topic
that is being studied
group members of a specific group that
is being the focus
of a certain study or witnesses or those
who have first-hand experiences
with regard to a particular topic or
phenomenon that is being covered in a
study
[Music]
in a nutshell qualitative research is
characterized by the involvement of the
opinions
ideas beliefs and perspectives of the
selected participants
as a result of their meaningful
experiences
much like quantitative research
qualitative research
also has various research designs each
with characteristics and procedures that
would help a researcher achieve his
objectives
when deciding to conduct a qualitative
research it is necessary that
researchers become familiar
with how each qualitative research
design is different
in order to determine which is most
suitable
for their research goals
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