TAHAPAN PENELITIAN ILMU SEJARAH - MATERI SEJARAH KELAS 10 | Edcent.id

Edcent Id

13 Jul 202217:12

Summary

TLDRThe video discusses the four main stages of historical research: heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Heuristics involves gathering primary and secondary sources, while criticism focuses on verifying their credibility and authenticity. Interpretation follows, where researchers draw conclusions from verified facts through analysis and synthesis. Finally, historiography involves the rewriting of history into three categories: traditional, colonial, and national historiography. The video also explains the characteristics and differences between these types, emphasizing their historical context and perspectives. Overall, it offers an insightful guide on the systematic approach to conducting historical research.

Takeaways

📚 The script introduces the stages of historical research, emphasizing the importance of a systematic approach to ensure the credibility of historical works.
🔍 The first stage, 'heuristics,' involves the search and collection of historical sources, which can be primary or secondary, and written or oral.
🕵️‍♂️ 'Primary sources' are direct evidence from historical actors or witnesses, whereas 'secondary sources' are interpretations by subsequent researchers.
🔎 The 'heuristics' stage is further divided into corroboration, sourcing, and contextualization to ensure the reliability and understanding of historical events and actors.
🔬 The 'criticism' or 'verification' stage involves testing the credibility and authenticity of sources, which includes internal criticism (evaluating the source's reliability) and external criticism (evaluating the physical evidence of the source).
📊 'Interpretation' is the stage where a historian draws conclusions from verified facts, involving analysis (breaking down facts) and synthesis (combining historical facts).
📝 'Historiography' is the final stage where research findings are compiled into historical narratives, which can be traditional, colonial, or national in perspective.
🏛️ 'Traditional historiography' focuses on royal and court-centered narratives, often subjective and myth-laden, reflecting the era's cultural and political biases.
🌍 'Colonial historiography' is characterized by a Eurocentric view, often justifying colonial rule and emphasizing the colonizers' perspective over the colonized.
🏳️‍🌈 'National historiography' emerged post-independence, focusing on the Indonesian perspective and challenging the narratives of colonial historiography to present a more balanced view of history.

Q & A

What are the four stages of historical research methodology discussed in the script?
-The four stages of historical research methodology discussed are heuristic, criticism or verification, interpretation, and historiography.
What is heuristic in the context of historical research?
-Heuristic in historical research refers to the stage where a historian attempts to search for and collect sources, which can be divided into primary and secondary sources based on their nature, and written and oral sources based on their form.
What is the difference between primary and secondary sources in historical research?
-Primary sources are those obtained directly from historical actors or witnesses, while secondary sources are obtained from subsequent generations, such as a historian's book based on their research.
How are the sources categorized based on their form in the heuristic stage?
-Sources are categorized into written (such as archives and travel notes) and oral sources (obtained through interviews or audio recordings) based on their form.
What are the three steps involved in the heuristic stage of historical research?
-The three steps involved in the heuristic stage are corroboration, sourcing, and contextualization, which involve comparing sources, identifying historical actors, and identifying historical events, respectively.
What is the purpose of the criticism or verification stage in historical research?
-The criticism or verification stage is where a researcher tests the credibility and authenticity of sources, which includes internal criticism (evaluating credibility) and external criticism (evaluating authenticity of physical evidence).
What is interpretation in the context of historical research methodology?
-Interpretation is the stage where a researcher attempts to draw conclusions from verified sources, consisting of analysis (breaking down verified facts) and synthesis (combining historical facts).
What is historiography in historical research, and what are its three forms?
-Historiography is the stage of writing history, and its three forms are traditional, colonial, and national historiography. Traditional historiography starts from the Hindu-Buddhist period to Islamic kingdoms, colonial historiography is written during the colonial period by Western historians, and national historiography places Indonesians as the subject of historical writing.
What are the characteristics of traditional historiography?
-Characteristics of traditional historiography include being court-centric, highly subjective, and often containing myths, focusing mainly on royal families and court events.
How does colonial historiography differ from national historiography?
-Colonial historiography is Eurocentric, often written by European historians during the colonial period, focusing on the perspective of the colonial government. In contrast, national historiography is Indonesia-centric, placing the Indonesian people as the subject of historical writing, often challenging the Eurocentric view.
Can you provide an example of national historiography from the script?
-An example of national historiography mentioned in the script is the book '6000 tahun merah putih' written by Muhammad Yamin, which represents the Indonesian perspective on historical events.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Historical Research Stages

This section introduces the topic of historical research, outlining the key stages of the process. It begins by explaining that history as a field of study has specific research methods to ensure the accountability of historical works. The four main stages of historical research are introduced: heuristics, criticism (verification), interpretation, and historiography. The first stage, heuristics, involves searching for and gathering sources, which are categorized into primary and secondary sources based on their origin and into written and oral sources based on their form.

05:02

🔍 Heuristics in Historical Research

The first stage of historical research, heuristics, is explored in more detail. Heuristics is the process of finding and collecting historical sources. These sources are classified by their nature into primary (direct evidence from witnesses or participants) and secondary (derived from secondhand reports). For example, interviewing a participant of the 1998 reform movement would be a primary source, while a book summarizing that movement is a secondary source. Sources are also divided by their form into written (e.g., documents, archives) and oral (e.g., interviews, audio recordings). Three key steps in heuristics are corroboration, sourcing, and contextualization.

10:05

🧐 Criticism: Verifying the Credibility and Authenticity of Sources

The second stage, criticism or verification, focuses on evaluating the credibility and authenticity of the collected sources. Credibility refers to the internal validity of the source, while authenticity relates to the external validation of its originality. Internal criticism assesses whether the information is reliable, while external criticism examines the physical evidence of the source. After this critical examination, reliable sources are classified as 'facts,' which serve as the foundation for the next stage in historical research.

15:07

🔑 Interpretation: Analyzing and Synthesizing Historical Facts

The interpretation stage is where historians analyze and synthesize the facts obtained through verified sources. The process involves breaking down the facts (analysis) and then combining them to create a comprehensive narrative (synthesis). The goal is to draw conclusions from the research, which allows historians to form a deeper understanding of historical events. This stage is crucial for producing meaningful historical interpretations based on verified and reliable facts.

✍️ Historiography: Writing Historical Accounts

The final stage of historical research is historiography, or the writing of history. After gathering, verifying, and interpreting sources, historians compile their findings into written accounts. Historiography itself can be classified into three types: traditional, colonial, and national historiographies. Each type represents a different perspective and time period, with traditional historiography focusing on ancient Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic kingdoms, colonial historiography centering on European colonial rule, and national historiography emerging after Indonesian independence, which highlights the Indonesian perspective.

🏯 Traditional Historiography: Kingdom-Centric and Subjective

This section explains traditional historiography, which primarily covers the period from the Hindu-Buddhist era to Islamic kingdoms. Traditional historiography is characterized by its focus on royalty and the palace, often ignoring common people. It tends to be subjective, emphasizing the positive aspects of rulers due to its creation under royal patronage. Furthermore, traditional historiography frequently mixes historical facts with myths, making it less objective than later forms of historiography.

🌍 Colonial Historiography: Eurocentric Narratives

Colonial historiography emerged during the colonial era, written by European historians. It is heavily Eurocentric, meaning it reflects the perspective of colonial rulers rather than the colonized people. For example, the Diponegoro War is often portrayed as a rebellion against the Dutch colonial government in colonial historiography. The focus is on the actions of European powers, neglecting the viewpoint of indigenous people, which contrasts with later national historiography.

🇮🇩 National Historiography: Indonesia-Centric Perspectives

National historiography developed after Indonesia's independence and focuses on the Indonesian perspective. It highlights the experiences of Indonesians, positioning them as the central figures in their history, unlike colonial historiography, which prioritizes European viewpoints. National historiography often revisits colonial events, such as the forced cultivation system, from the perspective of how they negatively impacted local people, emphasizing their exploitation rather than colonial claims of economic progress.

🔁 Conclusion and Recap of Historical Research Stages

The final section recaps the four main stages of historical research: heuristics (source collection), criticism (verification of credibility and authenticity), interpretation (analysis and synthesis of facts), and historiography (writing historical accounts). These stages ensure that historical research is thorough and produces reliable results. The video concludes by encouraging viewers to apply these methods in their own historical research and to stay tuned for future educational videos.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Heuristics

Heuristics refers to the first phase of historical research where a historian attempts to search for and gather sources. In the video, it is described as the initial step in the research process, emphasizing the importance of finding and collecting primary and secondary sources to build a credible historical narrative. The script mentions that heuristics can be divided into two forms based on the nature and form of the sources, which include primary and secondary sources, and written and oral sources.

💡Primary Sources

Primary sources are those obtained directly from the historical actors or witnesses. The video script uses the example of interviewing student figures involved in the 1998 Reformation Movement to illustrate how primary sources are integral to historical research. These sources provide firsthand accounts and are crucial for understanding the perspectives of those directly involved in historical events.

💡Secondary Sources

Secondary sources are derived from secondary researchers and are interpretations or analyses of primary sources. In the context of the video, a book written by the historian about the 1998 Reformation Movement, based on interviews and other sources, becomes a secondary source for other researchers. This concept is important for understanding how historical knowledge is built upon and reinterpreted over time.

💡Corroboration

Corroboration is a step within the heuristics phase where a historian compares sources to verify their consistency. The video explains that this process helps to ensure the reliability of the sources being used in historical research. It is a method to cross-check information from different sources to build a more accurate and comprehensive historical account.

💡Sourcing

Sourcing is the process of identifying the historical actors involved in the events being studied. The video mentions that this is a part of the heuristics phase where the historian tries to understand who the key figures are in the historical narrative. This is essential for contextualizing the events and actions within the broader historical framework.

💡Contextualization

Contextualization is the step in heuristics where the historian identifies the historical events being studied. The video script emphasizes the importance of understanding the events in their proper historical context to provide a more accurate representation of the past. This involves placing events within their social, political, and cultural environments.

💡Critique or Verification

Critique or verification is the phase where a historian tests the credibility and authenticity of the sources. The video explains that this involves internal critique, which assesses the credibility of the source, and external critique, which examines the physical evidence of the source's authenticity. This step is crucial for ensuring the reliability of the historical data used in research.

💡Interpretation

Interpretation is the phase where a historian draws conclusions from the verified facts gathered during research. The video describes interpretation as consisting of analysis, where the historian breaks down the verified facts, and synthesis, where the historian tries to integrate these facts into a coherent historical narrative. This phase is essential for making sense of historical data and forming historical arguments.

💡Historiography

Historiography refers to the final phase of historical research where the historian writes back the history. The video script explains that after going through heuristics, critique, and interpretation, the historian compiles the research into a historical work that can serve as a secondary source for future research. The term encapsulates the process of writing history and the different approaches and perspectives that shape historical narratives.

💡Traditional Historiography

Traditional historiography is a form of historiography that began during the Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic periods in Indonesia. The video describes it as palace-centric, subjective, and often containing myths. It focuses primarily on the royal family and events within the kingdom, reflecting the perspective and interests of the ruling class at the time.

💡Colonial Historiography

Colonial historiography refers to the historical writing during the period of Western colonialism in Indonesia. The video script notes that it is Eurocentric, reflecting the perspectives of European historians. It often portrays events from the viewpoint of the colonial government, such as describing resistance movements as rebellions, thus serving the narrative of the colonial powers.

💡National Historiography

National historiography emerged after Indonesia's independence, focusing on the Indonesian people as the subject of historical writing. The video contrasts it with colonial historiography by emphasizing an Indonesian-centric perspective. It seeks to challenge and provide alternative narratives to the Eurocentric views, such as reinterpreting the impact of the forced cultivation system from the standpoint of the Indonesian people.

Highlights

Introduction to the stages of historical research methodology.

Definition of heuristics in historical research as the stage of searching and collecting sources.

Explanation of primary and secondary sources in historical research.

Differentiation between primary and secondary sources through an example of the 1998 reform movement.

Classification of sources based on their form into written and oral sources.

Description of the three steps within the heuristic stage: corroboration, sourcing, and contextualization.

The process of verification or critique in historical research to test the credibility and authenticity of sources.

The difference between internal and external critique in verifying sources.

The interpretation stage as a process of drawing conclusions from verified historical facts.

Interpretation stage consisting of analysis and synthesis of historical facts.

The historiography stage as the final step in historical research methodology, involving the writing of history.

Different forms of historiography: traditional, colonial, and national.

Characteristics of traditional historiography, including palace-centric focus and high subjectivity.

Colonial historiography's Eurocentric perspective and its portrayal of events from a colonial government's viewpoint.

National historiography's emergence post-independence, focusing on the Indonesian nation as the subject of historical writing.

Comparison between colonial and national historiography through the example of the forced cultivation system.

Muhammad Yamin's '6000 Years of Red and White' as an example of national historiography.

Summary of the four stages of historical research: heuristic, critique, interpretation, and historiography.

Encouragement for viewers to engage with the material and look forward to future educational videos.