INTERAKSI BUDAYA LOKAL, HINDU BUDDHA DAN ISLAM

Summary

This video explores the cultural interaction between local, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic traditions in Indonesia, focusing on how these influences shaped Javanese culture. It delves into acculturation and assimilation in various fields such as language, belief systems, architecture, arts, and ceremonies. The impact of Hindu-Buddhist culture is discussed, including the introduction of Sanskrit, the Pallawa script, and temple architecture. The shift to Islamic influence is also highlighted, covering the Arabic script, mosque design, and performing arts like gamelan and puppet theater. The video demonstrates how these diverse cultures have blended over time, leaving a lasting imprint on Indonesian heritage.

Takeaways

• 😀 Acculturation involves adopting new cultural elements while preserving the original culture, whereas assimilation results in the blending of cultures into a new one.
• 😀 The interaction between Javanese culture and Hindu-Buddhist culture led to significant changes in language, belief systems, and arts.
• 😀 Sanskrit and Pallawa script were introduced to the archipelago, influencing the development of Old Javanese, Central Javanese, and Modern Javanese languages.
• 😀 The introduction of Hinduism and Buddhism shifted local beliefs from animism and dynamism to the worship of deities.
• 😀 Hindu-Buddhist architecture, including temples like Borobudur and Prambanan, became prominent, with carvings representing spiritual and royal symbolism.
• 😀 The concept of the god-king emerged, where kings were seen as divine incarnations, as demonstrated by inscriptions like the Ciareteun inscription of King Purnawarman.
• 😀 Fine arts in Hindu-Buddhist culture saw the introduction of relief sculptures and statues of gods and monks.
• 😀 The Saka calendar was introduced during Hindu-Buddhist rule and is still used in Bali for religious ceremonies today.
• 😀 When Islam arrived, Arabic script was introduced, and the caste system in Hindu-Buddhism was replaced with Islamic equality.
• 😀 Islamic influences on architecture included the construction of mosques, while the traditional tombs still bore traces of Hindu-Buddhist elements, like in the Red Mosque of Cirebon.
• 😀 Islamic fine arts included calligraphy and stylization, where human forms were depicted using Arabic letters instead of realistic representations.
• 😀 The introduction of Islamic performing arts like Javanese puppetry and gamelan was used as tools for Islamic preaching and cultural adaptation.
• 😀 Ceremonial practices, such as the **selamatan**, blended Hindu-Buddhist traditions with Islamic elements, symbolizing cultural harmony and transition.
• 😀 Sultan Agung created the Javanese calendar by combining Islamic and Hindu-Buddhist systems, including changes in month names like Muharram to Suro.

Q & A

What is the difference between acculturation and assimilation?

Acculturation refers to the adoption of new cultural elements while maintaining aspects of the original culture. Assimilation, on the other hand, is when two cultures merge to create a new, unified culture.

How did Hindu-Buddhist culture influence the Javanese language?

The introduction of Hinduism and Buddhism brought the Sanskrit language and the Pallawa script to Java. This influenced the development of ancient Javanese (Kawi), which later evolved into Central Javanese and Modern Javanese.

What belief systems existed in the Nusantara before the arrival of Hinduism and Buddhism?

Before the arrival of Hinduism and Buddhism, the people of the Nusantara (the Indonesian archipelago) practiced animism, believing in the spirits of ancestors, and dynamism, which held that objects possessed supernatural powers.

What was the 'god-king' concept introduced by Hindu-Buddhist culture in Java?

The 'god-king' concept, introduced by Hindu-Buddhism, held that kings were considered incarnations of gods or descendants of gods. This concept is illustrated in inscriptions, such as the one for King Purnawarman, who was considered an incarnation of Vishnu.

How did the architecture of the Nusantara change with Hindu-Buddhist influence?

Hindu-Buddhist architecture introduced temples featuring intricate carvings and reliefs that depicted gods, kings, and significant cultural symbols. Temples like Borobudur and Prambanan are prime examples of this architectural style.

What was the role of Sanskrit in the development of Javanese literature?

Sanskrit influenced Javanese literature by contributing to the creation of literary works in Kawi language. Notable works include the *Mahabharata* adapted into Kawi, the *Negarakertagama*, and the *Sutasoma*, which were significant during the era of the Isyana dynasty.

How did the arrival of Islam affect the caste system in Indonesia?

Islam introduced the concept of equality among people, which led to the gradual disappearance of the caste system that was prevalent in Hindu-Buddhist cultures, where social hierarchies like Brahmana, Knight, and Sudra existed.

What changes did Islam bring to the architectural styles in the archipelago?

Islam introduced mosque architecture, with mosques often featuring domes and minarets. In some places, Hindu-Buddhist influences remained, such as ornamental touches in mosque complexes and tombs, like those found in the Red Mosque in Cirebon and the Menara Mosque in Kudus.

How did the concept of government change with the arrival of Islam?

Islam replaced the 'god-king' system with the caliph system, where rulers were seen as leaders of the Muslim community rather than divine incarnations of gods. This marked a shift from the religious kingship seen in Hindu-Buddhist traditions.

What cultural practices in Indonesia were influenced by both Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic traditions?

Several cultural practices, such as the *selamatan* (a communal feast for the deceased) and the *mitoni* ceremony (a ritual for pregnant women), blended Hindu-Buddhist elements with Islamic influences. Even the local calendar was modified, with Sultan Agung creating a Javanese calendar that merged the Islamic Hijri calendar with local traditions.