Sejarah Indonesia Zaman Pemerintahan Orde Lama (1950-1965)

Summary

The video delves into Indonesia’s 'Orde Lama' period (1950-1965), exploring the leadership of President Soekarno and the political turbulence following the country's independence. Key topics include Soekarno’s efforts to balance conflicting factions—military, Islamic groups, communists, and nationalists—through the adoption of Pancasila as the national ideology. The era witnessed unstable parliamentary democracy, the rise of *Demokrasi Terpimpin*, and the eventual collapse of Soekarno’s rule following the 1965 G30S coup attempt. This marked the beginning of Indonesia's transition to the Orde Baru, under the leadership of Soeharto.

Takeaways

• 😀 Soekarno, Indonesia's first president, led the country from 1945 and introduced Pancasila, the foundational national ideology.
• 😀 The Orde Lama (Old Order) period, spanning from 1950 to 1965, was marked by political instability and the struggle for a cohesive national identity.
• 😀 The major political factions during the Orde Lama era included the military, Islamic groups, Communists, and nationalists, each with differing views on the nation's direction.
• 😀 Soekarno founded the Indonesian National Party (PNI) in 1927 to achieve full independence, which led to his repeated imprisonment and exile by the Dutch colonial authorities.
• 😀 The 1955 elections showed no single dominant party, leading to unstable coalitions and frequent government changes, further exacerbating Indonesia's political fragmentation.
• 😀 Soekarno introduced 'Guided Democracy' in 1959, consolidating power in the presidency and diminishing the role of the parliamentary system.
• 😀 The military, Islamists, and Communists (PKI) often formed temporary alliances to counterbalance each other, leading to the 'Nasakom' (Nationalist, Religious, Communist) policy.
• 😀 The rise of the Communist Party (PKI) led to tensions with the military and Islamic groups, which feared the spread of communism across Indonesia.
• 😀 The 1965 G30S/PKI movement was a failed coup attempt by Communist military officers, which resulted in widespread violence and marked the end of the Orde Lama era.
• 😀 After the G30S/PKI coup attempt, Soekarno’s leadership weakened, paving the way for General Suharto's rise to power and the beginning of the New Order period.

Q & A

What was the primary focus of the Orde Lama period in Indonesia?

The Orde Lama period (1950-1965) in Indonesia focused on consolidating the newly independent nation's political power and addressing ideological struggles, including conflicts between the military, Islamic groups, communist factions, and nationalist parties under the leadership of President Soekarno.

Who was the first president of Indonesia, and what role did he play during the Orde Lama period?

The first president of Indonesia was Soekarno, who played a central role in the independence movement and served as the head of state during the Orde Lama period. He navigated Indonesia through political instability, including conflicts between different ideological factions and the development of the country's foundational principles, such as Pancasila.

What is the significance of Pancasila in the context of Indonesia’s founding?

Pancasila, introduced by Soekarno in 1945, is the foundational ideology of Indonesia. It comprises five principles: belief in God, humanitarianism, national unity, democracy, and social justice. It aimed to provide a common ideological ground for Indonesia's diverse population, though its application was contested by various political and religious groups.

What was the role of the military in the political landscape of Indonesia during the Orde Lama period?

The military played a significant role in Indonesia's politics during the Orde Lama period. Initially dissatisfied with its lack of political power under the 1950 constitution, the military sought greater involvement in political decision-making. Soekarno eventually supported this by creating a more centralized, militarized system under **Demokrasi Terpimpin** (Guided Democracy), which gave the military greater political influence.

Why did Soekarno introduce the concept of Demokrasi Terpimpin (Guided Democracy)?

Soekarno introduced Demokrasi Terpimpin (Guided Democracy) in 1959 to address the political instability caused by the fragmentation of power among ideological groups. The move allowed him to centralize authority in the presidency, limit the role of the parliament, and ensure a more stable governance structure, which he believed was necessary for Indonesia's development.

What was the outcome of the 1955 general election in Indonesia?

The 1955 general election in Indonesia was the first democratic election held in the country. It resulted in no single party securing a majority, leading to a fragmented political landscape. The election saw significant support for the **Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI)**, **Masumi**, **Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)**, and the **Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI)**, but no party gained more than 20% of the vote.

What was the impact of the 1965 G30S/PKI movement on Indonesian politics?

The 1965 G30S/PKI movement had a profound impact on Indonesian politics. The failed coup attempt by communist officers within the military resulted in the mass killing of communists and marked the end of Soekarno's presidency. It also paved the way for the rise of Soeharto and the transition to the Orde Baru (New Order), which was more authoritarian and less ideologically divided.

How did the alliance between the military and the PKI influence Indonesian politics during the Orde Lama?

The alliance between the military and the **PKI** under Soekarno's concept of **Nasakom** (Nationalism, Religion, and Communism) created a temporary balance of power, but it was ultimately unstable. The military, wary of the growing influence of the PKI, later contributed to the downfall of Soekarno’s regime after the 1965 G30S/PKI incident.

What were the ideological divisions in Indonesia during the Orde Lama period?

During the Orde Lama period, Indonesia's political landscape was divided into four main ideological factions: the **military**, the **Islamic parties** (seeking an Islamic state), the **PKI (Communist Party of Indonesia)**, and the **nationalists** led by Soekarno’s **PNI**. These groups often clashed over the direction of Indonesia’s political and ideological future, contributing to instability.

What was the role of Islamic parties in Indonesian politics during the Orde Lama period?

Islamic parties, particularly **Masumi** and **Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)**, were influential during the Orde Lama period. They advocated for the establishment of an Islamic state, which led to tensions with other factions, especially nationalists and communists. However, despite their significant role, they were unable to achieve their vision of an Islamic state due to opposition from other political groups.