Perjanjian Giyanti (1755) dan Terbelahnya Jawa

Summary

The video script discusses the Gianti Agreement of 1755, a pivotal event in Javanese history that led to the division of Java into two kingdoms: Surakarta and Yogyakarta. The agreement was a political pact between Pakubuwono II, Prince Mangkubumi, and the Dutch East India Company (VOC) to resolve internal conflicts. This division shaped the cultural, political, and territorial dynamics of Java, creating lasting differences in language, traditions, and governance. The script also covers subsequent conflicts, including the Salatiga Agreement of 1757 and the later division of Yogyakarta in 1813.

Takeaways

• 📜 The Treaty of Gianti was a major historical event in Java, signed on February 13, 1755.
• ⚖️ It was a political agreement between Pakubuwana, Prince Mangkubumi, and the Dutch East India Company (VOC).
• 🏞️ The treaty resulted in the division of Java into two kingdoms, with Mangkubumi becoming the ruler of Yogyakarta.
• 🔥 The conflict between Pakubuwana II and Prince Mangkubumi stemmed from jealousy over land distribution, leading to further tensions.
• 🗡️ The treaty also symbolized the political maneuvering between Javanese leaders and the VOC to secure territories and power.
• 👑 Two days after the treaty, various royal symbols and attributes were distributed between the two new kingdoms.
• 💬 Differences in dialects and cultural practices emerged between Yogyakarta and Surakarta after the division.
• 🗺️ The process of dividing Java took a long time, with overlapping territories and continued disputes for around 20 years.
• ⚔️ Post-treaty, Prince Sambernyawa continued to revolt against VOC and Javanese authorities, leading to more conflicts.
• 🏛️ The Treaty of Salatiga in 1757 further divided Java, creating additional autonomous regions such as Mangkunegaran and later Pakualaman.

Q & A

What was the Gianti Agreement and why is it significant?

The Gianti Agreement, signed on February 13, 1755, was a political treaty between Paku Buana II, Prince Mangkubumi, and the Dutch East India Company (VOC). It is significant because it marked the division of the Mataram Sultanate into two parts: Yogyakarta and Surakarta, which had long-lasting political and cultural impacts on the region.

What event led to the signing of the Gianti Agreement?

The agreement was born out of conflicts between the royal factions in Surakarta and the VOC, including Prince Mangkubumi's dissatisfaction with land allocations, which caused unrest. After negotiations, the agreement was reached to settle these conflicts and prevent further violence.

Who were the key parties involved in the Gianti Agreement?

The key parties involved were Paku Buana II of Surakarta, Prince Mangkubumi, and the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Each party had a vested interest in the outcome of the political and territorial division.

What was the role of the VOC in the Gianti Agreement?

The VOC acted as a mediator and enforcer of the agreement, seeking to maintain peace in Java to protect its trading interests. The Dutch supported the territorial division as a way to stabilize the region and continue their influence over Javanese politics.

How did the Gianti Agreement impact the Mataram Sultanate?

The Gianti Agreement split the Mataram Sultanate into two parts: the Sultanate of Yogyakarta, ruled by Prince Mangkubumi (Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I), and the Surakarta Sunanate, ruled by Paku Buana III. This division created long-term cultural and political distinctions between the two regions.

What was the cultural significance of the division of Java after the Gianti Agreement?

The division of Java led to cultural differences, such as language dialects, styles of dress, and royal customs between Yogyakarta and Surakarta. For example, the way the Javanese language was spoken, with Yogyakarta using 'inggih' and Surakarta using 'ungkang,' reflects the different social norms that emerged after the split.

Who was Raden Mas Said and what was his role in the aftermath of the Gianti Agreement?

Raden Mas Said, also known as Pangeran Sambernyawa, was a Javanese prince who continued to resist VOC influence after the Gianti Agreement. He eventually negotiated his own settlement, receiving his own territory known as Kadipaten Mangkunegaran after the signing of the Salatiga Agreement in 1757.

What was the outcome of the Salatiga Agreement in 1757?

The Salatiga Agreement of 1757 further divided Java by granting Raden Mas Said a portion of Surakarta's territory, establishing the Mangkunegaran Duchy. This created an additional center of power in Java, adding complexity to the already divided region.

How did the political landscape of Java evolve after the Gianti Agreement?

After the Gianti Agreement and later the Salatiga Agreement, Java's political landscape evolved into multiple centers of power, with Yogyakarta, Surakarta, and Mangkunegaran becoming separate entities. Later, in 1813, under British rule, the Pakualaman Duchy was also created, further fragmenting Java's governance.

What were the long-term effects of the Gianti Agreement on modern-day Indonesia?

The long-term effects of the Gianti Agreement are still visible in modern-day Indonesia, particularly in the special status of Yogyakarta as a semi-autonomous region. The cultural and political divisions established by the agreement influenced the development of different traditions, governance models, and royal courts in Central Java.