AP Euro Unit 2 REVIEW (Everything You NEED to Know)
Summary
TLDRThis video script offers a comprehensive review of Unit 2 in the AP European History curriculum, focusing on the Protestant Reformation and the Wars of Religion. It discusses the causes of the Reformation, including corruption within the Catholic Church, and the pivotal roles of Martin Luther and John Calvin. The script also covers the social and political impacts of the Reformation, the rise of Protestantism, and the Catholic Reformation. It highlights key events like the Peace of Augsburg, the 30 Years' War, and the Peace of Westphalia, emphasizing their significance in shaping modern Europe.
Takeaways
- 🏰 The Protestant Reformation and the Wars of Religion are pivotal to understanding Unit 2 of the AP European History curriculum.
- 📜 The first major split in the Christian church occurred in 1054, resulting in the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
- 💼 By the 1500s, the Catholic Church had become deeply entangled in politics and corruption, including simony, nepotism, and the selling of indulgences.
- 🙏 Martin Luther's 95 Theses, nailed to the Wittenberg church door in 1517, sparked the Protestant Reformation as a call for the Church's reform.
- 📚 The printing press played a crucial role in spreading Luther's ideas and those of other reformers across Europe.
- 🇨🇭 John Calvin's teachings, including the doctrines of predestination and the elect, significantly influenced the development of Protestantism, especially in Switzerland.
- 🔍 The Anabaptists differed from Luther and Calvin on the issue of baptism, believing it should be reserved for adult believers.
- 🗡 The Wars of Religion led to armed conflicts between European states, including the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire.
- 🕊 The Edict of Nantes in 1598 marked a step towards religious toleration in France, allowing Huguenots to worship without harassment.
- 🌍 The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended the Thirty Years' War and is considered a turning point in European history, recognizing the division of Christianity and the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.
Q & A
What was the significance of the year 1054 in the Christian church?
-In 1054, the first major split of the Christian church occurred, resulting in the separation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
How did the Roman Catholic Church's involvement in politics and wealth accumulation lead to corruption?
-The Roman Catholic Church's entanglement in politics and accumulation of wealth during the 1500s led to corruption through practices like simony (buying and selling of church offices), nepotism (appointing family and friends to church offices), and the selling of indulgences (offering a way to buy salvation or release from purgatory).
What were Martin Luther's main grievances that led to the Protestant Reformation?
-Martin Luther's main grievances included the sale of indulgences, the belief that salvation was earned through faith and good works, and the church's hierarchical structure. He believed that salvation was by grace alone through faith, as taught by the Book of Romans in the New Testament.
What was the role of the printing press in spreading Martin Luther's 95 Theses?
-The printing press allowed Martin Luther's 95 Theses to be rapidly disseminated throughout the German states of the Holy Roman Empire, sparking widespread discussion and support for his criticisms of the church.
Why did the Diet of Worms trial result in Martin Luther's excommunication?
-The Diet of Worms demanded Martin Luther's recantation of his theses and interpretations of the scriptures. Luther refused to recant, leading to his excommunication.
How did the Protestant Reformation lead to armed conflicts in Europe?
-The Protestant Reformation's challenge to the Catholic Church's authority and practices led to religious and political conflicts, such as the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War, which resulted in armed conflicts between European states.
What were the main differences between John Calvin's teachings and those of Martin Luther?
-While both Calvin and Luther were Protestant reformers, they disagreed on the doctrine of salvation. Calvin introduced the doctrine of predestination, which stated that God had already decided who would be saved, whereas Luther believed in salvation through faith alone.
How did the Peace of Augsburg (1555) attempt to resolve religious conflicts in the Holy Roman Empire?
-The Peace of Augsburg allowed individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to decide whether their people would be Lutheran or Catholic, effectively legalizing both faiths within the empire.
What was the significance of the Peace of Westphalia (1648) in terms of European history?
-The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War and marked the end of Europe's religious wars. It amended the Peace of Augsburg to include Calvinism, maintained the Holy Roman Emperor's weakness, and hastened the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.
How did the Catholic Reformation respond to the criticisms of the Protestant Reformation?
-The Catholic Reformation, also known as the Counter-Reformation, involved the establishment of the Roman Inquisition, an Index of Prohibited Books, and the Council of Trent, which aimed to reform the Catholic Church and reaffirm its doctrines, thus solidifying the division within Christianity.
Outlines
🏛️ The Protestant Reformation Origins
The paragraph introduces the significance of understanding the Protestant Reformation and the Wars of Religion for success in an AP European History class. It discusses the first major split of the Christian Church in 1054, leading to the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Roman Catholic Church's dominance in Western Europe and its entanglement in politics and corruption are highlighted, including simony, nepotism, and the selling of indulgences. Martin Luther's role as an Augustinian monk and his 95 theses, which criticized the Church and sparked the Reformation, are detailed. The paragraph also covers the impact of the printing press on spreading Luther's ideas and the political motivations of German princes in supporting him.
📜 The Impact of Martin Luther and John Calvin
This section delves into John Calvin's contributions to Protestant theology, focusing on the doctrines of predestination and the elect. It contrasts Calvin's teachings with Catholic beliefs regarding salvation and good works. The establishment of a welfare state in Geneva under Calvin and the intermingling of church and state are discussed. The paragraph also touches on the influence of the printing press on Calvinism's spread, leading to the formation of distinct Protestant groups such as the Presbyterians, Huguenots, and Puritans. Additionally, the Anabaptists' beliefs and their separation from mainstream Protestantism over the issue of baptism are explored.
🔱 Wars of Religion in France and the Holy Roman Empire
The paragraph discusses the Wars of Religion, particularly in France and the Holy Roman Empire. It details the rise of Protestantism in France and the Huguenot's struggle for recognition, leading to conflicts such as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. The Wars of Religion are also connected to the broader political landscape, including the French crown's efforts to maintain power and the Holy Roman Empire's religious conflicts, which culminated in the 30 Years' War. The paragraph outlines the war's phases, from the Bohemian phase to the French phase, and the eventual Peace of Westphalia, which marked the end of Europe's religious wars and the decline of the Holy Roman Empire.
🏰 The Catholic Reformation and Social Hierarchies
This section covers the Catholic Reformation, also known as the Counter-Reformation, in response to Protestant criticisms. It outlines the establishment of the Roman Inquisition, the Index of Prohibited Books, and the Council of Trent, which aimed to reform the Church and its doctrines. The Council's reaffirmation of Catholic doctrines solidified the division within Christianity. The paragraph also discusses the social hierarchy of the time, including the rise of the merchant elite, the importance of religion in social standing, and the patriarchal society's impact on women's roles. It highlights the debates on women's education and their positions within the Catholic and Protestant Churches.
🎨 Art and Society During the Reformation
The final paragraph discusses the artistic movements of the time, including Mannerism and Baroque. It highlights how the Catholic Church used the ornate Baroque style to appeal to the people and reinforce its power during the Catholic Reformation. The paragraph also touches on societal changes, such as the rise of secular authorities legislating public morals, the crackdown on traditional festivities, and the increase in public punishments. It concludes with a discussion of the witchcraft craze, attributing it to societal upheaval and the search for control, with a significant number of women being targeted and executed.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Protestant Reformation
💡Catholic Church
💡Martin Luther
💡Printing Press
💡John Calvin
💡Anabaptists
💡Wars of Religion
💡Peace of Westphalia
💡Catholic Reformation
💡Social Hierarchy
💡Witchcraft Craze
Highlights
The Protestant Reformation and Wars of Religion are crucial for understanding AP European History.
The Roman Catholic Church dominated Western Europe until the 1500s when it became entangled in politics and corruption.
Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticized the Church's corruption and sparked the Protestant Reformation.
The Printing Press played a pivotal role in spreading Reformation ideas quickly across Europe.
John Calvin developed distinct Protestant doctrines, including Predestination and the Elect.
Calvinism led to the formation of Presbyterians, Huguenots, and Puritans across Europe.
The Anabaptists disagreed with Luther and Calvin on infant baptism and advocated for adult baptism only.
The Wars of Religion included the French Wars of Religion and the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire.
The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended the Thirty Years' War and is a turning point in European history.
The Catholic Reformation was a response to Protestant criticisms and aimed to renew the Church.
The Council of Trent was a significant act of the Catholic Reformation, reaffirming Catholic doctrines.
The establishment of new religious orders like the Jesuits was part of the Catholic Church's renewal.
Social hierarchies were defined by class, religion, and gender, with some changes during this period.
The Reformation and urbanization challenged traditional gender roles and patriarchal structures.
City governments began to legislate public morals as religious authority waned.
The witchcraft craze saw thousands executed, reflecting societal fears and control mechanisms.
Art during this period included Mannerism and Baroque, reflecting emotional and dramatic themes.
Transcripts
unit two of the ap european history
curriculum is so important to understand
if you want an a in your class and a
five on your exam in may you have to
know what happened in the protestant
reformation and the wars of religion
that follow and guess what that's
exactly what i'm about to review for you
so if you're ready to get that brain
cows milked let's get to it now back in
1054 we had the first major split of the
christian church and that split gave us
the roman catholic church and the
eastern orthodox church since that split
it was the roman catholic church that
dominated western europe you know if you
were alive back then you didn't like the
catholic church it's not like he could
have gone down the street to the baptist
church or the methodist church or
whatever you had one option and that
option was kathleen by the way if you
want note guides for this video and a
bunch of other stuff to help you with
this unit and all the other units check
out my ap european history ultimate
review packet which is linked in the
description below now by the 1500s the
catholic church had gotten itself all
kinds of tangled up in politics and it
accumulated a metric butt load of wealth
and some of those entanglements led to
corruption you need to know a few of
these first was seminy which was the
buying and selling of church offices i
mean you would expect that the church
office of archbishop for example will be
reserved for the most pious most
experienced man but no in this period
church offices went to the guy who had
the requisite amount of boom boom to buy
his way into the office second was
nepotism which meant the appointing of
family and friends to church offices
again people got church offices not
because they were qualified but because
who they were related to third and maybe
most important for our purposes was the
buying and selling of indulgences
essentially this was the church offering
a way for people to buy their salvation
or maybe buy loved ones out of purgatory
and the church justify these kind of
behaviors because hey saint peter's
basilica ain't going to renovate itself
now right into this nasty soup of
corruption came an augustinian monk and
christian humanist named martin luther
his grievances began when luther was
studying the book of romans in the new
testament which taught that a person's
salvation was by grace alone through
faith or to put it another way salvation
is free paid for by christ himself this
of course sharply contrasted with the
church's position that salvation was
earned by faith and good works not to
mention buying it through indulgences
now luther also came to believe that the
scriptures alone ought to be the sole
authority of christians which is to say
not the pope and not the elaborate
system of church dogma furthermore he
also saw that the scriptures did not
endorse the hierarchy of believers into
sacred and secular realms but instead
the scriptures taught the priesthood of
all believers i hope by now you can
start to taste the sauce that martin
luther was cooking up because it was
spicy and so all of this came to a head
on october 31 1517 luther composed a
document containing 95 theses
criticizing the corruption of the church
and calling the church and its leaders
to reform he nailed his 95 theses to the
wittenberg church door and it was on
like donkey kong now to be fair luther
didn't intend these theses to be a broad
proclamation throughout all of europe
for a new way to believe it was really
only meant to spark a discussion among a
few educated monks and priests but
because of the printing press the 95
theses were spread throughout the german
states of the holy roman empire with
great speed and apparently many other
germans felt the same way about the
catholic church's abuses because
luther's theses were widely embraced now
once luther's complaints and new
interpretations of the scriptures made
it to the church officials they went
ahead and denounced him as a heretic
which is a person who rejects the
accepted beliefs of the church now those
officials went ahead and put luther on
trial of the diet of vorms at which they
demanded luther's recantation luther
refused to recant and so they
excommunicated him he then went into
hiding under the protection of his
prince frederick iii who is one of the
many german princes who supported luther
that's not because they were moved
deeply by his writings and repented in
dust and ashes and begged luther to let
them help spread these life-changing
ideas
now these princes understood that if
they supported luther that would weaken
the pope's power and that means german
princes would in turn have more power so
in a very real way we can say that
luther wasn't the chief protestant
reformer but rather the princes who
protested the catholic church and
supported luther's work now if you know
your european history you know that
luther was not the first reformer to
criticize the catholic church he had
christian humanists like john wycliffe
and jan huss who did it before luther
and really planted the seeds of the
protestant reformation so the real
question is why was it luther's protest
that ultimately split the church well
that brings us back to the printing
press luther was the first major
reformer to have access to this new
printing technology and by this point
there were three major kinds of
publications coming out of the printing
houses books pamphlets and broadsides
and luther made proficient use of all
three but especially pamphlets by 1520
there was something like 300 000 copies
of his pamphlets all across germany and
as far away as england furthermore as an
augustinian monk luther used to preach
to the people in german not latin
because you know he wanted ordinary
people to understand the doctrines of
grace therefore his production of a
vernacular bible in german spread far
and wide thanks to the printing press if
you don't know the word vernacular it
just means the common language of the
people and that german bible had a way
of confirming protestant doctrine for
example when everyone could read a book
like the bible not just priests and
bishops it gave support to the
reformation doctrine of the priesthood
of all believers so that was how the
protestant reformation began leading to
the second major split in the christian
church so that was happening in the
german states but as i said thanks to
the printing press the ideas of the
reformation spread quickly and the next
significant place the reformation took
root was switzerland under the
leadership of a guy named john calvin a
calvin was originally a follower of
martin luther but the two split over
varying interpretations of the doctrine
of salvation now calvin was known for
two major protestant theological
developments first was the doctrine of
predestination which said that god had
from before the foundation of the world
decided who would be saved and who would
not therefore salvation was not a matter
of human choice but god's choice second
was the doctrine of the elect those whom
god had chosen to save were the elect
and those who were truly elect had no
choice in the matter and further could
never lose their salvation now how did a
person know he or she was a member of
the elect well simply because they
desired salvation furthermore a person
was elect if their salvation led to good
works and to be clear this was different
from the catholic doctrine catholics
taught that faith and good works were
necessary for salvation calvin argued
that only by faith was a person saved
but if they were truly elect that
salvation would naturally result in good
works additionally calvin taught that
wealth accumulation would be a sign of a
person's election although he tempered
that by teaching that a person's wealth
was still governed by the law of love a
christian therefore had an obligation to
use wealth to care for the poor and as a
direct result of this teaching calvin
set up a welfare state in geneva now the
last thing i'll say about calvin's
geneva is this the church and the state
were so tightly tied together that you
really couldn't tell where one started
and the other ended in geneva the bible
was the law and this resulted in a kind
of theocracy which is when a state is
ruled not by a human ruler but directly
by god for example citizens of geneva
were required by law to attend church
five days a week and if you were caught
skipping those services enough times
don't worry they would just
excommunicate you or put you in jail
under calvin's direction in geneva the
people couldn't drink couldn't dance
couldn't swear so you know all good in
geneva it was by these rules that calvin
was able to control the population in
geneva after all calvin taught that it
was the elect who obeyed such rules and
everyone wanted to be part of the elect
right now calvin also benefited
tremendously from the printing press as
well he laid down all of his ideas in a
hefty volume called the institutes of
the christian religion the institutes
was the first complete treatment of
reformation doctrines and the printing
press enabled calvin's work to spread
throughout europe and what it did was to
provide the needed doctrinal order to
protestant churches as calvinism spread
throughout europe it created the
presbyterians in scotland the huguenot
in france and the puritans in england so
calvin's protestantism while it held to
the same basic principles as luther's
doctrine developed its own distinctives
now another protestant group that became
a distinct entity during this time was
the anabaptist who believed in the
reformation principles that luther and
calvin did but they separated from them
on the question of baptism calvin and
luther taught that infants could be
baptized and on this they agreed with
the catholic church and the baptists on
the other hand believed that baptism
could not be performed on infants on
account of it was a right that only
adults could participate in because only
adults could truly affirm that they were
believers so for anabaptists the baby
dunking was out also out for the
anabaptists was military service they
believed in the absolute separation
between church and state that a person's
commitment to god wholesale trumped
their commitment to the state so they
were pacifists and refused to be
conscripted for the wars that their
states got themselves into and speaking
of wars many of these conflicts in the
church that i've just been talking about
led to actual armed conflicts between
european states and we call those
europe's wars of religion we'll talk
about france and the holy roman empire
in this respect first france in the
first half of the 1500s most french
people were catholic but by the 1500s
protestantism had gained a significant
foothold and those french folks who
embraced protestantism were known as the
huguenot as it turned out nearly half of
the french nobles had converted to
calvinism and were seeking recognition
and rights from the crown in 1560
charles ix took the throne but he was a
wee little thing coming in at only 11
years old therefore his mother catherine
de medici was basically running the
kingdom and wanted to purge france of
the huguenot and therefore to diminish
the power of the protestant nobles and
remember that's a power move if the
whole country was singular in its
religious allegiance then those
loyalties would merge with their
political allegiance and that would
create a stronger more powerful
government now the french wars of
religion began with a massacre of
huguenot led by the bourbon family in
1562 known as the massacre of vassi in
which members of the catholic geese
family stormed their worship service and
began killing them indiscriminately so
that was rough but it got even worse in
1572 when charles the ninth sister
married bourbon henry of navarre who was
also a huguenot and he invited many
prominent huguenots to the wedding and
catherine de medici fluffy lady that she
was organized a massacre of the huguenot
that became known as the saint
bartholomew's day massacre and as the
massacre spread beyond the wedding
something like 10 to 20 000 protestants
were killed as it turns out henry's life
was spared because he promised he would
convert to catholicism which he did and
as these political and religious
conflicts continued to simmer we got yet
another conflict in this series which
was called the war of the three henrys
starting in 1587. this very
appropriately named war broke out
because three different henrys were
vying for the french throne there was
henry iii who was a catholic and who
also happened to be the king at that
time and had the support of his mother
catherine de medici he was a deeply
unpopular king like as a catholic
protestants didn't like him and the
catholics thought he wasn't catholic
enough second there was henry of navarre
who was a huguenot and leader of the
bourbon family and you'll remember him
as the guy whose wedding turned into a
slaughterhouse additionally he was
married to henry the third sister so
thankfully this isn't even getting
complicated and third there was henry of
geese who was a catholic and he wanted
to take measures to make sure that only
catholics ruled france now i'd like to
tell you that the three henry's resolved
this dispute by slathering themselves
with whipped cream and wrestling it out
greek style but to my great
disappointment new henry iii and henry
of geese got themselves assassinated and
that left henry of navarre to take the
throne which he did under the name of
henry iv and as king henry took steps
towards religious toleration by issuing
the edict of nante in 1598 which
officially established france as
catholic while also providing freedom
for huguenot to worship without
harassment okay so those are a few of
the religious conflicts in france now
let's talk about the conflicts in the
holy roman empire and here we're going
to talk about the 30 years war which in
case you couldn't tell lasted for you
know 30 years anyway this was the last
major war of the protestant reformation
in order to get this one you need to
know about the peace of augsburg in
1555. now this established that
individual rulers in the holy roman
empire could decide for themselves
whether their people will be lutheran or
catholic the holy roman emperor charles
v passed the peace of augsburg for much
the same reason that henry iv enacted
the edict of not namely to end the
state's religious squabbles and maintain
the power of the state okay hold on now
that's not going to make any sense to
you unless you understand what the holy
roman empire was while france was one
unified state the holy roman empire was
made up of hundreds of loosely
confederated states which had individual
rulers now those rulers were answerable
to the holy roman emperor but they had a
great deal of power by themselves so the
piece of augsburg said that each of
those leaders of the independent states
could decide for themselves whether
their people will be catholic or
lutheran now if you've been listening
closely you have no doubt notice that i
haven't said anything about the piece of
augsburg giving any latitude to
calvinists and you would be right the
options were lutheran or catholic so in
1618 a calvinist leader named frederick
the first challenged the catholic
absolutism of the holy roman emperor
ferdinand ii and that ladies and
gentlemen is how you get a religious war
ferdinand broke the piece of augsburg by
shutting down the lutheran churches in
the bohemia region now not surprisingly
this got the protestants pretty angry so
they grabbed ferdinand's officials
carried them up the stairs of the castle
in prague and summarily threw them out
the window this event became known as
the defenestration of prague
defenestration being a fancy word for
throwing someone out a window anyway the
juicy part of the story is that
ferdinand's officials actually survived
the defenestration but only because a
giant pile of poo broke their fault so
that's fun anyway that event sparked the
30 years war and basically there were
four phases to this war and i'll explain
each of them briefly first was the
bohemian phase which lasted from 1618 to
1625 and it's called this because it was
just a small localized war in bohemia
between the protestant union and the
catholic league the holy roman empire
ferdinand ii defeated protestant
frederick the first at the battle of
white mountain and re-established
catholicism in many german states second
there was the danish phase which lasted
from 1625 to 1630. it's called the
danish phase because the king of denmark
who was protestant got in on the action
and led attacks against the catholics
and it's important to notice here that
the war is transforming now from a
localized conflict into a transnational
war now ultimately the king of denmark
was defeated and that led to the third
phase of the swedish phase which lasted
from 1630 to 1635. this marks the point
at which the war extended beyond the
borders of the holy roman empire and
became a proper european war king
gustavus adolphus of sweden organized
the protestant cause and as a brilliant
strategist scored some major victories
for the protestants now here's where i
tell you that during this phase a metric
buttload of funding for the protestant
cause came from a guy named cardinal
richelou of france wait a second why in
the fresh heck is catholic france
helping the protestant cause well it's
an indication that the 30 years war is
evolving from a purely religious
conflict although even that is debatable
to a more political conflict so was the
habsburgs who ruled spain and the holy
roman empire and the french in case you
don't know loathed the habsburg and
sought any chance to diminish their
power and here were german and swedish
protestants doing just that so you know
let's jump in on the protestant side and
then finally you get the fourth phase
which is known as the french phase and
it lasted from 1635 to 1648 instead of
just sending cart loads of hooch over to
the protestants france went ahead and
entered the war on their side and again
the french cared almost none whether the
protestant or catholic question was
settled in the holy roman empire they
actually used this war as an excuse to
fight the habsburgs in spain in order to
assure that they would not rebound from
the protestant defeats now the war was
finally over and everything got settled
at the peace of westphalia in 1648 and
you're like oh well isn't that
interesting that's the same year this
time period ends yeah that's because
westphalia was a big deal and you really
need to know it so the piece of
westphalia ended the 30 years war and
marked a turning point in european
history because it effectively marked
the end of all of europe's religious
wars it amended the augsburg agreement
to include calvinism as legitimate faith
and it kept the holy roman emperor weak
and the rulers of individual states
strong and thus hastened the decline of
the holy roman empire additionally it
officially marked the end of the
medieval idea of universal christendom
after this it was clear that the church
was forever divided and you know
speaking of the church being divided
let's return to the catholic church now
basically the whole time that europeans
were slaughtering each other during the
religious wars the catholic church was
undergoing a reformation of its own
known as the catholic reformation or you
might hear it called the
counter-reformation in response to the
criticisms level that the church from
the likes of martin luther and john
calvin catholic leaders decided to clean
up their house now i should probably
also mention that the catholics started
reforming themselves for a number of
reasons yes they were responding to the
ideological criticism of the protestant
reformers but they also sought to reform
themselves because they were losing lots
of people to the protestant side so you
could equally argue that the catholics
reform themselves to maintain power and
influence among their people anyway pope
paul iii established the roman
inquisition which had the authority to
arrest and execute heretics doesn't that
smell a little machiavellian
connections baby we're making those
connections the church is doing whatever
it can to maintain power including fear
and intimidation additionally the church
established an index of prohibited books
which was a list of books that taught
heretical doctrines and it included
works by the christian humanist erasmus
and several protestant reformers as well
but without doubt the most significant
act of the catholic reformation was the
council of trent which met
intermittently from 1545 to 1563 its
purpose was to reform the catholic
church and forge some reconciliation
with protestants the council made some
gains on the former but basically did
nothing on the ladder so at the council
the church began to clean up some of its
corrupt practices that caused the
protestants so much angst it suppressed
simony and forbade the sale of
indulgences also the council reaffirmed
the celibacy of the clergy you know
medieval priests were a little loose
with this one to put it mildly and with
these corruptions purged the catholic
church experienced a spiritual renewal
in what was established in the council
lasted to the middle of the 20th century
now the council also reaffirmed
classical catholic doctrines like
transubstantiation equal authority of
the pope and the scriptures in the seven
sacraments etc and so by doing this
reconciliation with protestants was not
possible in reaffirming these doctrines
the council permanently cemented the
division in christianity regardless the
catholic church itself continued to
experience renewal and one of the
manifestations of that was the
establishment of new religious orders
saint theresa of avila established the
carmelite order and she founded numerous
convents and brought their order back to
a stricter form of the faith emphasizing
asceticism and poverty probably the most
significant new order to be established
was the jesuits it was founded by
ignatius of loyola for the purpose of
spiritual renewal and members of the
order took vows of poverty and chastity
and they established schools and
far-reaching missionary efforts it was
the jesuits that brought catholicism to
india and japan and brazil and north
america and africa but they also
concentrated their missionary efforts at
home and through their work many of the
southern provinces of the holy roman
empire returned to catholicism okay
let's turn the corner now and look at
this period from the bottom up we've
talked a lot about the major figures and
rulers so far but now let's talk about
the people and i reckon we ought to
begin with the social hierarchy social
hierarchies define a person's social
status regarding class and religion and
gender in both rural and urban settings
now prior to this period a person's
class was established at birth by one's
wealth and family but with the rise of
the merchant elite some of whom became
very wealthy movement upward was now a
possibility which is to say class status
was not necessarily connected with land
anymore nor your family of origin even
so land ownership still held quite a bit
of prestige for example in the english
parliament the upper house the house of
lords was reserved for the landed
citizens while the lower house the house
of commons was reserved for those
without land even if some of them were
very wealthy when it came to religion a
person's beliefs certainly mattered in
terms of social standing recall that if
you were a huguenot in catholic france
you stood a good chance of getting
slaughtered at a wedding additionally
the spanish throne took pains to expel
the jews from their land so yeah you
needed to believe the right thing if you
were gonna live the good life in europe
in terms of gender patriarchy was the
order of the day which meant that it was
a male-dominated society women were
expected to submit to their husbands and
fathers and their earnings belong to the
men in their lives so it shouldn't
surprise you to hear that women were
largely excluded from the economic and
political life of europe this was
connected to the entire political
structure of the european states for
example charles the first of england
understood himself as the father of the
nation and only if the family hierarchy
was preserved would his own authority be
preserved now this standard was more
evident in urban wealthy families where
they had more freedom to order their
households in rural households men and
women were more equal even though there
were separate spheres of work for both
in certain roles that they each
fulfilled regardless urban and rural
households organize themselves around
the nuclear family instead of the
extended family now as it happened the
renaissance and reformation raised
debates about this patriarchal structure
in women's proper role in society among
french intellectuals they debated what
they called the querell de femme which
when being translated means the woman
question mainly it was a debate over
whether women were fit to receive
university education on one side folks
argued that no they were not fit since
women were naturally inferior to men and
how did they know well wasn't it eve who
was deceived by the serpent and led the
entire human race into sin and misery
and then the other side of the argument
went like this if women are inferior
it's only because men have withheld
education from them after all look at
queen elizabeth in england she was
educated and ruled like a boss in the
catholic church women of course could
not be priests and furthermore could
hold no position of authority over a man
but they could become nuns and that was
something in the context of a convent
nuns had the opportunity to use their
artistic or medical or leadership gifts
in the context of a community of women
now on the protestant side of things
luther and calvin both taught that the
wife ought to be subservient to her
husband and put herself on display as
the model of obedience and charity but
it was only the anabaptists who gave
women positions of authority and some of
them even became preachers and out of
all the anabaptists who were martyred
during this period nearly a third of
them were women in leadership now during
this period with so many people moving
from the country into the city and with
a larger challenge to religious
authority occurring because of the
reformation city governments were left
with the task of creating laws to
legislate public morals where the church
did this before now the task was falling
on secular authorities so for example
during this period many municipal
authorities outlawed prostitution
protestants believe that marriage was
the only legitimate remedy for lust
therefore they work to get local
governments to pass laws to close and
ban brothels in some places authorities
tried to restrict the festivities during
a yearly celebration of carnival since
medieval times this was a festival held
right before lent which was the fasting
season of the church and people went
positively crazy during carnival they
got drunk and danced for days like
dressed up as people in authority like
kings and popes and so it was kind of an
upside down society for a few days but
because it was motivated by the catholic
doctrine of penance during lent some
protestant leaders attempted to make
laws restricting the excesses of
carnival however in more rural areas far
from the reach of the state people
persisted in celebrating like this now
in order to keep everyone in line local
and church authorities had certain
public punishments and humiliations to
keep the populace from violating certain
legal and social norms if you broke the
law you might find yourself in the
stocks in which your head arms and feet
were restrained in blocks of wood but
don't worry it was usually right in the
center of town so that any passerby
could hurl rotten food and waste at the
prisoner also there was flogging with a
cane or a whip and sometimes you got
flogged before you went in the stock so
you know that was a bad day even so with
the rise of capitalism on which more in
the next unit a new culture of leisure
was on the rise in their free time
people began attending in greater
numbers blood sports like boxing or bull
fighting or jousting additionally saints
days festivities drew huge crowds for
celebrations according to the church
calendar for example all saints day was
a festival celebrating all the saints
that have departed they maintained a
strong belief in the mystical connection
between the church triumphant which is
those who have already reached heaven
and the church militant which were those
who are still alive on earth the last
thing i'll say about society during this
period is this even with all the
religious and political upheaval
occurring many people still held on to
folk ideas that have been passed down
through the generation related to that
was the witchcraft craze of the 16th and
17th centuries to catholic and
protestant leaders during this time
witchcraft was evidence of a pact with
the devil and thus ought to be feared
and extinguished before the advent of
science many common illnesses or
unfortunate events were attributed to
witches the belief grew that witches
were in league with the devil to
overthrow christianity and so with the
stakes getting higher and higher the
stage was set for a witch hunt
historians estimate that in the 16th and
17th centuries between 40 to 60 000
people were executed for witchcraft the
majority of them women and that takes us
right back to the belief that women were
inferior it was believed that women were
not as morally strong as men and
therefore were more susceptible to
agreement with the devil three quarters
of those executions occurred in the holy
roman empire alone and why is that well
it's hard to know for sure but think of
this it was within the holy roman empire
that the protestant reformation began
which resulted in serious social
upheaval additionally these people
experienced a great deal of destruction
and death during the 30 years war so it
could be that those people were
attempting to regain some control of
their lives by scapegoating women as
witches okay now the last thing we need
to do in this unit is talk about art
mannerism developed during the
renaissance and it was an art form in
which artists made use of distorted
figures large musculature and vibrant
color in order to communicate deep
emotion and drama a great example of
mannerism is michelangelo's the last
judgment in the sistine chapel i mean if
you want drama it's all here it's
judgment day and here you see the damned
in a pretty bad way while the saints are
rising to bliss but also during this
period a new innovation in art developed
called baroque it was extravagant in
form ornate and detailed in style and
highly emotional and dramatic it began
in rome during the catholic reformation
as the church was undergoing renewal
they sought to appeal to the people and
persuade them to reinvest their
confidence in the church it was
precisely this ornate and dramatic style
by which the catholics sought to
critique the often barren and muted
styles of protestant art it was also a
sign of wealth and power and the more
ornate and the greater the size of the
cathedral the more it would reflect the
power which the catholic church was so
desperately trying to hold on to during
this period probably the greatest artist
in the baroque style was peter paul
rubin look here at this painting the
elevation of the cross and you can see
the flurry of action and emotion
surrounding the body of christ it's
magnificent all right there are more
videos on unit 2 right over here so i
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