MASA DEMOKRASI TERPIMPIN - SEJARAH - MATERI UTBK SBMPTN DAN SIMAK UI

Edcent Id
27 Jan 202214:21

Summary

TLDRThe video discusses the Guided Democracy period in Indonesia, which lasted from 1959 to 1966. It begins with the issuance of the Presidential Decree by President Sukarno on July 5, 1959, and ends with the Supersemar (March 11 Order) in 1966, marking the transition of power to Suharto. Key points include the shift from a parliamentary to a presidential system, the reintroduction of the 1945 Constitution, the dominance of the executive, and the political reforms, such as the dissolution of the Masyumi and PSI parties due to their involvement in regional rebellions.

Takeaways

  • 📜 The Guided Democracy era in Indonesia began in 1959 and ended in 1966.
  • 🗓️ The start of Guided Democracy is marked by President Sukarno's Presidential Decree on July 5, 1959.
  • 🏛️ The era ended in 1966 when power transitioned from President Sukarno to General Suharto following the Supersemar (March 11 Order).
  • 📝 The Presidential Decree of 1959 had three main points: dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, the return to the 1945 Constitution, and the formation of the Provisional People's Consultative Assembly (MPRS) and Provisional Supreme Advisory Council (DPAS).
  • 🏛️ A key feature of Guided Democracy was the shift from a parliamentary to a presidential cabinet system.
  • 📖 The era saw a return to the 1945 Constitution, contrasting with the 1950 provisional constitution used during the Liberal Democracy period.
  • 🏢 During Guided Democracy, there was an increase in executive power, with the president holding both head of state and head of government roles.
  • 🛑 The Masyumi Party and the Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI) were dissolved due to some members' involvement in the PRRI-Permesta rebellion.
  • 📉 The DPR from the 1955 elections was dissolved after it rejected President Sukarno's proposed state budget in 1960, leading to the formation of the Gotong Royong Parliament (DPR-GR).
  • 🎓 The script summarizes key policies and characteristics of the Guided Democracy era, including political, social, and economic changes led by President Sukarno.

Q & A

  • When did the era of Guided Democracy in Indonesia begin and end?

    -The era of Guided Democracy in Indonesia began in 1959 and ended in 1966.

  • What event marked the beginning of the Guided Democracy era in Indonesia?

    -The issuance of the Presidential Decree by President Sukarno on July 5, 1959, marked the beginning of the Guided Democracy era.

  • What significant event in 1966 marked the end of the Guided Democracy era?

    -The issuance of the Supersemar (March 11 Order) in 1966, which led to the transfer of power from President Sukarno to Suharto, marked the end of the Guided Democracy era.

  • What were the three key points of President Sukarno's 1959 Presidential Decree?

    -The three key points were: (1) the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, (2) a return to the 1945 Constitution, and (3) the formation of the temporary MPRS and DPAS.

  • How did the political system under Guided Democracy differ from the previous Liberal Democracy era?

    -Under Guided Democracy, the political system shifted from a parliamentary cabinet system to a presidential cabinet system, with President Sukarno acting as both head of state and head of government.

  • What constitution was used during the Guided Democracy era?

    -The 1945 Constitution was reinstated and used during the Guided Democracy era, replacing the 1950 provisional constitution from the Liberal Democracy period.

  • What was one of the key characteristics of the Guided Democracy era in terms of government power?

    -One of the key characteristics was the dominance of the executive branch, as opposed to the legislative dominance during the Liberal Democracy era.

  • Why were the Masyumi Party and the Indonesian Socialist Party (PSI) dissolved during the Guided Democracy era?

    -The Masyumi Party and PSI were dissolved due to the involvement of some of their members in the PRRI-Permesta rebellion.

  • What was the PRRI-Permesta rebellion, and what caused it?

    -The PRRI-Permesta rebellion was a regional uprising primarily in Sumatra and Sulawesi. It was driven by regional dissatisfaction over economic disparities between Java and other regions, as well as a demand for greater regional autonomy.

  • What happened to the 1955-elected Parliament during the Guided Democracy era?

    -The 1955-elected Parliament was dissolved by President Sukarno in 1960 after it refused to approve the state budget. It was replaced by the DPR-GR (Gotong Royong Parliament).

Outlines

00:00

📜 Introduction to Guided Democracy in Indonesia

The video introduces the topic of 'Masa Demokrasi Terpimpin' (Guided Democracy) in Indonesia. The speaker mentions that Guided Democracy began in 1959 and ended in 1966. The start is marked by President Soekarno's 1959 Presidential Decree, while the end is signified by the 1966 Supersemar (March 11 Order), which led to the transition of power from Soekarno to Suharto. The video also explains the key points of the decree, such as the dissolution of the Konstituante (Constituent Assembly), reinstatement of the 1945 Constitution, and the formation of temporary legislative bodies (MPRS and DPAS).

05:00

⚖️ Key Features of Guided Democracy

This section discusses the main characteristics of Guided Democracy. One key change is the shift from a parliamentary cabinet system to a presidential one, where Soekarno held both the role of head of state and government. The speaker contrasts this with the previous liberal democracy period, where multiple unstable cabinets were led by a prime minister. The dominance of the executive branch over the legislative branch is highlighted as a significant feature of this period, along with the use of the 1945 Constitution, as opposed to the provisional constitution of 1950.

10:01

📊 Domestic Policies Under Guided Democracy

The speaker elaborates on Soekarno's domestic policies during Guided Democracy, starting with the formation of two cabinets—Kabinet Kerja (1959-1964) and Kabinet Dwikora (1964-1966)—both of which were led by Soekarno. Another major policy was the dissolution of the Masyumi Party and PSI (Partai Sosialis Indonesia) due to the involvement of some members in the PRRI-Permesta rebellions. These uprisings, primarily in Sumatra and Sulawesi, stemmed from dissatisfaction over development imbalances between Java and other regions. The dissolution of the 1955-elected parliament, following its rejection of Soekarno’s budget proposal, was also a key political move, leading to the creation of DPR-GR (Gotong Royong Parliament).

🛠️ Socio-Political Tensions and Rebellions

The final paragraph delves deeper into the PRRI-Permesta rebellions, which occurred due to regional dissatisfaction with the central government’s focus on developing Java at the expense of other regions. Political figures from the Masyumi and PSI parties, such as Muhammad Natsir and Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, were implicated in the rebellion, leading to the dissolution of these parties. Additionally, the section discusses the disbanding of the 1955-elected parliament following its rejection of Soekarno’s budget, and the creation of the DPR-GR as a replacement body. The video concludes with a brief overview of the period’s key events and encourages viewers to explore further.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Demokrasi Terpimpin

Guided Democracy ('Demokrasi Terpimpin') refers to a political system in Indonesia that lasted from 1959 to 1966. It began with President Sukarno's Presidential Decree on July 5, 1959, which dissolved the Constituent Assembly and returned to the 1945 Constitution. This era is characterized by centralization of power under the president, with a shift away from parliamentary democracy. In the video, this concept is discussed in detail, including the events that marked its beginning and end.

💡Dekrit Presiden 1959

The Presidential Decree of July 5, 1959, issued by Sukarno, marked the beginning of the Guided Democracy era. This decree dissolved the Constituent Assembly, reinstated the 1945 Constitution, and established the framework for Sukarno's authoritarian rule. The decree is highlighted in the video as a turning point in Indonesian political history.

💡MPRS

The Provisional People's Consultative Assembly ('Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara' or MPRS) was formed as part of Sukarno’s Guided Democracy. It was one of the key political institutions created through the Presidential Decree of 1959. The MPRS had the authority to determine the guidelines of state policy, making it a central body during this political era.

💡Supersemar

Supersemar refers to the 'Surat Perintah Sebelas Maret' or the March 11 Order of 1966. It was a directive that authorized General Suharto to take control of security and restore order in Indonesia, effectively marking the end of Sukarno’s Guided Democracy and the beginning of Suharto’s rule. The video emphasizes this as the key event leading to the end of Guided Democracy.

💡Kabinet Presidensial

A presidential cabinet system was a defining feature of the Guided Democracy era, where the president acted as both the head of state and government. This replaced the parliamentary cabinet system of the earlier Liberal Democracy period. In the video, this is highlighted as a key shift in Indonesia’s governance structure during Sukarno’s era.

💡Undang-Undang Dasar 1945

The 1945 Constitution ('Undang-Undang Dasar 1945') was reinstated during the Guided Democracy period after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in 1959. It provided the legal foundation for Sukarno's centralized power. The video explains how this constitution was crucial in shaping the political framework of the era.

💡Partai Masyumi

The Masyumi Party was an influential political party in Indonesia that was dissolved during the Guided Democracy era. The video explains that the dissolution was linked to the involvement of some of its members in the PRRI-Permesta rebellion, a regional revolt against the central government.

💡PRRI-Permesta

The PRRI-Permesta was a regional rebellion that took place in Sumatra and Sulawesi in the late 1950s. Leaders of this rebellion expressed dissatisfaction with the central government’s focus on development in Java, and some members of political parties like Masyumi were involved. This event is cited in the video as a key reason for the dissolution of Masyumi and PSI.

💡DPR Gotong Royong

The 'Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Gotong Royong' or DPR-GR was a replacement for the elected DPR (House of Representatives) that was dissolved after rejecting the state budget proposed by Sukarno. The video discusses this institution as part of Sukarno’s efforts to consolidate power during the Guided Democracy period.

💡Kabinet Kerja dan Kabinet Dwikora

Kabinet Kerja (Working Cabinet) and Kabinet Dwikora (Dwikora Cabinet) were two important cabinets formed during the Guided Democracy era. The video notes that these cabinets were led by Sukarno himself, marking a departure from the parliamentary cabinets of the previous era. Kabinet Kerja lasted from 1959 to 1964, while Kabinet Dwikora ran from 1964 to 1966.

Highlights

Introduction to the discussion on the Guided Democracy era in Indonesia, lasting from 1959 to 1966.

The Guided Democracy period began with President Soekarno's Presidential Decree on July 5, 1959, and ended with the issuance of the March 11 Order (Supersemar) in 1966.

Key points of the Presidential Decree: Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, reimplementation of the 1945 Constitution, and establishment of MPRS (Provisional People's Consultative Assembly) and DPAS (Provisional Supreme Advisory Council).

A major change during the Guided Democracy period was the transition from a parliamentary system to a presidential system, where President Soekarno held dual roles as head of state and government.

The 1945 Constitution was reinstated during the Guided Democracy era, replacing the 1950 Provisional Constitution.

The executive branch dominated the government during the Guided Democracy period, contrasting with the strong legislative power during the Liberal Democracy period.

There were seven different cabinets during the nine-year Liberal Democracy period, highlighting its instability compared to the Guided Democracy era.

Two key cabinets formed during the Guided Democracy period: the 'Cabinet Kerja' (1959-1964) and the 'Cabinet Dwikora' (1964-1966), both led by President Soekarno.

A major domestic political policy was the dissolution of the Masyumi Party and the Socialist Party of Indonesia (PSI) due to their involvement in the PRRI-Permesta rebellion.

The PRRI-Permesta rebellion was driven by dissatisfaction over the centralization of development in Java, leaving regions like Sumatra and Sulawesi underdeveloped.

Prominent figures from Masyumi and PSI, including Mohammad Natsir and Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, were involved in the rebellion, leading to the parties' dissolution.

President Soekarno dissolved the DPR (House of Representatives) elected in the 1955 election due to their rejection of the state budget proposal in 1960.

The DPR-GR (Gotong Royong House of Representatives) was established to replace the dissolved DPR from the 1955 election.

Guided Democracy's focus on executive dominance was a significant shift from the parliamentary-based Liberal Democracy era, marking a centralization of power under President Soekarno.

This discussion provided an overview of the political, economic, and social policies, as well as the deviations that occurred during the Guided Democracy period.

Transcripts

play00:00

Halo

play00:00

Halo

play00:03

[Musik]

play00:07

sobat Epson salam pintar Jumpa lagi

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bersama saya ke Andi tutor Sejarah sm.id

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Kali ini kita akan membahas materi

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tentang masa demokrasi terpimpin yuk

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saksikan bareng-bareng

play00:24

[Musik]

play00:31

[Musik]

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sebagai insan dalam pembahasan kali ini

play00:41

kita akan membahas materi tentang masa

play00:43

demokrasi terpimpin dimana masa

play00:46

demokrasi terpimpin dimulai sejak tahun

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1959

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Hai dan berakhir Pada tahun

play00:55

1966 Kenapa dimulai tahun 1959 dan

play00:59

dianggap berakhir Pada tahun 1966 maka

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kita harus melihat apa yang menjadi

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patokan awal dimulainya masa demokrasi

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terpimpin tahun 1959

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dianggap sebagai penanda dimulainya masa

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demokrasi terpimpin dengan

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diterbitkannya Dekrit Presiden oleh

play01:17

Presiden Soekarno pada tanggal 5 Juli

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1959

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sedangkan tahun 1966 dianggap sebagai

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penanda berakhirnya masa demokrasi

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terpimpin karena pada tahun 1966 NU

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terbitkan Surat Perintah yang kemudian

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dikenal sebagai

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Hai atau surat perintah Sebelas Maret

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nah keluarnya Surat Perintah Sebelas

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Maret menandai berakhirnya masa

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demokrasi terpimpin ketika kekuasaan di

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Indonesia beralih dari Presiden Soekarno

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kepada yang nantinya akan menjabat

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sebagai presiden yaitu Soeharto Nah jadi

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pada tahun 96 keluar Supersemar yang

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mengakibatkan berakhirnya masa

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pemerintahan Presiden Soekarno

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jadi kita di sini dapat melihat bahwa

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tongkat ini

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Hai berdirinya masa demokrasi terpimpin

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ditandai dengan dekrit presiden

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25 Jul

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1959 apa poin dari Dekrit presiden kita

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telah memahami bahwa Dekrit Presiden

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terdiri atas tiga poin utama yang

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pertama adalah pembubaran

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Hai Dewan Konstituante

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Hai di mana Dewan Konstituante sendiri

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adalah badan yang dibentuk

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bertujuan untuk menciptakan

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undang-undang dasar yang baru

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menggantikan undang-undang dasar

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sementara 1950 yang diterapkan pada masa

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demokrasi liberal tetapi ketika kemudian

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Dewan Konstituante dianggap gagal dalam

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menciptakan undang-undang dasar yang

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baru Maka Presiden Soekarno kemudian

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mengambil langkah membubarkan Dewan

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Konstituante pembubaran Dewan

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Konstituante kemudian diikuti dengan

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Indonesia kembali menggunakan

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undang-undang Dasar

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1945

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dan poin ketiga adalah pembentukan

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Hai

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MPRS dan

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DPAS

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Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat sementara

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dan Dewan Pertimbangan agung sementara

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inilah yang menjadi poin dari Dekrit

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Presiden yang menandai berakhirnya masa

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demokrasi liberal dan dimulainya masa

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demokrasi terpimpin

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Hai apa yang kemudian menjadi ciri

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dari masa demokrasi terpimpin yang

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pertama cirinya tentu saja adalah

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terjadinya perubahan sistem kabinet kita

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tahu bahwa pada masa revolusi sampai

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dengan masa demokrasi liberal sistem

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kabinet yang digunakan oleh pemerintah

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Indonesia adalah kabinet parlementer

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dimana kabinet parlementer ini

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menunjukkan bahwa kabinet yang terbentuk

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bertanggungjawab kepada parlemen nah

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dimana pemerintahan sendiri dipimpin

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oleh seorang Perdana Menteri jadi

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Perdana Menteri dan jajaran

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menteri-menterinya jajaran kabinetnya

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bertanggungjawab kepada parlemen

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sedangkan ciri yang kemudian tampak pada

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masa demokrasi terpimpin adalah sistem

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kabinet yang digunakan adalah kabinet

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Hai Residence

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Hai sel dalam kabinet presidensil kepala

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negara dan kepala pemerintahan dijabat

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oleh seorang presiden inilah yang

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membedakan antara masa demokrasi liberal

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dengan masa demokrasi terpimpin yaitu

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dimana pada masa demokrasi terpimpin

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sistem kabinet adalah kabinet

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presidensiil Presiden Soekarno tampil

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sebagai kepala negara sekaligus juga

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sebagai kepala pemerintahan kemudian

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ciri yang berikutnya adalah penggunaan

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Hai

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undang-undang Dasar

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1945 berbeda dengan masa demokrasi

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liberal yang menggunakan undang-undang

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dasar sementara 1950

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dan ciri yang berikutnya ciri yang

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ketiga adalah

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adanya dominasi

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dari lembaga

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Hai Executive

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Hai aja di adanya dominasi dari lembaga

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eksekutif berbeda dengan masa demokrasi

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liberal dimana pada masa demokrasi

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liberal eh apa namanya lembaga

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legislatif lah yang kemudian memiliki

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dominasi yang sangat kuat terbukti pada

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masa demokrasi liberal

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pemerintahan kabinet tepat dijatuhkan

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oleh parlemen tercatat pada masa

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demokrasi liberal tercatat ada semut

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ada-ada 7 kabinet berbeda selama

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sembilan tahun masa pemerintahan

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demokrasi liberal Nah jadi kita dapat

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melihat pada masa demokrasi liberal yang

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berlangsung selama sembilan tahun

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tercatat ada tujuh kabinet berbeda

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dimulai dari masa naksir sampai dengan

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masa Kabinet Djuanda tetapi pada masa

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demokrasi terpimpin yang kemudian

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mendominasi adalah lembaga eksekutif Nah

play06:41

inilah beberapa ciri yang kemudian

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tampak pada masa demokrasi terpimpin

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Hai berikutnya setelah kemudian

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demokrasi terpimpin terbentuk Presiden

play06:54

Soekarno kemudian mengeluarkan beberapa

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kebijakan kita nanti akan membahas

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kebijakan-kebijakan apa saja yang

play07:01

dikeluarkan oleh Presiden Soekarno baik

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kebijakan politik dalam negeri kebijakan

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politik luar negeri kemudian kebijakan

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ekonomi termasuk juga kebijakan di

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bidang sosial budaya serta kita juga

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akan membahas nantinya

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penyimpangan-penyimpangan yang terjadi

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pada masa demokrasi terpimpin yang akan

play07:22

kita bahas terlebih dahulu adalah

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kebijakan

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Hai politik

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Hai yang dilakukan pada masa demokrasi

play07:32

terpimpin ada beberapa kebijakan politik

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yang diambil oleh pemerintah pada masa

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demokrasi terpimpin khususnya kebijakan

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politik dalam negeri

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hai hai

play07:45

hai hai

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Hai

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yang pertama tentu saja adalah

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pembentukan

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Hai

play07:56

MPRS dan DPAS dimana pembentukan MPRS

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dan DPAS adalah bagian dari Dekrit

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Presiden yang dikeluarkan oleh Presiden

play08:06

Soekarno pada tanggal 5 Juli

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1959

play08:11

kemudian diikuti dengan adanya

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pembentukan kabinet

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Hai atau pemerintahan setidaknya

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tercatat ada dua kabinet yang terbentuk

play08:23

pada masa demokrasi terpimpin yang

play08:26

pertama adalah kabinet kerja

play08:30

Hai dan yang kedua adalah kabinet

play08:34

Dwi Kora

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Kabinet Kerja nantinya berlangsung sejak

play08:40

tahun

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1959 sampai dengan tahun

play08:43

1964 sedangkan Kabinet Dwikora

play08:46

berlangsung dari tahun 1964 sampai

play08:50

dengan tahun

play08:51

1966 jadi kita dapat melihat bahwa

play08:54

terbentuk Kabinet Kerja dan Kabinet

play08:57

Dwikora pada masa demokrasi terpimpin

play08:59

yang juga harus kita garis bawahi bahwa

play09:02

kabinet-kabinet tersebut dipimpin oleh

play09:04

Presiden Soekarno bukan lagi dipimpin

play09:07

oleh Perdana Menteri sebagaimana pada

play09:10

masa demokrasi liberal

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Hai kemudian kebijakan politik dalam

play09:14

negeri berikutnya adalah pembubaran

play09:20

Hai partai Masyumi

play09:25

Hai dan

play09:27

PSI atau Partai Sosialis Indonesia Apa

play09:33

latar belakang dibubarkannya partai

play09:34

Masyumi dan PSI maka kita dapat menjawab

play09:37

bahwa keputusan pemerintah membubarkan

play09:39

partai Masyumi dan PSI dilatarbelakangi

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sebagai akibat dari

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keterlibatan sebagian anggota dari

play09:48

partai Masyumi dan PSI dalam

play09:49

pemberontakan prri-permesta

play09:52

jadi kita dapat mencatat disini adanya

play09:55

keterlibatan

play09:57

sebagian

play09:59

tokoh

play10:01

dari partai Masyumi dan juga PSI dalam

play10:07

pemberontakan prri-permesta

play10:13

Hai sebagaimana yang kita ketahui bahwa

play10:16

pada masa demokrasi liberal tepatnya

play10:18

menjelang akhir masa demokrasi liberal

play10:20

terjadi pemberontakan yang dilakukan

play10:23

oleh PRRI dan Permesta di wilayah

play10:26

Sumatera dan Sulawesi ketika terbentuk

play10:28

dewan-dewan daerah

play10:30

pemberontakan ini sendiri pada awalnya

play10:32

adalah bentuk kekecewaan dari para

play10:35

pemimpin politik di daerah maupun para

play10:38

perwira di daerah karena adanya

play10:40

ketimpangan pembangunan antara pusat dan

play10:43

daerah

play10:43

tampaknya pembangunan pada masa itu

play10:46

dianggap oleh tokoh-tokoh PRRI dan

play10:49

Permesta hanya dipusatkan di wilayah

play10:51

pulau Jawa sedangkan pembangunan di luar

play10:53

Jawa tampaknya diabaikan oleh pemerintah

play10:56

pusat oleh karena itulah kemudian

play10:58

tuntutan yang muncul dari PRRI Permesta

play11:01

adalah tuntutan pelaksanaan otonomi

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daerah tetapi ketika kemudian tuntutan

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pelaksanaan otonomi daerah ini ditolak

play11:09

oleh pemerintah pusat maka terjadilah

play11:12

pemberontakan

play11:13

Permesta ternyata pemberontakan ini

play11:16

mendapatkan dukungan dari sebagian

play11:18

tokoh-tokoh partai Masyumi dan PSI kita

play11:21

dapat menyebutkan Muhammad Natsir dan

play11:24

juga sjafruddin prawiranegara

play11:25

adalah dua pimpinan dari partai masih

play11:28

ini yang kemudian terlibat dalam

play11:30

pemberontakan

play11:32

PRRI karena keterlibatan dari

play11:34

tokoh-tokoh partai Masyumi dan PSI

play11:36

inilah yang mengakibatkan nantinya

play11:39

partai Masih Medan PSI dibubarkan oleh

play11:42

Presiden Soekarno nah ini merupakan

play11:45

bagian dari kebijakan politik dalam

play11:47

negeri yang dilakukan pada masa

play11:50

demokrasi terpimpin

play11:53

kemudian apalagi yang dapat kita catat

play11:55

berkaitan dengan kebijakan politik dalam

play11:58

negeri maka kita juga dapat mencatat

play12:01

terkait dengan kebijakan politik dalam

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negeri adanya keputusan dari pemerintah

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untuk melakukan pembubaran

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I DPR hasil pemilu

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Hai di tahun

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1955 jadi menarik ketika kemudian

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pemerintah Presiden saat itu membubarkan

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DPR hasil pemilu tahun 1955 atau faktor

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yang kemudian menjadi dasar pembubaran

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DPR hasil pemilu tahun 1955 sebabnya

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adalah penolakan dari DPR untuk

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menyetujui RAPBN yang diajukan oleh

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Presiden Soekarno pada tahun 1960

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penolakan dari DPR untuk menyetujui

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RAPBN yang diajukan oleh Presiden

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Soekarno menjadi dasar pembubaran DPR

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hasil Pemilu tahun 55 oleh Presiden

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Soekarno sebagai gantinya ketika

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kemudian DPR hasil pemilu 55 dibubarkan

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Presiden Soekarno kemudian membentuk

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hai hai

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I DPR

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Hai GR atau dewan eh apa namanya

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Perwakilan Rakyat gotong royong Nah jadi

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dpr-gr adalah singkatan dari Dewan

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Perwakilan Rakyat gotong royong inilah

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Kemudian beberapa kebijakan politik

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dalam negeri yang ditempuh oleh Presiden

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Soekarno pada masa demokrasi terpimpin

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demikian sebab tetesan pembahasan materi

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masa demokrasi terpimpin di Indonesia

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yang berlangsung sejak tahun 1959 sampai

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1966 semoga bermanfaat jumpa lagi di

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kesempatan pembahasan video berikutnya

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tentu saja bersama saya ke Andi tutor

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sejarah e.id salam pintar

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Hai sekian sobat absen untuk video mulai

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ajaran hari ini sampai ketemu lagi di

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video belajar berikutnya jangan lupa

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aktifkan notifikasi untuk video terbaru

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kami ya sebaiknya juga bisa mengunjungi

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xo.id dan temukan ribuan video

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pembelajaran sampai jumpa sobat Epson

play14:12

salam pintar

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الوسوم ذات الصلة
Guided DemocracySoekarno EraIndonesian History1959-1966Political PoliciesSupersemarConstitutional ChangesPRRI PermestaCabinet SystemDPR-GR
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