Draw the Orbital Overlap Diagram of O2 (Oxygen gas)
Summary
TLDRThe video explains how to draw the orbital overlap diagram for molecular oxygen (O2) using high school hybridization theory. It discusses the formation of a sigma and pi bond between oxygen atoms, the hybridization process resulting in SP2 hybrid orbitals, and the importance of leftover 2p orbitals. The presenter walks through the electron configuration, hybridization steps, and how orbitals overlap to form bonds, simplifying the concepts for viewers. The video provides visual cues and tips on labeling orbitals to aid understanding, with a final diagram showing sigma and pi bonding.
Takeaways
- 🔬 The video discusses the orbital overlap diagram for molecular oxygen (O2), assuming a double bond between the oxygen atoms.
- 🎓 It mentions that while in high school, students learn about hybridization, in university, molecular orbital theory might suggest treating O2 as a diradical with bonding and anti-bonding orbitals.
- 📚 The Lewis structure of O2 is 1σ2π, satisfying the octet rule with a double bond, which includes one sigma and one pi bond.
- 🧬 Oxygen has eight electrons, with the electron configuration 2s2 2p4, but in O2, hybridization leaves one 2p orbital unpaired for the pi bond.
- 🔄 Hybridization of oxygen in O2 results in sp2 hybridized orbitals, with one s and two p orbitals combining, leaving one p orbital for the pi bond.
- 📈 The energy of the sp2 hybridized orbitals is depicted as being midway between the original s and p orbitals.
- 📊 The sp2 hybridized orbitals are arranged in a trigonal planar fashion around each oxygen atom.
- 🔵 The leftover 2p orbital is shaped like a 'peanut', extending above and below the bond axis, crucial for the pi bond formation.
- 🔲 The sigma bond is formed by the overlap of sp2 hybridized orbitals, while the pi bond is formed by the side-to-side overlap of the two remaining 2p orbitals.
- 📝 The video concludes by emphasizing the importance of correctly labeling the hybridized orbitals and the lone pairs in the orbital overlap diagram.
Q & A
What is the molecular structure of O2 based on the script?
-The molecular structure of O2 is described as having a double bond between the two oxygen atoms, which includes a sigma bond and a pi bond.
What is meant by a sigma bond in the context of the O2 molecule?
-A sigma bond in the O2 molecule refers to the first bond formed between the two oxygen atoms, which is a direct overlap of hybridized orbitals along the bond axis.
What is a pi bond and how is it represented in the O2 molecule?
-A pi bond is the second or third bond between atoms, represented in the O2 molecule by the overlap of the remaining 2p orbitals above and below the bond axis, forming a sideways overlap.
Why does the oxygen atom in O2 have a hybridization other than s2p6?
-The oxygen atom in O2 has a hybridization other than s2p6 because it needs to form a sigma bond and a pi bond, which requires one of the p orbitals to be left unhybridized.
What is the hybridization state of oxygen in the O2 molecule as described in the script?
-The hybridization state of oxygen in the O2 molecule is sp2, with one s orbital and two p orbitals hybridizing, leaving one p orbital unhybridized for the pi bond.
How does the electron configuration of oxygen change when it forms O2?
-In O2, the electron configuration of oxygen changes from 2s2 2p4 to a hybridized state where two p orbitals are left unhybridized to form the pi bond, while the s and two p orbitals hybridize to form sp2 orbitals.
What is the significance of the leftover 2p orbital in the O2 molecule?
-The leftover 2p orbital in the O2 molecule is significant as it is used to form the pi bond, which is essential for the stability and properties of the oxygen molecule.
Why does the script mention a violation of the Aufbau principle when drawing the electron configuration?
-The script mentions a violation of the Aufbau principle to emphasize that, for the purpose of explaining hybridized orbitals, the usual rule of filling orbitals from the bottom up is temporarily overlooked.
How are the sp2 hybridized orbitals of oxygen arranged in the O2 molecule?
-The sp2 hybridized orbitals of oxygen in the O2 molecule are arranged in a trigonal planar fashion, with one orbital pointing directly to the right, one going backwards, and one coming out at the viewer.
What is the shape of a 2p orbital, and how does it contribute to the pi bond in O2?
-A 2p orbital is shaped like a dumbbell or a peanut, with two lobes above and below the bond axis. It contributes to the pi bond in O2 by overlapping with another 2p orbital from the other oxygen atom, forming a sideways overlap.
Why is it important to label the orbitals correctly in the orbital overlap diagram for O2?
-It is important to label the orbitals correctly in the orbital overlap diagram for O2 to accurately represent the molecular structure and to distinguish between the sp2 hybridized orbitals and the unhybridized 2p orbitals involved in bonding.
Outlines
🔬 Understanding Orbital Overlap in O₂
This paragraph explains the orbital overlap diagram for molecular oxygen (O₂), assuming a double bond between two oxygen atoms. It touches on the basic hybridization concepts typically taught in high school, contrasting them with molecular orbital theory, which is more advanced. The explanation revolves around the sigma (σ) and pi (π) bonds, where a sigma bond forms the first connection between atoms, and a pi bond forms the second or third connection. The focus is on the need for a leftover 2p orbital for the pi bond in the hybridization process. The electron configuration of unhybridized oxygen (2s² 2p⁴) is broken down, showing how the second shell is involved in bonding while the first is not.
🧪 Hybridization and Sigma-Pi Bonds in O₂
Here, the paragraph delves into the details of how oxygen's hybrid orbitals form sigma and pi bonds. It describes how an 'sp²' hybridization occurs, where one s and two p orbitals combine to form medium-energy orbitals. The diagram illustrates how lone pairs and bonding pairs of electrons are distributed across these hybrid orbitals. Despite minor violations of the Aufbau principle, the explanation emphasizes how the leftover 2p orbital is crucial for pi bond formation in the O₂ molecule. The three sp² orbitals are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry, setting the stage for the orbital overlap diagram.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Orbital Overlap
💡Molecular Oxygen (O2)
💡Sigma Bond
💡Pi Bond
💡Hybridization
💡SP2 Hybridized Orbitals
💡Electron Configuration
💡Lone Pairs
💡Bond Axis
💡Trigonal Planar
Highlights
Introduction to drawing the orbital overlap diagram for molecular oxygen (O2).
Assumption of a double bond between the two oxygen atoms.
Explanation of molecular orbital theory and its relation to the double bond.
Discussion of the Lewis structure 402 for O2, satisfying the octet rule.
Description of the sigma bond as the first bond and the pi bond as the second or third bond between atoms.
Requirement of a leftover 2p orbital for the pi bond in the hybridization process.
Electron configuration diagram for unhybridized oxygen, emphasizing the distribution of electrons.
Explanation of hybridized oxygen with one leftover 2p orbital and the formation of SP2 hybridized orbitals.
Illustration of the energy levels of SP2 hybridized orbitals in relation to S and P orbitals.
Distribution of electrons in the hybridized orbitals, with a focus on lone pairs and bonding.
Violation of the Aufbau principle for the purpose of explaining hybridized orbitals.
Description of the orbital overlap diagram, including the arrangement of SP2 hybridized orbitals.
Explanation of the leftover 2p orbital's role in the sigma bond formation.
Visualization of the 2p orbital's shape and its contribution to the pi bond.
Mirroring of the 2p orbital on the second oxygen atom to form the complete pi bond.
Inclusion of lone pairs on each oxygen atom in the orbital overlap diagram.
Finalization of the orbital overlap diagram for O2, including all bonds and lone pairs.
Guidance on labeling each orbital in the diagram for educational purposes.
Encouragement for viewers to ask questions and engage in the learning process.
Transcripts
we're going to draw the orbital overlap
diagram for molecular oxygen that is the
molecule
O2 now this video is going to assume
there is a double bond between those two
atoms once you get to like University
you might realize that because of
molecular orbital Theory you can treat
this as what's called a DI radical there
bonding and anti-bonding orbitals that's
not what I'm doing I'm doing regular
High School hybridization Style
stuff the Lua structure 402 that
satisfies the octet rule has a double
bond written between the two o's that
means there is a sigma bond which is the
first bond between any two atoms and a
pi bond which is the second or third
bond between any two
atoms that Pi Bond means that you need a
leftover 2p orbital when you
hybridize let me show you this is the
electron configuration diagram for
unhybridized oxygen I'm showing the
first shell here just to emphasize that
it's not involved oxygen has eight
electrons total two in the first shell
six in the second
shell in the second shell it's
distributed 2s2
2p4 just just the way it is when you
have eight
electrons but in this molecule you need
a sigma Bond and a pi Bond
therefore the
hybridized version of this oxygen has
one of these two P orbitals left
over and the S and the other two P
orbitals hybridize together that Sigma
bond that lone pair and that lone pair
can all be in hybridized orbitals but
the pi Bond needs a leftover 2 p so an S
and two of the PS combine to make what
we call
SP2 hybridized orbitals get it an S and
two of the PS I'm putting them energy
wise midway between S and P as long as
they're in between the S's and PS and
not like on the same line or above or
below you're going to be fine because
they are combining to make this medium
energy G orbital sure I have the 1 s as
well but it's not involved in bonding so
I'm just going to stick it there now I'm
going to distribute these electrons
around 1 2 3 4 5 6 I'm going to draw it
this way even though it violates the ALF
bow principle because I know that I have
two lone pairs one two ah get it and I
need a sigma Bond and a pi
Bond so I know the elf bow principle
says go from the bottom up and this is
technically a violation of it but we
have to overlook that in order to
explain how the hybridized orbitals work
now you came for the orbital overlap
diagram I needed to know what the
hybridization was before I could draw
them SP2 hybridized orbitals arrange
themselves in a trigonal planer way
around each oxygen so I can put my o
here and I can put my other o here but
now I need trigonal planer hybrid
orbitals I'm going to draw one coming
out this way that's straight to the
right from this oxygen and I'm going to
try to draw the other two as though
they're coming out of the page and going
into the page here's one here's another
one we're trying to add some
three-dimensionality to this these three
hybrid orbitals are arranged something
like this there's one straight to the
right one going backwards and one coming
out at
you the real key behind this orbital
overlap diagram is the leftover 2p
orbital now a 2p orbital is shaped like
a peanut the P actually stands for
something German I think I can't
remember that 2p orbital I'm going to do
this in a different color just to
emphasize it maybe I'll just do it in a
different kind of blue goes above and
below the bond axis for the sigma
Bond I know I've drawn two things here
but a 2p orbital is the peut that goes
above and below the hybridized orbitals
1 2 3 only get one balloon
each a 2p orbital gets above and below
now I have to do the same thing on this
oxygen so I'm just going to mirror it
and I'm going to make sure that my two
balloons in the middle meet that's going
to be the sigma bond between the two
this one's coming out at you this one's
going back into the page and I have a 2p
orbital that goes above and below the
bond axis here as well oh yeah we're so
close now I'm going to draw in my
electrons just to show you what's what
here I wish I had my orange oh
well this Sigma bond is made of two
electrons 1 2 it's this from one of the
oxygen and then this again from the
other oxygen atom the sharing of those
two electrons forms that Sigma
bond in order to show that the two PS
are overlapping and we call this a side
to side overlap above and below the bond
axis I want you to draw yourself a line
that goes that connects the two two P
orbitals on the top side and on the
bottom side and I realize that this is
frustrating as well you've drawn two
lines as well as the sigma Bond but this
is like half of a piie bond and then
this is the completion of that Pi Bond
so here I'll draw that as the sigma I'm
going to draw this as the pi but you
need to know that these two yellow lines
combine to make a a pi Bond
and in addition I have two lone pairs on
each oxygen that's what the other
hybridized orbitals were for there's a
lone pair there's a lone pair there's a
lone pair and there's a lone pair if you
really want to put the electrons in the
P Bond you can do that too there you can
think about them circulating like in a
circle here but that's not how electrons
move so don't worry about it cool this
is the orbital overlap diagram for
oxygen congrat congratulations you're
done does your teacher require you to
write out what each orbital is I'll do
that here with you this here is an
oxygen SP2 hybridized orbital this is an
O
SP2 this is an o2p it is a leftover 2p
orbital don't label it here as well
you'll lead your viewers or like readers
to think that there are two of them
there's a single 2p orbital here
see and it just happens to be drawn this
way because that's the shape of them I
don't know and as well this is an
os2 os2 here os2 here os2 here o2p here
great I like it thanks for being with me
and if you have any questions hit me up
in the comments best of luck
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