Fenomenologia em Husserl

Débora Inácia Ribeiro

11 Sept 202316:16

Summary

TLDRThis lecture explores Edmund Husserl's contribution to phenomenological psychology. Husserl, known as the father of phenomenology, aimed to establish a rigorous scientific approach to philosophy, influenced by Franz Brentano's study of conscious phenomena. Phenomenology, as proposed by Husserl, is a descriptive study of lived experiences and consciousness, seeking to describe reality as it presents itself to pure observation, free from preconceived notions. The lecture discusses Husserl's method of phenomenological reduction, which involves suspending judgment to directly observe and describe phenomena, and his concept of intentionality, emphasizing the relationship between the conscious subject and the object of consciousness. This approach is highly influential in understanding human experience in phenomenological and existential psychology.

Takeaways

🎓 Edmund Husserl, not Russel, is recognized as the father of phenomenology, a philosophical movement he founded.
📅 Husserl was born in 1859 and died in 1938, influencing philosophers like Martin Heidegger.
📚 Initially a mathematician, Husserl was influenced by Franz Brentano, shifting his focus to philosophy and phenomenology.
🔍 Phenomenology, as conceived by Husserl, aims to establish a rigorous scientific method to access truth, much like in mathematics.
🌐 Husserl's ambition was to ground philosophy in the rigor of exact sciences to guide the existential path of humanity.
🧐 Phenomenology is described as a purely descriptive study of the facts of conscious experience, focusing on the 'phenomena' as they present themselves to pure observation.
🔄 The concept of 'epoché' in phenomenology involves bracketing or suspending judgment and preconceived notions to observe things as they appear.
🤔 Husserl introduced 'intentionality' as the meeting point between consciousness and the objects of consciousness, emphasizing the direct encounter as the source of absolute knowledge.
🔍 'Reduction' in phenomenology, as proposed by Husserl, is a method to approach truth by focusing on things themselves, without prior knowledge or judgments.
📖 Husserl's work in phenomenology, particularly 'Ideas I', outlines his method to achieve a rigorous, scientific philosophy that describes phenomena as they are intended to be understood.

Q & A

Who is Edmundo Russel and what is his contribution to phenomenological psychology?
-Edmundo Russel is a German philosopher who is considered the father of phenomenology, a philosophical movement. His contribution to phenomenological psychology is foundational, as he aimed to establish a rigorous scientific method for philosophy that could access truth, much like mathematics does.
What was Russel's educational background, and how did it influence his approach to philosophy?
-Russel initially studied mathematics and was later influenced by Franz Brentano, a philosopher interested in phenomenology. This background led him to seek a rigorous mathematical approach to philosophy, aiming to bring the same level of precision to philosophical truth as exists in the mathematical world.
What is the significance of Franz Brentano to Russel's philosophical development?
-Franz Brentano was Russel's teacher and influenced him to shift from mathematics to philosophy. Brentano's interest in phenomenology, particularly the study of psychic phenomena as a flow of consciousness, significantly shaped Russel's approach to philosophy.
What is the primary goal of phenomenology as proposed by Russel?
-The primary goal of phenomenology, as proposed by Russel, is to provide a pure description of reality through the study of phenomena as they present themselves to pure intellectual observation, without the distortion of preconceived judgments or theories.
How does Russel define 'phenomenon' in the context of phenomenology?
-For Russel, a 'phenomenon' is anything that presents itself to intellectual observation, without any preconceived judgments or theories. Phenomenology, therefore, is the study of these phenomena in a purely descriptive manner.
What is the concept of 'epoché' in phenomenology, and how does it relate to Russel's philosophy?
-Epoché is a Greek term used in phenomenology to describe the suspension of preconceived judgments or a priori knowledge about things to observe them as they appear. This concept is central to Russel's philosophy, as it allows for a direct encounter with the absolute knowledge of things.
What is the role of 'intentionality' in Russel's phenomenology?
-Intentionality, in Russel's phenomenology, refers to the encounter between the observing consciousness and the observed object. It is the directedness of consciousness towards an object, which is essential for the constitution of knowledge and the world.
How does Russel's concept of 'essence' relate to his phenomenological approach?
-For Russel, 'essence' refers to the absolute nature of things, the true and absolute knowledge. Phenomenology is proposed as a method to reach this essence by describing phenomena as they occur, aiming to achieve a direct contact with the absolute knowledge of things.
What is the 'phenomenological reduction' as proposed by Russel, and what are its types?
-The 'phenomenological reduction' is a method proposed by Russel to approach truth by focusing on the things themselves without prior knowledge or judgments. It includes 'reduction to the identical', which focuses on the essence of things, and 'transcendental reduction', which encompasses both essences and objects as phenomena.
How does Russel's phenomenology apply to phenomenological existential psychology?
-In phenomenological existential psychology, Russel's phenomenology is used to understand the human being from their own perspective, by bracketing prior knowledge and theories to focus on the individual's immediate experience and self-understanding.
What is the importance of 'intuition' in Russel's phenomenological method?
-Intuition, for Russel, is an immediate apprehension of what is presented without the mediation of critical reflections or theoretical constructs. It is a direct grasp of phenomena as they appear, which is essential for the phenomenological method to achieve a pure description of reality.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Edmund Husserl's Contribution to Phenomenological Psychology

This paragraph introduces the topic of the lecture, which is the contribution of the philosopher Edmund Husserl to phenomenological psychology. It provides a brief biographical sketch of Husserl, highlighting his foundational role in establishing phenomenology as a philosophical movement. Born in 1859 and died in 1938, Husserl was a professor to Martin Heidegger and was influenced by Franz Brentano's study of psychological phenomena. Husserl's ambition was to establish a scientific method that could provide a rigorous understanding of truth, akin to that found in mathematics. The paragraph also discusses Husserl's transition from mathematics to philosophy, aiming to bring the rigor of mathematical understanding to philosophical truth. His phenomenology is presented as a tool for philosophy to provide a pure description of reality, focusing on the phenomena as they present themselves to pure observation.

05:01

🔍 Husserl's Phenomenology: Essence and Intentionality

The second paragraph delves deeper into Husserl's phenomenology, emphasizing the concepts of essence and intentionality. Essence, for Husserl, represents the absolute truth of things, and his phenomenology aims to lead philosophers and scientists to this absolute knowledge. The paragraph explains Husserl's view on intentionality as the encounter between consciousness and the things that happen, suggesting that the absolute of things lies in this encounter. Husserl's phenomenology is described as a method and intellectual attitude that seeks to direct knowledge towards the essence of things. The paragraph also mentions Husserl's ambition to establish philosophy as a rigorous science and to analyze the objectivity of consciousness through the examination of intentional objects.

10:01

🧠 Phenomenology and the Construction of Knowledge

This paragraph continues the discussion on Husserl's phenomenology, focusing on the construction of knowledge. It explains that knowledge, for Husserl, is a psychic experience that happens when it is appropriated by a knowing subject. The paragraph introduces the concept of reduction in phenomenology, which is a method to approach truth by concentrating on things themselves without the influence of prior knowledge or judgments. Husserl proposes eidetic and transcendental reductions to reveal the essence of phenomena and to understand how consciousness constitutes the world. The paragraph also discusses the idea that consciousness is inherently intentional, always directed towards an object, and that phenomenology aims to understand this relationship without prior theoretical interpretations.

15:04

🌟 Applying Phenomenology to Psychology

The final paragraph applies the concepts of Husserl's phenomenology to psychology, particularly phenomenological and existential psychology. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the human being from their own perspective, setting aside prior theoretical knowledge to focus on the individual's experience as it is presented. The paragraph highlights Husserl's influence on the approach of psychologists who use phenomenology to understand the human experience directly, without being constrained by preconceived notions from textbooks or theories. The lecture concludes by acknowledging the significant contribution of Husserl's philosophy to the field of psychology.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Phenomenology

Phenomenology is a philosophical movement that focuses on the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view. In the script, Edmund Husserl, often considered the father of phenomenology, is highlighted for his contribution to establishing a rigorous scientific approach to philosophy, aiming to describe the pure reality as experienced. The script mentions that Husserl's phenomenology is characterized by a descriptive method that seeks to understand phenomena as they present themselves to consciousness, which is central to the video's theme of understanding human experience.

💡Edmund Husserl

Edmund Husserl is a German philosopher who is foundational to the phenomenological movement. The script discusses his biographical details, such as his birth in 1859 and death in 1938, and his influence on other philosophers like Martin Heidegger. Husserl's work is central to the video's exploration of how phenomenology can provide a rigorous method for philosophical inquiry, aiming to achieve a pure description of reality and consciousness.

💡Franz Brentano

Franz Brentano is mentioned in the script as an influence on Husserl and a philosopher who also showed interest in phenomenology. Brentano's focus on the study of psychic phenomena as a flow of consciousness is important because it shapes Husserl's approach to understanding consciousness and intentionality. The script uses Brentano as an example of the intellectual lineage that led to the development of phenomenology.

💡Intentionality

Intentionality refers to the concept that consciousness is always directed towards something, the 'aboutness' of mental states. In the script, intentionality is a key concept in Husserl's phenomenology, indicating the relationship between the conscious subject and the object of consciousness. The video discusses how phenomenology examines this relationship to understand the essence of things, as opposed to their mere physical presence.

💡Epoché

Epoché, a Greek term, is used in the script to describe the phenomenological method of suspending judgment or preconceived notions to observe phenomena as they present themselves. This concept is crucial for the video's theme as it allows for a pure description of experience without the distortion of pre-existing theories or beliefs, which is a hallmark of Husserl's approach to phenomenology.

💡Essence

In the context of the script, 'essence' refers to the true nature or the absolute reality of things as perceived through phenomenological investigation. Husserl's ambition, as discussed in the video, is to achieve knowledge of the essence through phenomenology, which involves a direct encounter with the absolute knowledge of things. This essence is contrasted with the contingent facts of the world, highlighting the video's focus on the pursuit of a deeper, more rigorous understanding of reality.

💡Reduction

Reduction in phenomenology, as mentioned in the script, is a methodological approach that involves focusing on the things themselves and suspending preconceived judgments. The script explains two types of reduction: eidetic reduction, which aims to see the essences of things, and transcendental reduction, which involves considering both essences and objects as phenomena. This process is central to the video's exploration of how phenomenology seeks to achieve a pure description of reality.

💡Consciousness

Consciousness is a recurring theme in the script, particularly in relation to Husserl's phenomenology. It is described as the stream of experiences and intentional acts that constitute the subject's awareness. The video emphasizes how phenomenology seeks to understand consciousness not as an empty vessel but as inherently directed towards objects, thereby conferring meaning upon the world. This concept is integral to the video's discussion of how phenomenology can provide insights into the human experience.

💡Transcendental

Transcendental, as used in the script, refers to the realm of being that is beyond the immediate consciousness but is still accessible through philosophical inquiry. Husserl's phenomenology is described as aiming to understand the transcendental world, which is the world as it is in itself, independent of individual perception. This concept is important for the video's theme as it highlights the ambition of phenomenology to achieve a universal understanding of reality.

💡Existential Psychology

Existential psychology is briefly mentioned in the script in relation to phenomenology. It is a branch of psychology that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice. The script suggests that existential psychology can benefit from phenomenology's approach to understanding human experience from the first-person perspective, focusing on how individuals construct meaning and understand their own existence. This keyword is relevant to the video's theme as it illustrates the practical application of phenomenological concepts in the field of psychology.

Highlights

Edmundo Russel is introduced as a foundational figure in phenomenological psychology.

Russel is known as the father of phenomenology, a philosophical movement.

Born in 1859 and died in 1938, Russel's biography sets the stage for his philosophical contributions.

Russel was a student of Franz Brentano, who also had an interest in phenomenology.

Brentano's focus on the flow of consciousness influenced Russel's approach to philosophy.

Russel aimed to establish a rigorous scientific method for philosophy, akin to mathematics.

He transitioned from mathematics to philosophy, influenced by Brentano's work.

Russel's ambition was to produce knowledge to guide human life through rigorous philosophical study.

Phenomenology is proposed by Russel as a tool for philosophy to describe reality purely.

A phenomenon, for Russel, is anything that presents itself to pure intellectual observation.

The phenomenology method is described as purely descriptive of experiential facts of thought and knowledge.

Russel's most known concept is 'back to the things themselves,' emphasizing direct observation.

The idea of epoché, or bracketing prior knowledge, is central to Russel's phenomenology.

Intentionality, the meeting of consciousness with the world, is key in Russel's phenomenology.

Russel's phenomenology aims for direct contact with the absolute knowledge of things.

The concept of essence, or the absolute nature of things, is central to Russel's philosophical ambition.

Russel's phenomenology is presented as a method to achieve the absolute truth or essence.

The lecture discusses Russel's view on the phenomenology as a rigorous scientific discipline.

Russel's phenomenology is seen as a way to achieve an objective and absolute foundation for philosophy.

The importance of intuition, or immediate apprehension, in Russel's approach to understanding phenomena.

The lecture concludes with the application of Russel's phenomenology in psychology, emphasizing direct experience.