Las Jarchas (y las moaxajas): características y ejemplos
Summary
TLDRThe video explores 'jarchas', early lyrical compositions in the Romance language, marking the beginning of Spanish literature. These short poems, written in Mozarabic dialect and influenced by Arabic, were appended to 'moaxajas', cultured poems in Hebrew or Arabic. Jarchas, written in aljamiado using Arabic characters, often dealt with love and were expressed through a young woman's voice. They featured stylistic elements like questions, exclamations, and anaphoras, with about 70 historically collected. The video provides an example and invites viewers to engage with the content.
Takeaways
- 📜 Jarchas are considered the first lyrical manifestations in Romance, marking the beginning of Spanish literature.
- 📝 They are brief poetic compositions, typically not exceeding 4 or 5 verses, written in Mozarabic, a dialect spoken by Christian converts in Al-Andalus.
- 🌐 Mozarabic dialect is a blend of Latin with strong Arabic influences, reflecting the cultural mix of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.
- 🖋 Jarchas were written in aljamiado, using Arabic characters to mimic the sound of the Romance language.
- 💌 They often served as popular love letters, usually expressing a young woman's feelings for a loved one who is absent.
- 📚 Jarchas were attached to the end of more cultured poems known as moaxajas, which were written in Hebrew or Arabic.
- 🕰️ The earliest known Jarchas date back to the mid-11th century, though they might be older, and they ceased to be produced around the 14th century due to the Reconquista.
- ❤️ The themes of Jarchas are predominantly amorous, with a focus on love and longing.
- 👩👧 The mother figure often acts as a confidante or recipient of the sentiments expressed in Jarchas, aligning with the lyrical tradition of the Galician-Portuguese cancioncillas.
- 🎨 Stylistic features of Jarchas include frequent use of questions and exclamations, vocatives, and a fondness for anaphoras, parallelisms, and antitheses.
- 🔢 Scholars have collected a historical corpus of approximately 70 Jarchas, representing a significant part of early Spanish literary heritage.
Q & A
What is a jarcha and how is it related to moaxajas?
-A jarcha is one of the earliest lyrical expressions in Romance, marking the beginning of Spanish literature. It is a short poetic composition, usually no more than 4 or 5 verses, written in Mozarabic, a dialect spoken by Christian converts in Al-Andalus who had adopted Islam. Jarchas were written in aljamiado, using Arabic characters to mimic the sound of the Romance language, and were often appended to moaxajas, which were cultured poems written in Hebrew or Arabic.
Why are jarchas considered important in the history of literature?
-Jarchas are important because they represent the first manifestations of lyrical poetry in the Romance language, thus signifying the inception of Spanish literature.
In what language were jarchas originally written?
-Jarchas were originally written in Mozarabic, a dialect that retained the base of Latin but was heavily influenced by Arabic.
What is the typical length of a jarcha?
-Jarchas are typically brief, consisting of no more than 4 or 5 verses.
How were jarchas written in relation to moaxajas?
-Jarchas were written in aljamiado at the end of moaxajas, which were cultured poems. They were meant to be in a popular style, contrasting with the cultured language of the moaxajas.
What is the significance of the term 'aljamiado' in the context of jarchas?
-The term 'aljamiado' refers to the use of Arabic characters to write texts in the Romance language, imitating its phonetics. This was a way to bridge the gap between the dominant Arabic culture and the emerging Romance languages.
When were the first jarchas created?
-The first jarchas date back to the mid-11th century, although they could potentially be older.
Why did the creation of jarchas cease around the 14th century?
-The creation of jarchas ceased around the 14th century due to the advance of the Reconquista, which led to significant cultural and linguistic changes.
What are the common themes found in jarchas?
-The common themes in jarchas are love and longing, often expressed by a young woman for the absence of her beloved. The mother often serves as a confidante or recipient of these expressions.
What are the stylistic features that characterize jarchas?
-Jarchas are characterized by the frequent use of questions and exclamations, an abundance of vocatives, and a preference for anaphoras, parallelisms, and antitheses.
How many jarchas have been historically collected?
-Scholars have collected a historical corpus of approximately 70 jarchas.
Can you provide an example of a jarcha and its translation to modern Spanish?
-An example of a jarcha is: '¡Tant' amáre, tant'amáre, habib, tant' amáre! Enfermiron welios nidios e dólen tan málē.' Translated to modern Spanish, it would be: '¡De tanto amar, de tanto amar, amigo, de tanto amar! Enfermaron unos ojos antes sanos y que ahora duelen mucho.'
Outlines
📜 Introduction to Jarchas and Moaxajas
This paragraph introduces jarchas as the earliest lyrical expressions in the Romance language, marking the beginning of Spanish literature. Jarchas were short poetic compositions, typically no more than 4 or 5 verses, written in Mozarabic, a dialect spoken by Christian converts in Al-Andalus who had adopted Islam. This dialect was based on Latin but heavily influenced by Arabic. Jarchas were written in aljamiado, using Arabic characters to mimic the Romance language's sound. They were usually popular love letters attached to the end of cultured poems written in Hebrew or Arabic, known as moaxajas. The jarchas were written in a style that eventually transitioned into cultured language and then concluded in Romance language. The first jarchas date back to the mid-11th century, and they ceased to be created around the 14th century due to the Reconquista. The themes of jarchas are usually amorous, with a young woman expressing love for an absent beloved, often with the mother as a confidante or recipient. Stylistic features include frequent use of questions and exclamations, vocatives, and a preference for anaphoras, parallels, and antitheses. Scholars have collected around 70 historical jarchas, with one example provided in the script.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Jarcha
💡Moaxaja
💡Mozarabic
💡Aljamía
💡Romance Languages
💡Reconquista
💡Cancioncillas
💡Stylistic Features
💡Emilio García
💡Historical Corpus
Highlights
Jarchas are considered the first lyrical manifestations in Romance, marking the beginning of Spanish literature.
Jarchas were short poetic compositions, typically no more than 4 or 5 verses.
They were written in Mozarabic, a dialect spoken by Christian converts to Islam in Al-Andalus.
Mozarabic dialect was based on Latin but heavily influenced by Arabic.
Jarchas were written in aljamiado, using Arabic characters to mimic the Romance language's sound.
These compositions were usually popular love letters attached to the tradition.
Poets would create moaxajas in a cultured language and conclude in Romance language based on jarchas.
Emilio García described the composition as a firefly, with the light at the tail.
The earliest jarchas date back to the mid-11th century, but they might be older.
Jarchas ceased to be created around the 14th century due to the advance of the Reconquista.
The themes of jarchas are usually amorous, with a young woman expressing love for an absent beloved.
The mother, though not present in the poem, is often the confidante or recipient.
This is closely related to the lyrical tradition of the Galician-Portuguese cancioncillas.
Stylistic features include constant use of questions and exclamations, abundance of vocatives, and preference for anaphoras, parallels, and antitheses.
Scholars have collected a historical corpus of around 70 jarchas.
An example of a jarcha is provided, illustrating its translation from Mozarabic to modern Spanish.
Jarchas are seen as the first manifestations of Spanish literature by many scholars.
The video encourages viewers to like, subscribe, comment, and share if they enjoyed the content.
Transcripts
En el vídeo de hoy te vamos a explicar qué es una jarcha y cuál es su relación con
la moaxaja.
¿Por qué es importante la jarcha?
Porque son nada más y nada menos que las primeras manifestaciones líricas en romance,
lo que sería el comienzo mismo de la literatura en castellano.
Las jarchas eran breves composiciones poéticas, por lo general de no más de 4 o 5 versos,
escritas en mozárabe, el dialecto que hablaban los conversos cristianos que habían adoptado
la religión islámica de Al-Andalus.
Este dialecto conservaba la base del latín, pero también estaba ya fuertemente influenciado
por el árabe.
Estas breves composiciones en mozárabe se encontraban escritas al final de unos poemas
cultos escritos en hebreo o árabe, llamados moaxajas.
Las jarchas estaban escritas en aljamía, es decir, en caracteres árabes pero tratando
de imitar la sonoridad de la lengua romance.
Las jarchas solían ser letrillas de origen popular que estaban apegados a la tradición.
Sobre esas breves composiciones los poetas realizaban las moaxajas en lengua culta, y
luego remataban en lengua romance.
Como expresó muy bien Emilio García, uno de sus primeros investigadores, la composición
es como una luciérnaga, donde la luz está en la cola.
Las primeras Jarchas que tenemos datan de mediados del siglo XI, aunque podrían ser
anteriores.
Se dejaron de realizar en torno al siglo XIV, por el avance de la Reconquista.
Los temas de las jarchas suelen ser amorosos.
Normalmente una joven expresa un sentimiento amoroso por la ausencia del amado.
La madre, aunque no interviene en el poema, suele ser su confidente o destinataria.
Esto está en total relación con las cancioncillas de la lírica galaico portuguesa.
Los rasgos estilísticos más destacado podrían ser el uso constante de interrogaciones y
exclamaciones, la abundancia de vocativos o el gusto por las anáforas, paralelismos
y antítesis.
Los estudiosos han recogido un corpus histórico que ronda las 70 jarchas.
Vamos a ver una de ellas como ejemplo.
¡Tant' amáre, tant'amáre, habib, tant' amáre!
Enfermiron welios nidios e dólen tan málē.
Que transcrito al castellano actual sería:
¡De tanto amar, de tanto amar, amigo, de tanto amar!
Enfermaron unos ojos antes sanos y que ahora duelen mucho.
Pues hasta aquí amigos nuestro repaso a las jarchas, las composiciones romances que se
encontraban al final unos poemas denominados moaxajas y que para muchos estudiosos son
las primeras manifestaciones de la literatura castellana.
Ya sabes si te ha gustado déjanos, un like, suscríbete, comenta y comparte.
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