Historia del ARTE GÓTICO (Arquitectura Gótica) 🎨 HISTORIA DEL ARTE 6 🎨 (Documental Historia Arte)

Summary

Este video trata sobre el arte gótico, su origen en el siglo XII y su desarrollo a lo largo de Europa. Se aborda el contexto social de la época, como el auge de la burguesía y el proto-capitalismo, y cómo la arquitectura gótica rompió con el estilo románico. La construcción de catedrales monumentales, como Notre Dame y la Catedral de Burgos, es central en este estilo que prioriza la elevación y la luminosidad. También se exploran diferentes variantes del gótico en países como Inglaterra, Alemania, España e Italia, destacando su evolución a lo largo de los siglos.

Takeaways

• 🏰 El arte gótico se originó en el siglo XII en Europa, impulsado por el crecimiento de áreas de cultivo y mejoras en técnicas agrícolas.
• 🛕 La arquitectura gótica se desarrolló en ciudades con la aparición de la burguesía, una clase media dedicada al comercio y las artesanías, que comenzó a ganar poder en las Cortes.
• ⛪ La construcción del monasterio de Saint-Denis en 1144 marcó el comienzo de la arquitectura gótica, caracterizada por su elevación, luminosidad y uso de bóvedas de crucería.
• 🌟 La catedral de Notre Dame de París, iniciada en 1163, es un ejemplo destacado de la arquitectura gótica, con su planta en forma de cruz latina y su interior iluminado por grandes ventanas.
• 🏙️ La arquitectura gótica no se limitó a la religión; también se utilizó en castillos, palacios y universidades a lo largo de Europa.
• 🇬🇧 En Inglaterra, el gótico se adaptó y evolucionó a lo largo de los siglos, con estilos como el gótico primitivo y el gótico perpendicular, con características como bóvedas de nervios y arco tudor.
• 🇩🇪 En Alemania, el gótico llegó en el siglo XIII, copiando el estilo francés y destacando por sus altas naves y decoraciones con agujas y aros.
• 🇮🇹 En Italia, el gótico no se hizo tan popular como en otras partes de Europa, pero se construyeron edificaciones como la catedral de Siena y la catedral de Milán, con influencias clásicas y renacentistas.
• 🏰 En España, el gótico se manifestó en catedrales como la de Burgos y la de León, y se caracterizó por su horizontalidad y sobriedad en el gótico catalán.
• 🎨 El gótico también se extendió a otros países europeos, dejando una huella en la arquitectura de ciudades como Bruselas, Lisboa, Roskilde, Nidaros, Praga y Krakovia.

Q & A

¿Cuál fue el contexto histórico que dio lugar al arte gótico?

El contexto histórico del arte gótico se encuentra en el siglo XII, donde Europa volvió a prosperar gracias a la expansión de áreas de cultivo y mejoras en las técnicas agrícolas, lo que llevó a un auge urbano y la aparición de la burguesía.

¿Qué cambios significativos ocurrieron en la arquitectura gótica en comparación con la románica?

La arquitectura gótica se caracterizó por el uso de arco ogival, bóvedas de crucería, y la eliminación de las bóvedas barrel en favor de una construcción más delgada y alta, permitiendo así la incorporación de grandes ventanas que llenaban de luz a los interiores.

¿Qué es una catedral y cómo se diferencia de otras iglesias?

Una catedral es la iglesia donde se encuentra el asiento, o cathedra, del obispo o arzobispo que rige un diócesis o provincia eclesiástica. Se diferencia de otras iglesias en que está bajo el mando de un obispo, mientras que otras iglesias pueden ser comandadas por sacerdotes o colegiados de sacerdotes.

¿Por qué se llama arte gótico si no tiene relación con los godos o los alemanes?

El nombre 'gótico' fue inventado por el historiador italiano Giorgio Vasari en el siglo XVI como una forma despectiva en contraposición al arte clásico y renacentista, que él consideraba superior. La terminología se mantuvo a pesar de que el arte gótico no tiene conexión directa con los godos o los alemanes.

¿Cuál fue el primer edificio significativo de la arquitectura gótica y cuáles son sus características?

El primer edificio significativo de la arquitectura gótica fue la Abadía de Saint-Denis, cerca de París, caracterizada por su doble ambulatorio con capillas radiantes y su cabecera abierta, luminosa y brillante.

¿Qué son las bóvedas de crucería y cómo contribuyeron a la arquitectura gótica?

Las bóvedas de crucería son una técnica de construcción que permitió la creación de bóvedas más altas y delgadas, lo que a su vez permitió la construcción de iglesias más altas y con más ventanas, incrementando así la luminosidad interior.

¿Cuál es la importancia de las contrafuertes en la arquitectura gótica?

Las contrafuertes son fundamentales en la arquitectura gótica porque transmiten las empujantes laterales de las bóvedas hacia afuera, permitiendo la construcción de muros más altos y la incorporación de ventanas más grandes sin comprometer la estabilidad de la estructura.

¿Cómo se diferencia el gótico 'radiante' del 'flamboyant'?

El gótico 'radiante' se caracteriza por su búsqueda de verticalidad, altura y ligereza, mientras que el 'flamboyant', del siglo XIV, se conoce por su decoración más exuberante y formas que se asemejan a llamas en las cornisas.

¿Qué características definen al gótico 'flamboyant' y cuáles son algunos ejemplos?

El gótico 'flamboyant' se caracteriza por su decoración exuberante y formas que se asemejan a llamas en las cornisas. Ejemplos de esta corriente incluyen la Catedral de Tours y la de Rouen.

¿Cómo se extendió el arte gótico fuera de Francia y cuáles son algunos ejemplos en otros países?

El arte gótico se extendió a lo largo de Europa, influenciando la arquitectura en Inglaterra, donde se desarrolló una versión propia con iglesias como la de Lincoln y Salisbury, y en Alemania, con la Catedral de Colonia y la de Ulm, conocida por su aguja alta.

Outlines

00:00

🏰 Origenes y Características de la Arquitectura Gótica

Este párrafo introduce el arte gótico, que se originó en el siglo XII en Europa, impulsado por el crecimiento de áreas de cultivo y la mejora de técnicas agrícolas. La revivir de las ciudades dio lugar a la aparición de la burguesía, una clase media dedicada al comercio y las artesanalías, que comenzó a ganar poder en las Cortes. La arquitectura gótica nace como una transición entre el románico y el propio estilo,倡导 por la Orden de los Cistercienses y San Bernardo de Claraval, quienes buscaron una arquitectura más austera y luminosa. Se describe la importancia de la catedral como asiento del obispo y se menciona la construcción del Abbey de Saint-Denis como punto de partida de la arquitectura gótica, caracterizada por su elevación, luminosidad y la utilización de bóvedas de crucería y arcos ogivales.

05:05

🌉 Evolución y Ejemplos de la Arquitectura Gótica

El párrafo explora la asociación errónea de la arquitectura gótica con lo oscuro y lo siniestro, que se debe a la influencia del Romanticismo del siglo XVIII. Se describen las características de las fachadas góticas, como las agujas, las ventanas y los frontones, y se destacan ejemplos emblemáticos como la Catedral de Notre Dame de París. Se menciona la evolución del estilo gótico a través de diferentes periodos, desde el preclasicismo hasta el flamboyán, y se presentan ejemplos significativos como las catedrales de Chartres, Reims, Amiens y Bourges, así como la influencia del gótico en la arquitectura no religiosa, como palacios y universidades.

10:11

🏰 Expansión del Gótico en Europa y Arquitectura Civil

Este segmento sigue la difusión del gótico a través de Europa, mencionando la influencia francesa en la arquitectura gótica alemana, con ejemplos como la Catedral de Colonia y la Iglesia de Ulm. Se destaca la introducción del gótico en Italia, aunque con menos éxito y una tendencia a la horizontalidad, con la Catedral de Siena como ejemplo. También se habla de la arquitectura civil, con la construcción de palacios y la Catedral de Milán. Finalmente, se explora el gótico en España, desde los inicios en Ávila y Lleida hasta la consolidación en Burgos y Toledo, y se mencionan ejemplos de la arquitectura civil y religiosa catalana, como la Basílica de Santa María del Mar en Barcelona.

15:16

🏰 Gótico en la Corona de Castilla y Arquitectura en Europa

El último párrafo abarca la reemergence del gótico en la Corona de Castilla durante el siglo XV, con la construcción de catedrales en Murcia y Oviedo, y la influencia del Plateresco o Gótico Isabelino. Se describen ejemplos de arquitectura gótica en otros lugares de Europa, como Bélgica, Portugal, Dinamarca, Noruega, Bohemia y Polonia, destacando la difusión y la influencia持久 del estilo a lo largo del continente.

Keywords

💡Arte Gótico

El Arte Gótico es un estilo arquitectónico y artístico que se desarrolló principalmente en Europa entre el siglo XII y el siglo XVI. Se caracteriza por su elevación, luminosidad y uso de bóvedas de crucería y arco ogival. En el guion, se menciona que el origen del arte gótico se encuentra en el siglo XII en Europa, donde se construyeron grandes catedrales como la de Notre Dame de París, y se expandió a lo largo de toda Europa, influenciando la arquitectura religiosa y civil.

💡Renacimiento

El Renacimiento fue un período cultural europeo que comenzó en Italia en el siglo XIV y se extendió hasta el siglo XVII. Marcó el fin del Arte Gótico y se caracterizó por el regreso a los ideales clásicos y la búsqueda del humanismo. En el guion, se menciona que el Renacimiento, que comenzó en Italia un siglo antes, terminó completamente reemplazando el Arte Gótico en el siglo XVI.

💡Catedral

Una catedral es la iglesia principal de una diócesis católica, donde se encuentra el trono o cathedra del obispo o arzobispo. En el guion, se describe cómo la catedral es un edificio de gran importancia arquitectónica y religiosa, y se mencionan ejemplos como la de Notre Dame de París y la de Chartres, que son representativas del estilo gótico.

💡Arquitectura Romanesca

La Arquitectura Romanesca es un estilo arquitectónico que precedió al Gótico, caracterizado por sus bóvedas de barrel y arco redondo. En el guion, se menciona cómo el protogótico, que ocurrió principalmente en monasterios, fue una transición entre la Arquitectura Romanesca y el Gótico.

💡Bóveda de Crucería

La bóveda de crucería es una técnica constructiva utilizada en la arquitectura gótica que permite una mayor altura y ligereza en las construcciones. En el guion, se describe cómo esta bóveda, que se asemeja a bóvedas más puntiagudas hacia el centro, permitió la construcción de catedrales más altas y cómo descargo la carga a través de pilar y baquetones hasta las contrafuertes externas.

💡Contrafortes

Los contrafuertes son estructuras de apoyo externas que se utilizan en la arquitectura gótica para contrarrestar la presión lateral de las bóvedas. En el guion, se explica cómo los contrafuertes se separaron de la pared para transmitir las empujadas laterales y cómo a menudo se adornaban con pináculos.

💡Vitrales

Los vitrales son ventanas de vidrio coloreado que se utilizan en la arquitectura gótica para iluminar las iglesias y catedrales. En el guion, se menciona cómo la incorporación de grandes ventanas de vidrio en lugar de muros permitió que la luz y el color inundaran el interior de las iglesias, un elemento distintivo del estilo gótico.

💡Gótico Radiante

El Gótico Radiante es una fase del arte gótico que buscó mayor verticalidad, altura y ligereza, alejándose de la austeridad. En el guion, se destaca la Sainte-Chapelle en París como un ejemplo donde prácticamente no hay muros y están todos los vitrales, característico de esta etapa del gótico.

💡Gótico Flamenco

El Gótico Flamenco es una variante del estilo gótico que se caracteriza por una decoración más exuberante y formas que se asemejan a llamas en las bóvedas. En el guion, se mencionan ejemplos como la Catedral de Tours y la de Rouen, que representan esta fase del gótico.

💡Plateresco

El Plateresco, también conocido como Gótico Isabelino, es un estilo arquitectónico y decorativo que se desarrolló en España durante los siglos XV y XVI, considerado una transición entre el Gótico y el Renacimiento. En el guion, se menciona cómo este estilo se caracteriza por bóvedas estrelladas y arco ogival, y se ilustra con ejemplos como la Iglesia de San Juan de los Reyes en Toledo.

Highlights

El origen del arte gótico se encuentra en el siglo XII, con Europa experimentando un renacimiento urbano.

La burguesía emergente en las ciudades comenzó a ganar poder en las Cortes, dejando atrás a la nobleza feudal.

La Orden de Císters, liderada por San Bernardo de Claraval, promovió una arquitectura más austera y luminosa.

El protogótico se desarrolló en monasterios como una transición entre el románico y el gótico.

La construcción de la Abadía de Saint-Denis en 1144 marcó el comienzo de la arquitectura gótica.

La elevación y la luminosidad son dos principios fundamentales de la arquitectura gótica.

Los arqueos de crucería y los nervaduras ligeras permitieron la construcción de catedrales más altas y luminosas.

Las bóvedas de crucería y los contrafuertes externos permitieron la creación de grandes ventanas en las catedrales.

La catedral de Notre Dame de París es un ejemplo emblemático del gótico, comenzada en 1163.

El gótico se expandió por toda Europa, adaptándose a las características locales de cada región.

La catedral de Chartres es un ejemplo destacado del gótico clásico, con su planta de cruz latina y su fachada occidental única.

El gótico flamboyant del siglo XIV se caracteriza por su decoración exuberante y formas que sugieren llamas.

El gótico en Inglaterra se desarrolló con influencias del románico normando y se caracterizó por su ornamentación.

El gótico en Alemania se asemeja al francés, con altas naves y decoración de agujas, como en la Catedral de Colonia.

El gótico en Italia no se asentó del mismo modo que en el norte de Europa, manteniendo una arquitectura más clásica.

En España, el gótico se consolidó en el siglo XIII, con catedrales como la de Burgos y la de Toledo.

El gótico en Cataluña se caracterizó por su horizontalidad y sobriedad en la ornamentación.

El Plateresco o gótico isabelino fue un estilo transitorio entre el gótico y el renacimiento en España.

El gótico se extendió por toda Europa, dejando una huella importante en la arquitectura de la época.

Transcripts

BUT THAT IS ANOTHER HISTORY

ART 6 - GOTHIC ART - ARCHITECTURE

Today we have to talk about Gothic art. Its origin can be found in the mid-twelfth century.

In those years Europe returned to flourish thanks to the expansion of cultivation areas and improvement of agricultural techniques.

The surplus of products and farmers made many people leave the countryside and again the big cities began to be important, what is known as urban revival.

It was in these cities where the bourgeois arose, a middle class free of the opinions of the feudal lords, dedicated to commerce and crafts.

And not only that. International trade, led mainly by the Hansa League, fairs such as Champagne and the Mediterranean routes, gave rise to the first financial activities, which we could call a precapitalism.

This bourgeoisie began to gain more and more power, especially in the Cortes or Parliaments that were emerging little by little, which was leaving behind the old feudal nobility.

On the other hand, as the Cluny had abandoned austerity, a new religious reform arrived at the hand of an order known as the Cister's, named because everything originated in the Citeaux Abbey, in Burgundy.

One of these reforming monks was San Bernardo de Claraval, who denounced the Romanesque decorative excesses in favor of a more austere, bright and also beautiful architecture.

This proto-Gothic occurred only in monasteries, and was a kind of transition between Romanesque and Gothic.

As always, these monks eventually lined up and ended up building churches as monumental and luxurious as the ones they had criticized.

"Always the same ... always the same"

In fact, this is going to be the time of the great cathedrals.

It is important to know that a cathedral is where it has its seat, or chair, a bishop or archbishop, who is the one who rules in a diocese or ecclesiastical province.

Under his command are the other Churches and Parishes of that territory, usually governed by a priest.

There are also the Collegiate, which are churches where a college of priests commands without belonging to the episcopal see.

Finally, we saw that the Basilica was the ancient Roman public constructions that were adapted during the Paleochristian era to Christian worship.

The name "basilica" is more honorary for having been an important place and being a recognized pilgrimage point.

In this context, on the Isle of France, this region here, the place dominated by the French kings, was where Gothic art originated.

It originated in the mid-twelfth century and lasted until the sixteenth century, when it was completely removed by the Renaissance, which had begun in Italy a century earlier. Although yes, in England the Gothic lasted much longer.

However. Why is Gothic art called Gothic if it has nothing to do with the Goths or with the Germans?

The name was invented by a 16th-century Italian historian named Giorgio Vasari, a bit derogatory, as opposed to Classical and Renaissance Art, which for him must have been the lemon pear.

The people of his time called the time before the Renaissance "Middle Ages" for that reason, because it was like a transitory period of darkness, where the glorious classical past of Greece and Rome went to the whore ...

and for Vasari, out of ignorance or what I know, Gothic art was a barbaric art. And that image would continue until Romanticism in the 19th century.

"The mother who bore..."

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

In the year 1144 approximately the construction of the Abbey of Saint-Denis very close to Paris, where the French kings used to go to pray, and which is now a basilica, was completed.

Its double ambulatory with radiant chapels and its open, light and bright headboard was the origin of the Gothic architecture, and from here it expanded throughout Europe. Let's see the main features of this art.

The plant of Gothic architecture, in general, will be very similar to that of Romanesque, with Latin cross plants but with shorter transept, and then turn and similar ambulatory.

However, some differences are found in the header, which evolved to more polygonal forms.

In architecture we will find 2 very important principles: elevation and luminosity.

"Oh please, no"

To achieve greater slenderness and greater height, the churches set aside the barrel vaults and the half-point arches typical of the Romanesque

to move to the use of pointed arches or ogival, which gave slenderness and verticality to the building; and the vaults of crucería, that were like more picudos towards the center.

The miniarquitos that cross these vaults are the nerves, and the cloths that close the spaces between the nerves are called complements.

This vault was much lighter than the barrel, and all that weight was unloaded through pillars and baquetones until reaching the buttresses outside.

And to increase the effectiveness of these buttresses, what was done was to separate them from the wall through the buttresses, since what they were doing was transmitting the lateral thrusts towards them.

And then the buttresses used to be finished off with a pinnacle over them. That it was not only decorative, eye, but it helped counteract the oblique thrust of the buttresses.

And you will say: "What a mess of downloads and moves." And yes, you are right, but thanks to this, the cathedrals could be much higher and most importantly,

the walls could be replaced by large windows that flooded the interior of the churches of light and color, not as in the Romanesque. This row of stained glass on the sides was known as claristory.

As you can see, Gothic architecture was very bright. Why is it associated with Darketa rock and dark and gloomy places?

That was a thing of Romanticism that began at the end of the 18th century, where many novels related to ghosts and supernatural movements were set in ancient Gothic castles and ruins of the time, and that word was associated with the dark and dark.

"My style like ... goth ... grunge ... punk ... what else?"

"You're like a goat"

The facades were decorated by sack, and towers continued to be installed on the sides, but now they incorporated a thing called a spire, which was a crowded move on top similar to the pinnacles.

The windows and rosettes also stand out, that is, generally circular front windows; and there were also gables, angled moldings placed on the arches of the covers.

Without a doubt, the most famous Gothic cathedral of all is the Notre Dame de Paris Cathedral, started in 1163 with a Norman Romanesque style and which was finished in 1345 with a Gothic style.

Its plant is a Latin cross, but with the head wrapped in a double ambulatory that extends to the side aisles. In total there were 5 ships with a height of almost 33 meters.

The interior is very bright, thanks to its windows, and highlights cylindrical pillars that separate the ships.

The vaults and the decoration in capitals and others are still quite sober, but that would soon change in this artistic style.

And if you didn't find out, this church had a fire a few months ago, but hey, nothing serious happened.

"Disperse, come on ... there's nothing to see here"

Other examples within the twelfth century in France are the Laon Cathedral or the Noyón Cathedral. All this is what is called preclassic Gothic style.

However, it is in the thirteenth century where we say that the fever begins with the Gothic, and peta everywhere.

From the Classic Gothic it is necessary to highlight the Chartres Cathedral, built on a Romanesque church that caught fire and of which only the western facade remained.

In it we find a cruise almost almost in the center of the plant, a grandstand completely disappeared and replaced by stained glass, and huge towers flanking the main entrance.

Also important are the Reims Cathedral and the Amiens Cathedral, both being the tallest in all of France, over 50 meters high.

Another important of this classic Gothic was the Cathedral of Bourges, with 40 meters high and without any kind of transept.

In 1240 the radiant Gothic begins, which sought to gain verticality and height, as well as lightness and richness, kicking austerity.

This can be seen well in Sainte-Chapelle, or the Holy Chapel of Paris, located next to the royal palace and built in radiant Gothic style around 1250 by Pierre de Montreuil.

There are practically no walls, and they are all stained glass windows.

A century later, already in the fourteenth century, this radiant Gothic would evolve to the flamboyant Gothic, which is characterized by a more exuberant decoration and with forms like flames on the covers.

Some examples of this style are the Cathedral of Tours, in the Loire Valley, and the Rouen Cathedral, in Normandy.

As in the Romanesque, Gothic architecture is not going to be only religious. We can find some gothic style castles,

but what began to become more fashionable were urban palaces, residences of nobles and high bourgeoisie, and of course, universities, the great centers of studies that were expanding through Medieval Europe, especially since the thirteenth century.

Throughout the video we will see many examples.

Let's move to England now. I already told in the previous video that Durham Cathedral, built in the 11th century, was the precedent of this English Gothic.

Little by little, more elements from France were exported, and this is what we call primitive Gothic or 1st English Gothic, originated in the 12th century, which was influenced by the Anglo-Norman Romanesque.

Among the best examples to highlight are the Lincoln Cathedral, with tudor-style arches separating the ships; Salisbury Cathedral, and Canterbury Cathedral.

In the mid-thirteenth century came the decorative or ornamental Gothic, with more curved and undulating ornaments. In the vaults more nerves arise, and also in the stained glass windows, what is called tracerías.

Highlights the Wells Cathedral, built in Somerset, England, with these inverted arches, or scissors arches, which are unique and that support the transept tower.

By the way, we will find these transepts many times in the middle of the church, and not towards the head.

Others are the Lichfield Cathedral, with three spire-topped towers, the York Cathedral, or the Éxeter Cathedral.

Finally, the last stage of English Gothic was the perpendicular Gothic, which began in the mid-fourteenth century. In it the vertical line predominates over the curve, and the walls are replaced by large windows.

In addition, the tudor arch is generalized, and also the fan or webbed vault, whose nerves open from the supports and which was almost exclusive to England.

And also the pillar of beams, whose baquetones give name to the style. This looks great in Gloucester Cathedral, whose cloister has ever come out in the Harry Potter movies.

The best examples of this are found in the chapel of King's College at the University of Cambridge.

Another university built in this style was the University of Oxford.

There is also the Chapel of St. George located within the grounds of Windsor Castle. Is this from here.

And to end England is the Chapel of Henry VII, located as if it were a giant absidiolus that leaves Westminster Abbey,

which by the way is also gothic and is next to Big Ben and the British Parliament, which are neo-Gothic, but for that we still need a lot.

In Germany the Gothic arrived a little later, at the end of the 13th century, and basically copied the French Gothic.

We have the Church of St. Elizabeth of Marburg, which was one of the first Gothic Germans, or the Cologne Cathedral, which was not finished until 1880.

In this German Gothic, the height of the churches and the decoration with needles, arches and baquetones stand out, as is the case of the frontispiece (or facade) of the Strasbourg Cathedral, a city that is now France but not before.

The Church of Ulm is the tallest in the world thanks to its spire over 160 meters high.

"It's fucking cool"

In addition, the starry vaults and reticular vaults, in which the nerves draw a rhomboid network, stand out.

Already in the fourteenth century the Floor Plan is disseminated, in which all ships have equal height.

That is the case of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, in Austria, where its roof with polychrome tiles attracts attention, but that is much later.

Over time this German Gothic spread to the north, center and east of Europe.

The order of the Cister took the Gothic to Italy in the early thirteenth century, the first Italian Gothic construction being the Abbey of Fossanova, but it was not very successful and did not take root. The Italians remained quite classic.

It tended to horizontality, to the semicircular arch, to the absence of buttresses, to small windows ...

The best example of this would be the Siena Cathedral, started in 1284 by Giovanni Pisano and built in black and white marble.

Not only on the facade, but also inside, and even has an octagonal shaped dome.

Also at this time began the construction of palaces, such as the Communal Palace of Siena, which is now the town hall and where the Torre del Mangia stands out.

And the Vecchio Palace in Florence is also important, also with a high-rise tower.

This of the towers was very typical of the Italians, in fact, in Bologna the most powerful families did not stop raising towers to see who had it bigger.

It is thought that they made more than 100.

"I don't know what others will say, but I like them big"

The Cathedral of Florence, or Santa María del Fiore, or de las Flores, was started in 1296 by Arnolfo di Cambio.

It was not finished until the year 1471, during the Renaissance, when they put the famous Brunelleschi Dome.

In the region of Umbria is the Cathedral of Orvieto, which is famous for its mosaics on the facade on episodes of the Bible.

During the fourteenth century we have a lot of civil architecture like the Doge's Palace in Venice, built around 1340,

and Ca d'Oro, a mansion that stands out for its window tracery,

"That we are going to drown"

as well as the Contarini Palace, with a curious spiral staircase.

But perhaps the greatest Gothic work in Italy was the Cathedral of Milan, begun in 1386 and not completed until 1965, and which has 5 naves, the central 45 meters high, being one of the tallest Gothic churches and Great of the world.

Finally, of course, we have to talk about Gothic architecture in Spain.

Here, at the end of the 12th century, we find proto-Gothic buildings such as the Cathedral of Avila, the Cathedral of Lleida or the Cathedral of Tudela.

Further on, already in the thirteenth century, we already have a more consolidated Gothic, as is the case of the Burgos Cathedral, which was started in 1221.

This construction highlights the starry vault of the Condestable chapel, which was built during the fifteenth century.

Another important cathedral was that of Toledo, with a certain Islamic influence, double ambulatory, no transept and a single tower, when there were two.

Finally there is also the León Cathedral, perhaps the most French of all, and influenced by those of Reims and Amiens.

From the fourteenth century there will be a lot of Gothic in the area of ​​Levante, especially in Catalonia.

Catalan Gothic will be characterized by its horizontality, that is, low height, and by its sobriety in the ornamental theme.

We have, for example, the Monastery of Pedralbes, in Barcelona, ​​with a unique and small nave ... and simple header without an ambulatory.

Nothing to do with the Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Santa Eulalia in Barcelona, ​​of larger dimensions and three ships of almost the same height.

Another example is the Basilica of Santa María del Mar, also in Barcelona, ​​erected by the city's guilds.

And in Palma de Mallorca, in the Balearic Islands, we would find a cathedral characterized by its flat treasure and with the largest rosette in the Gothic world.

Finally there would be the Cathedral of Santa Maria de Valencia, which also contains Romanesque, Renaissance and Baroque elements.

Meanwhile, at the beginning of the fifteenth century, the Gothic will resurface in the Crown of Castile, with cathedrals such as Murcia or Oviedo.

The decorative fever of Hispanic Gothic broke out during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, what was called Plateresque or Elizabethan Gothic, transitory between Gothic and Renaissance art, and which could also be called Flemish Hispanic.

This period highlights the starry vaults and the ogee arches.

Many foreign architects traveled to the Crowns of Castile and Aragon, as was the case of Frenchman Jean Guas,

who built the Church of San Juan de los Reyes, completed in 1495 in Toledo and part of a monastery that was built at the death of Guas.

The Infantado Palace in Guadalajara was also his work, and stands out for a courtyard with arches decorated with sculptures, shields and lions.

Another architect was Juan de Colonia, author of the Church of the Cartuja de Miraflores, in Burgos, with a single nave and a starry dome.

Then there is the Alcazar de Segovia, the residence of the Catholic Monarchs, which is impressive,

which stands out for a huge tribute tower and a completely irregular floor, since it adapted to the hill on which it was built.

And you could not miss the Cathedral of Seville, which was built on the Aljama mosque in Seville and of which only the minaret remains, and which is the current Giralda.

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During the sixteenth century there were still some Gothic buildings on the Iberian Peninsula, but the Renaissance was gaining more and more ground.

The last temples of this style were the New Cathedral of Salamanca, from 1512, or the facade of the Salamanca University, which had been founded in 1218.

I would also highlight the Cathedral of Segovia, finished in 1525 by Juan and Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón.

And to finish the architecture we will see some random examples of other places in Europe.

In Belgium they would highlight the Church of Santa Gúdula in Brussels ... and the Church of Our Lady of Bruges, which is not that there were witches, but was built in the city of Bruges, in Flanders,

where was also the City Hall of Bruges, flowery Gothic style.

In Portugal stands out the Monastery of Batalha and the Jeronimos de Belem, located in Lisbon.

Denmark is the Roskilde Cathedral, and in Norway that of Nídaros.

In Bohemia we have the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague, and in Poland the Krakow Cathedral stands out.

As you can see, unlike the Romanesque, this Gothic spread everywhere, and as this has been very long, in the next video we will know the sculpture and the Gothic painting, with a rock as cool as El Bosco.

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