Solubility Curves, Saturated, Unsaturated & Supersaturated Solutions

Summary

El guion trata sobre la solubilidad, es decir, la cantidad de soluto que se puede disolver en una solución. Se explica que la solubilidad aumenta con la temperatura y cómo se representa en una curva de solubilidad. Se discuten conceptos como soluciones saturadas e insaturadas, así como soluciones super saturadas, donde se disuelve más soluto de lo que normalmente se disolvería a una temperatura dada. Se utilizan ejemplos prácticos, como el azúcar, para ilustrar cómo se interpreta la curva de solubilidad y cómo se pueden obtener datos útiles para diferentes temperaturas y cantidades de soluto.

Takeaways

• 🧪 La solubilidad es la capacidad de un sustancia disolverse en una solución, y se mide en gramos de soluto por 100 mililitros de solvente a una temperatura específica.
• 📈 Las curvas de solubilidad muestran los puntos de saturación de un químico a diferentes temperaturas, indicando cuánta solubilidad alcanza.
• 🌡️ A medida que aumenta la temperatura, la solubilidad de los sólidos generalmente aumenta, lo que se refleja en la curva de solubilidad.
• 📊 En la curva de solubilidad, el eje y representa la cantidad de soluto disuelta (en gramos), y el eje x representa la temperatura.
• 🍬 Si se añade más soluto de lo que la curva indica como solubilidad máxima a una temperatura específica, el exceso no disolverá y quedará en el fondo de la solución.
• 💧 Una solución saturada es aquella que contiene la cantidad máxima de soluto disuelto a una temperatura determinada, y no puede disolver más sin llegar a la saturación.
• 🚫 Una solución no saturada (o insaturada) es aquella que no ha alcanzado su punto de saturación y aún puede disolver más soluto.
• 🔬 Las soluciones super saturadas contienen más soluto del que normalmente se disolvería a una temperatura específica, y se forman al disolver el soluto a una temperatura más alta y luego enfriarlo cuidadosamente.
• ❓ Al interpretar las curvas de solubilidad, se pueden responder preguntas sobre la solubilidad de diferentes sustancias a distintas temperaturas y las condiciones para alcanzar una solución saturada o no saturada.
• 🌐 Las curvas de solubilidad son útiles para comparar la solubilidad relativa de diferentes sustancias a temperaturas específicas y para determinar las condiciones necesarias para obtener una solución saturada.

Q & A

¿Qué es la solubilidad y qué representa?

La solubilidad es la capacidad de una sustancia para disolverse en una solución. Representa la masa de soluto que puede disolverse en una cantidad dada de solvente para formar una solución saturada a una temperatura específica.

¿Cuál es la unidad normal para la solubilidad en química?

La unidad normal para la solubilidad en química es gramos de soluto por 100 mililitros de solvente, típicamente agua.

¿Qué sucede si se agrega más soluto de lo que la curva de solubilidad indica para una temperatura específica?

Si se agrega más soluto que lo que indica la curva de solubilidad para una temperatura específica, el soluto en exceso no disolverá y quedará en el fondo de la solución como un residuo no disuelto.

¿Qué es una solución saturada y cómo se relaciona con la curva de solubilidad?

Una solución saturada es aquella que contiene la máxima cantidad de soluto que puede disolverse a una temperatura dada. La curva de solubilidad representa la cantidad de soluto que se puede disolver antes de que la solución se vuelva saturada.

¿Qué es una solución no saturada y cómo se determina?

Una solución no saturada es aquella en la que aún se puede disolver más soluto a una temperatura dada. Se determina cuando la cantidad de soluto disuelto está por debajo del valor indicado en la curva de solubilidad para esa temperatura.

¿Qué es una solución super saturada y cómo se forma?

Una solución super saturada es aquella que contiene más soluto del que normalmente se disolvería a una cierta temperatura. Se forma disolviendo el soluto a una temperatura más alta y luego enfriando cuidadosamente la solución para que el soluto permanezca en disolución hasta que se le proporcione un núcleo de nucleación.

¿Qué es un núcleo de nucleación y cómo afecta a una solución super saturada?

Un núcleo de nucleación es un punto alrededor del cual los cristales se forman en una solución super saturada. Cuando se introduce un núcleo de nucleación en una solución super saturada, el soluto que estaba en exceso comienza a cristalizar y salir de la solución.

Si se disuelve 100 gramos de soluto en 100 mililitros de agua a 60 grados Celsius, ¿es la solución saturada o no saturada?

La solución sería no saturada, ya que según la curva de solubilidad, a 60 grados Celsius se puede disolver más de 100 gramos de soluto por 100 mililitros de agua.

¿Cuál es el punto de saturación del soluto a 70 grados Celsius según la curva proporcionada?

El punto de saturación del soluto a 70 grados Celsius es de aproximadamente 122 gramos por 100 mililitros de solvente.

Si se agrega 80 gramos de soluto a 100 mililitros de agua a 20 grados Celsius, ¿todo el soluto disolverá?

No, no todo el soluto disolverá. Según la curva de solubilidad, a 20 grados Celsius, solo se puede disolver alrededor de 83 gramos de soluto por 100 mililitros de agua, dejando un residuo de 80 - 83 = 3 gramos de soluto no disuelto.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Introducción a la Solubilidad

El primer párrafo introduce el concepto de solubilidad, explicando cómo un solvente disuelve un solute al distribuir sus partículas a nivel molecular. Se enfatiza la importancia de la temperatura y la capacidad de un solute para disolverse en un solvente, lo que determina si la solución es saturada o no. Se menciona que la solubilidad se mide en gramos de solute por 100 mililitros de solvente, y se utiliza un gráfico de solubilidad para interpretar y obtener datos sobre la cantidad de solute que se puede disolver a diferentes temperaturas.

05:02

📊 Interpretación de Curvas de Solubilidad

Este párrafo profundiza en cómo leer y utilizar las curvas de solubilidad para determinar la cantidad de solute que se puede disolver en un solvente a distintas temperaturas. Se describe el proceso de interpretar los puntos de la curva para estimar la solubilidad a temperaturas específicas, como 20, 60, 70 y 80 grados Celsius. Se discute la diferencia entre soluciones saturadas y no saturadas, y se introduce el concepto de soluciones super saturadas, que son soluciones que contienen más solute del que normalmente se disolvería a una temperatura dada, y cómo se pueden obtener al disolver el solute a una temperatura más alta y luego enfriar cuidadosamente el solvente.

10:03

🧪 Comparación de Solubilidades y Conceptos Avanzados

El tercer párrafo compara la solubilidad de diferentes sustancias a 80 grados Celsius y resuelve preguntas sobre la solubilidad de sustancias a temperaturas específicas. Se explora la idea de soluciones super saturadas y cómo se pueden desestabilizar para que el solute se cristalice. Además, se presentan ejemplos de cómo diferentes sustancias, como azúcar, nitrato de potasio, sulfato de amonio y cloruro de sodio, se comportan en soluciones a diferentes temperaturas, y se resuelven preguntas sobre la solubilidad de estas sustancias en función de su punto de saturación.

Keywords

💡Solubilidad

La solubilidad es la capacidad de un sustancia disolverse en otro medio, generalmente en agua, formando una solución. Es un concepto central en el vídeo, ya que se discute cómo se puede disolver una cantidad de soluto en un solvente antes de que la solución se sature. Por ejemplo, se menciona que la solubilidad de un soluto a 20 grados Celsius es de aproximadamente 83 gramos por 100 mililitros de agua.

💡Suelo

El suelo es la cantidad máxima de soluto que se puede disolver en un solvente a una temperatura y presión determinadas para formar una solución saturada. En el vídeo, se utiliza el suelo para ilustrar los puntos de saturación en diferentes temperaturas, como 83 gramos de soluto disueltos en 100 ml de agua a 20 grados Celsius.

💡Curva de solubilidad

La curva de solubilidad es un gráfico que muestra la relación entre la temperatura y la solubilidad de un soluto. Es fundamental en el vídeo para interpretar los datos de solubilidad a diferentes temperaturas. Se utiliza para determinar cuánta solubilidad cambia con la temperatura, como se ve en el ejemplo de 132 gramos de soluto disueltos en 100 ml de agua a 80 grados Celsius.

💡Solvente

El solvente es el líquido en el que se disuelve el soluto para formar una solución. En el vídeo, el solvente típicamente es el agua, y se discute cómo el solvente rompe el soluto y lo distribuye uniformemente a través de la solución.

💡Saturado

Una solución saturada es aquella que contiene la máxima cantidad de soluto que se puede disolver en el solvente a una temperatura específica. En el vídeo, se menciona que si se añade más de 132 gramos de soluto a 100 ml de agua a 80 grados Celsius, la solución se volverá saturada y no se disolverá más soluto.

💡No saturado

Una solución no saturada es aquella en la que se puede disolver más soluto a una temperatura dada. En el vídeo, se utiliza para describir una solución con 120 gramos de soluto a 80 grados Celsius, donde aún se puede disolver más soluto antes de alcanzar el punto de saturación.

💡Supersaturada

Una solución supersaturada es aquella que contiene más soluto del que normalmente se disolvería a una cierta temperatura. En el vídeo, se explica que se puede crear una solución supersaturada al disolver el soluto a una temperatura más alta y luego enfriarlo cuidadosamente sin interrupciones.

💡Núcleo de nucleación

Un núcleo de nucleación es un punto alrededor del cual se forman los cristales en una solución supersaturada. En el vídeo, se menciona que sin un núcleo de nucleación, los cristales no se formarían y el soluto permanecería en solución, pero con la presencia de un núcleo, el soluto se cristalizaría y se depositaría.

💡Temperatura

La temperatura es un factor crucial que afecta la solubilidad de un soluto en un solvente. En el vídeo, se discute cómo la solubilidad generalmente aumenta con la temperatura, y se usan diferentes temperaturas para ilustrar los cambios en la solubilidad, como el aumento de solubilidad de un soluto a 60 grados Celsius.

💡Soluto

El soluto es la sustancia que se disuelve en el solvente para formar una solución. En el vídeo, se utiliza el ejemplo de azúcar como soluto para explicar cómo la solubilidad varía con la temperatura y cómo se puede obtener una solución saturada o no saturada.

Highlights

Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve, defined as the mass of solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent to form a saturated solution at a specific temperature.

Solubility curves are used to interpret the solubility of a solute at different temperatures, typically represented in grams of solute per 100 milliliters of solvent.

For solids, solubility typically increases with temperature, as illustrated by the upward trend in solubility curves.

At 20 degrees Celsius, approximately 83 grams of solute can dissolve in 100 ml of water for the given example.

At 60 degrees Celsius, solubility increases, with around 112 grams of solute dissolving in 100 ml of water.

At 80 degrees Celsius, the solubility is estimated to be around 132 grams per 100 ml of solvent.

Adding more solute than the solubility limit at a given temperature results in a saturated solution with undissolved solute.

A solution with less solute than the solubility limit at a given temperature is considered unsaturated and can dissolve more solute.

Supersaturated solutions contain more solute than would normally dissolve at a certain temperature and can crystallize when a nucleation site is introduced.

Supersaturated solutions are created by dissolving a solute at a higher temperature and then carefully cooling the solution without introducing impurities.

Different solutes have different solubility curves, allowing for comparison of their solubility at various temperatures.

The saturation point of a solute can be determined by finding where the solubility curve intersects with the amount of solute溶解曲线与溶质量相交的点。

At 70 degrees Celsius, the solubility of a solute is estimated to be around 122 grams per 100 ml of solvent.

A temperature of approximately 93 degrees Celsius is needed to achieve a solubility of 160 grams per 100 ml of water for the given solute.

If 80 grams of solute are added to 100 ml of water at 20 degrees Celsius, not all of it will dissolve due to the lower solubility limit at this temperature.

Adding 140 grams of solute to 100 ml of water at 90 degrees Celsius will result in a solution where all solute dissolves, indicating an unsaturated state.

Transcripts

hey welcome to your lesson on solubility

and solubility curse before we get

started just want to talk about what

we're actually dealing with here

and what this is is we're looking at how

much solute can dissolve

within solutions reminder that when i'm

putting solute

into a solvent and it dissolves into

solution

it's basically distributing throughout

that solvent

right the solvent is breaking apart the

solute

and it's getting uniformly distributed

throughout the solution

so that means that it's all over the

place evenly

and that the solute is now a molecular

size so solu particles are incredibly

tiny

and surrounded by solvent typically

water

so that you can no longer see it because

it's such tiny size for all the solute

particles

so that's what we're dealing with here

when we're talking about solubility is

how much solute

can i dissolve in solution within the

solvent okay before it kind of gets

saturated or something like that so

we're going to look at

curves we dealt with making curves a

little bit earlier

with the lab but now we're going to take

a look at actually looking at

curves for solubility to interpret them

and get data from them

so again review solubility is the

ability of a substance to dissolve

it is the mass of solute that can

dissolve in a given amount of

solvent to form a saturated solution at

a given

temperature so that's what we're looking

at today that's what we're covering

so what we're going to look at is what's

called a solubility curve now

the normal unit for solubility that we

use in chemistry

is grams of solute

per 100 milliliters

of solvent

um so typically water but for a hundred

mils of solid

solvent how many grams of solute will

actually dissolve in that

so it shows the saturated saturation

points of the chemical at different

temperatures so if i take a look at this

graph

okay and if i look at for example 20

degrees celsius at that temperature

uh right around let's say 83 or so grams

of that solute will dissolve

maybe 84. so if i take a look here's 80

90 would be just

right in between here right between 80

and 100

so i'm not quite halfway between the two

so i would say about 83 grams

of solute would will dissolve at 20

degrees celsius

per 100 ml of water now as i actually

get to a higher temperature

the solute becomes more and more soluble

so for example if i look at 60 degrees

celsius

the solubility goes up because for

solids as i increase temperature

solubility typically increases so for

example at 60 degrees celsius

celsius if i look right here then that

value would be

a little bit over halfway so let's say

around 112

grams or so per 100 milliliters

why don't you try out this one how

soluble do you think

uh the solute will be at 80 degrees

celsius so what will the solubility of

the solute b

at 80 degrees celsius try that out

and if i take a look here right there

right i've got

about ah just over halfway there's 130

so let's say around

132 or so 132 grams

per 100 ml of solvent

is what i have going on so that would be

how much solute

i can dissolve at that temperature for

the hundred mils of water now

let's talk about what happens if i add

more if i add more than 132 grams let's

say i add 140 grams

at 80 degrees celsius of whatever the

solute is

to water let's say it's sugar okay so i

add let's say

140 grams of sugar to 100 ml of water at

80 degrees celsius

what would happen is not all the sugar

would dissolve i would have

8 grams or so of sugar that would be

left over

at the bottom of my solution that simply

would not dissolve

so my solution would be saturated and i

can't get any more to dissolve at that

point

okay 132 grams is the max amount

of sugar that would dissolve at 80

degrees celsius and that 100 ml of water

so that's the amount that's needed to

make a saturated solution

now what if we added just 120 grams okay

we added 120 grams of sugar

at 80 degrees celsius to the 100 ml of

water well in that case

i would have been unsaturated solution

it would all dissolve

but i still would be able to dissolve

more so i would call that

unsaturated it hasn't quite reached yet

its saturation point of the max amount

of solute that would dissolve

at that temperature so saturated

solutions that would

that's what this curve represents is how

many grams will dissolve

at that temperature for 100 mils of

water or solvents okay and we already

kind of went through that but as i look

at this

this curve represents the amount that i

can put in

before no more would be able to be

dissolved and i would have a saturated

solution

so here's another question and actually

we already covered this so i'm just

going to skip past this

we already did that one this one we

haven't done okay we didn't do 70

degrees celsius so try that out

what is the saturation point of the

solute at 70 degrees

celsius

and we have to guess a little bit here

but if i go to 70ish

then i would interpret that right around

122 grams or so

okay 122 grams per 100 mils

of solvent is what i put that at for 70

degrees celsius

just over 120 uh what temperature is the

saturation point of the solute 160 grams

per 100 mils of water try that one out

so 160 grams is right here so that means

that for temperature

okay i'm right about right about there

so 90 would be at this point so i would

read that

as right around uh 93

93 or so degrees celsius would be i

think

the right answer for that given our

curve so we can actually get

values for any temperature in this range

or any mass that i have of solute within

this range right between

let's say around 72 or so all the way up

to 164

ish so i could actually figure out let's

say

i want to dissolve 100 grams of sugar

well then i know that i need to get the

water to up to at least 42

degrees celsius or 43 degrees celsius

somewhere in that range

okay so i can get a bunch of data from

this curve which is kind of neat

so here's another question if a student

added 80 grams of solute to 100 ml of

water at 20 degrees celsius

would all of it dissolve

so here's 20 and i'm adding a hundred

so the answer is no it wouldn't all

dissolve uh in fact the max that i can

actually have dissolve

is somewhere around that like 82 83

grams

okay so i would have 17 grams sitting at

the bottom of this solution

that cannot dissolve at the end of the

day it won't go into solution so it

reaches saturation at 83 grams

and i can't get any more to dissolve

after that if a student added 140 grams

of solute to 100 grams of water at 90

degrees celsius

would all of it dissolve

so i'm adding 140 grams

at 90 degrees celsius so here's 90 right

here

okay and i'm adding 140 grams

so given the fact that this is under the

curve

yes it would all dissolve yes

and what would you call the solution

well because i'm not yet at the

saturation point

i haven't put in the max solute that i

can and have it dissolve

i would call this unsaturated it's not

there yet

i could put more in and it would

dissolve

for me so that's an unsaturated solution

a term we haven't talked about yet is

super saturated solutions

now we don't want to talk too too much

about this but they're neat on a super

saturated solution it's a solution that

contains

more solute that would normally dissolve

at a certain temperature how i make a

super saturated solution

is i first heat it up to a higher

temperature and dissolve as much as i

can

and then i carefully cool it down making

sure i don't get any impurities or

anything else in there

and the solute sometimes will stay in

solution

so what that means is it won't come out

it won't crystallize but it stays

in solution um even though it should not

be able to have that much dissolved

so for example let's say i heated up you

know uh this

sugar water solution to 80 degrees

celsius

and i put in a full 120 grams of sugar

into there so i put 120 grams

into 100 mils of water at 80 degrees

celsius

and then i carefully cool it down okay

and i let it cool down cool down cool

down

to let's say room temperature to 20

degrees celsius

well at this point i have 120 grams

of sugar in a hundred mils of water at

20 degrees celsius so

the amount of solute i have dissolved is

way higher than should be able to

dissolve at this temperature

but because i heated it up first

dissolved it and then cooled it down

the sugar will stay in solution

sometimes if i'm very careful

and then all of a sudden as soon as i

touch it or add a dust particle or

an impurity or anything right away it's

going to all crystallize out and go

right down to here and all of this

solute

will come out of solution and

crystallize and become like a solid in

there

okay which is really neat to see if you

haven't already looked look at

hot ice videos or super saturated sodium

acetate that's the easiest one to make a

super saturated solution of so it's all

over the interwebs and you can take a

look at those videos

and i think i've already linked one in a

previous video so i'm not sure if i'll

link another one here

as well okay so that's how you make a

super saturated solution again

is you dissolve the solute at a higher

temperature and then you

carefully cool it down okay and then

that solute will stay

in solution and will only crystallize

out once it's disrupted

or given a dust particle or some kind of

impurity and then it will crystallize

out

we call the thing that we add a site of

nucleation a set of nucleation is what

crystals form around

um so if i don't have a site of

nucleation i'm not going to actually

have the crystals being able to come out

of solution okay even as i lower the

temperature

but as soon as i add that thing to have

the crystals build around

well now all the sun boom i end up

having a super

saturated solution and it comes out of

solution at that time

okay some questions where i have a bunch

of things so here i've got

sugar potassium nitrate ammonium sulfate

and sodium chloride okay all plotted on

the same curve

and you might be like hey that value for

sugar doesn't match what we just did

yeah because i just kind of said let's

say it's sugar i have no idea what that

was

i have no idea what the solute was we

were just kind of using that as an

example

for you to think about a specific solute

so now that i take a look at these four

different things again i'm trying to

figure out which substance is more

soluble at 80 degrees celsius so i'd

look at 80

and then i'd go and go oh here it is

right there

there's my solubility my highest thing

so the answer would be for this

sugar for the next one what substance is

saturated at a hundred grams per hundred

grams of water

at 64 degrees celsius so which one is

hitting 100 grams at 64. so here's 64.

right around 70 would be here um ish

right so 64 would be right around this

so up

broom so the answer would be potassium

nitrate that would be the thing that is

at 100 grams per hundred mils of water

at 64 degrees celsius you might notice i

keep on saying

mils while this presentation says grams

normally that's the unit we use is per

100 ml of water so i'm just kind of

sticking with that

okay another example of 59 degrees

celsius two substances have the same

saturation point

what is the saturation point and what

are the two substances try that out

and the answer is right here yeah i have

sodium sulfate and potassium nitrate

reaching the same value at that point

um so uh

ammonium sulfate as i mess up

writing here ammonium

sulfate which we can spell with either

an f or a ph we use the f which is the

normal spelling here

and then potassium nitrate are the two

substances that we're dealing with

and what is the saturation point well

given that this is zero this is a

hundred uh

i i'd say that's around 90. let's just

go with 90. this is estimating right

because we don't have an amazing scale

here to use

uh but that's fine you know around 90

grams per hundred mils is what we've got

okay moving on if i have an unsaturated

solution i already talked about this a

bit

uh that means it's a solution in which

more solute can be dissolved at a given

temperature so

as long as i'm under this line i am at

an

unsaturated solution so for example if i

have 100 grams at 60 degrees celsius i'm

still unsaturated

because i could dissolve another 12 or

so grams in there

i can dissolve more so that would be

unsaturated at that point

okay so hopefully that makes sense of

solubility curves and you learned a bit

any questions let me know have a great

day