Teori Pengembangan Wilayah (bag 2)#kurikulum Nasional Geo Klas XII

Summary

This educational video script delves into the theories of regional development and spatial planning, focusing on Alfred Weber's theory of optimal industrial location based on minimum cost principles. It also covers Von Thünen's agricultural location theory, which links land rent to distance from the market. The script further explores the concepts of economic polarization, market area theory by Lösch, and the agropolitan theory by Friedman and Dou, advocating for balanced rural and urban development. The video aims to engage viewers in understanding the complex dynamics of geographical planning.

Takeaways

• 📘 The video discusses the continuation of a geography lesson focusing on regional development and spatial planning for Indonesian high school curriculum.
• 📚 It covers the second part of the theory of regional development, following the growth pole theory and central place theory previously discussed.
• 🏭 Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location is introduced, emphasizing the minimum cost principle for choosing an industrial site based on transportation and labor costs.
• 📊 Weber's theory includes the material index, which compares the weight of raw materials to the finished product, influencing the location of industry closer to markets or raw materials.
• 📈 The video outlines three scenarios for industrial location based on the material index: near the market (P1), near raw materials (P2), and in the middle (P3) if the material index equals one.
• 🌾 Von Thünen's agricultural location theory is presented, which states that land rent is determined by the distance from the city center, with the highest rent near the market and decreasing as distance increases.
• 🌐 The concept of economic polarization is explained, where a growing area becomes a magnet for labor, goods, and capital, eventually integrating surrounding villages into the urban area.
• 🌟 The positive and negative impacts of economic polarization are discussed, including the spread of development and the shift of productive forces to the city, potentially leaving rural areas behind.
• 🛍 Losch's market area theory is mentioned, suggesting that the most profitable industrial location is close to the market to reduce transportation costs and find a spatial balance.
• 🌱 Friedmann's agropolitan theory is introduced, advocating for balanced development between rural and urban areas, integrating agricultural and industrial activities, and improving rural facilities to retain economic and social activities in rural areas.
• 📈 The video concludes with a call to action for students to choose a project task and to continue exploring regional development approaches, emphasizing the importance of understanding these theories for future development.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the video script?

The video script focuses on various theories of regional development and spatial planning, particularly in the context of geography for 12th-grade curriculum in Indonesia.

What are the key principles behind Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location?

Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location is based on the principle of minimum cost, where the choice of industrial location depends on the total cost of transportation and labor, aiming to minimize both.

How does Alfred Weber's theory classify industrial locations based on the material index?

Weber's theory classifies industrial locations into three schemes based on the material index: P1 (near the market if the material index is less than one), P2 (near raw materials if the index is greater than one), and P3 (in the middle if the index equals one).

What is the fundamental assumption of Von Thünen's agricultural location theory?

Von Thünen's agricultural location theory assumes that the rent value of agricultural land is determined by its distance from the city center, with the cost of transporting products being a significant factor.

How does the script describe the impact of urban growth on surrounding areas according to the Polarization theory?

The script describes the Polarization theory as a process where an area's growth becomes a magnet for labor, goods, and capital, leading to a positive impact such as the spread of development and an increase in demand for goods from the surrounding villages.

What is the 'Backwash effect' mentioned in the script?

The 'Backwash effect' refers to the negative impact of urban growth, where productive forces and people, especially from rural areas, migrate to the city, potentially leaving the rural areas lagging behind.

What does the script suggest as the main variable for industrial location according to Losch's theory?

According to Losch's theory, the main variable for industrial location is the market demand, suggesting that the most profitable location for an industry is close to the market to reduce transportation costs.

How does the script explain the concept of 'Agropolitan' development?

The script explains 'Agropolitan' development as an approach that integrates agricultural development with industrial and service sectors, aiming to reduce disparities between rural and urban areas and keep economic, social, and cultural activities within rural communities.

What is the significance of the 'Spirit effect' in the context of urban development mentioned in the script?

The 'Spirit effect' signifies the positive influence of urban development, such as the establishment of housing near the city, which can lead to the growth of new settlements and improve the flow of technology and capital to rural areas.

What does the script suggest for reducing the disparity between rural and urban areas in terms of facilities?

The script suggests the need for equitable distribution of facilities, building exceptional facilities in rural areas to make them proud and encourage the use of local services, thus keeping economic, social, and cultural activities within rural communities.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Regional Development Theories

This paragraph introduces the topic of regional development and location theories in the context of geography for 12th-grade national curriculum students. It begins with a greeting and a reminder to like, subscribe, and notify for the channel. The main focus is on continuing the discussion of regional development theories, specifically the theory of optimal location according to Alfred Weber. Weber's theory is based on the principle of minimum cost, where the optimal industrial location depends on the total cost of transportation and labor. The theory considers the regional factor, which includes transportation costs and wages, and the agglomeration factor. Weber's theory also introduces the index of materials, which compares the weight of raw materials to the finished product, leading to three schematic industrial locations based on this index.

05:02

🌾 Von Thünen's Agricultural Location Theory

This paragraph delves into Von Thünen's agricultural location theory, which posits that the rent value of agricultural land is determined by its distance from the city center or market. The theory suggests that as distance increases, the cost of transporting agricultural products to the market also increases, thus affecting land rent value. The summary explains how different types of agricultural activities are distributed around the city based on the cost of transportation and land rent. It also touches on the assumptions of the theory, such as homogenous land use and transportation modes, and the rational behavior of farmers.

10:03

🌐 Economic Growth and Polarization Theory

This paragraph discusses the concept of economic growth and polarization, where a growing area becomes a magnet for labor, goods, and capital. The theory of growth poles is similar to other location theories and suggests that as a city grows, it will influence and integrate the surrounding rural areas into the urban sphere. The paragraph mentions the positive and negative impacts of this polarization, such as the spread of development and the migration of productive forces from rural areas to the city, potentially leaving rural areas behind.

🛣️ Losch's Market Area and Agropolitan Theory

The final paragraph covers Losch's market area theory, which emphasizes the importance of market demand in determining the most profitable industrial location, suggesting that industries should be located close to their markets to reduce transportation costs. It also introduces the agropolitan theory by Friedman and Dou, which advocates for the balanced development of agriculture alongside industry and services, especially in the context of the fourth industrial revolution. The theory calls for the even distribution of facilities to reduce disparities between urban and rural areas, encouraging economic, social, and cultural activities to remain in rural areas and fostering pride among rural communities.

Keywords

💡Geography

Geography is the study of the Earth's landscapes, peoples, places, and environments. In the video, geography is the overarching theme as it discusses various theories related to regional development and spatial planning, which are essential aspects of understanding how the Earth's spaces are utilized and managed.

💡Regional Development

Regional development refers to the process of improving the economic and social well-being of a region. The video script discusses the concept of regional development in the context of theories that explain how areas grow and change, such as the central place theory and the agropolitan theory.

💡Spatial Planning

Spatial planning is the organization and management of land use in a region. It is a key concept in the video, where different theories are presented to explain how the optimal location for industries and agricultural activities can be determined to achieve efficient land use and economic growth.

💡Alfred Weber's Theory

Alfred Weber's theory, also known as the theory of industrial location, is a concept that explains the decision-making process for the location of industries based on the minimization of transportation and labor costs. The script mentions this theory as it discusses the three ideal industrial locations based on the material index.

💡Material Index

The material index is a ratio comparing the weight of raw materials to the weight of the finished product. It is used in Weber's theory to determine the most cost-effective location for an industry. The script uses this concept to differentiate between industries that should be located near markets, raw materials, or in a balanced location.

💡Agricultural Location Theory

Agricultural location theory, introduced by Von Thünen, explains how the rent of agricultural land is determined by its distance from the market center. The video script describes how land rent is highest near the market and decreases with distance, affecting the type of agriculture practiced in different zones.

💡Polarization of Economy

Polarization of economy refers to the concentration of economic activities in certain areas, leading to regional disparities. The script discusses this concept in the context of how certain areas become economic growth centers, attracting labor, goods, and capital, and influencing the development of surrounding areas.

💡Market Area

Market area is the region around a market center where goods and services are exchanged. The script refers to the concept of market area in the context of Losch's theory, which posits that the most profitable location for an industry is near or in the market to reduce transportation costs.

💡Agropolitan Theory

Agropolitan theory, proposed by Friedmann and Dou, is the concept of regional development that integrates agricultural development with industrial and service sectors. The video script mentions this theory as a response to the industrial revolution and the need for balanced development between rural and urban areas.

💡Central Place Theory

Central place theory, developed by Walter Christaller, explains the hierarchy and distribution of settlements of different sizes and the services they provide. The script refers to this theory in the context of urban development and the influence of central places on the surrounding regions.

💡Rural-Urban Disparity

Rural-urban disparity refers to the differences in economic, social, and infrastructural development between rural and urban areas. The script discusses the need for equitable distribution of facilities to reduce this disparity, as part of the agropolitan theory and the development of rural areas.

Highlights

Introduction to the development of regional and spatial planning in the context of Indonesian national curriculum for grade 12.

Continuation of the theory of regional development from the previous video, emphasizing the importance of subscribing and notifying for updates.

Discussion on Alfred Weber's theory of optimal industrial location based on minimum cost principles.

Weber's theory includes three schemes of industrial location depending on the material index, which compares the weight of raw materials to finished products.

Explanation of the first scheme where industries are located near the market if the material index is less than one, exemplified by food, beverages, and jewelry industries.

Second scheme of Weber's theory for industries located near raw materials when the material index is greater than one, such as marble or sugar factories.

The third scheme where industries are situated in the middle if the material index equals one, indicating equal weight of raw materials and finished products.

Assumptions of Weber's theory including homogeneity of the industrial area, uniformity of resources, and a single standard for labor wages.

Introduction to Von Thünen's theory of agricultural location, which states that land rent is determined by the distance from the city center.

Von Thünen's concept of concentric circles of land use around the city center, with varying land rents based on distance and transportation costs.

Polarization theory by Gunnardal, which explains how a growing area becomes a magnet for labor, goods, and capital, influencing the surrounding areas.

Positive impacts of polarization, such as the spread of development and improved access to technology and increased demand for goods from the villages.

Negative impacts of polarization, including the migration of productive forces to the city, potentially leaving the villages behind.

Introduction to Losch's theory of market area, which focuses on the importance of market demand and proximity to markets for industrial location.

Friedman and Dou's agropolitan theory, which advocates for the integration of agricultural development with industrial sectors in a balanced manner.

The need for equitable distribution of facilities in rural areas to reduce disparities between urban and rural regions, as per Friedman's agropolitan theory.

The importance of building exceptional facilities in rural areas to encourage local economic, social, and cultural activities, reducing the need for migration to cities.

Conclusion with an invitation to choose a project task and to stay tuned for the next video on regional development approaches.

Closing with a thank you note and a traditional Islamic greeting, emphasizing the importance of deepening the understanding of the material.

Transcripts

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi

wabarakatuh Selamat datang kembali di

channel belajar Geo lanjutan materi

geografi fase F kelas 12 kurikulum

nasional tentang pengembangan wilayah

dan tata ruang pada video kali ini kita

akan melanjutkan teori pengembangan

wilayah bagian yang kedua namun

sebelumnya jangan lupa like subscribe

dan juga bunyikan tanda

lonceng pada video sebelum ini kita

sudah membahas teori kutub pertumbuhan

dan teori tempat Sentral karena itu pada

video ini kita akan lanjutkan teori

lokasi optimum menurut Alfred Weber

teori fontunen tentang sewa tanah dan

teori yang lainnya kita mulai dari teori

lokasi optimum atau teori lokasi

industri menurut Alfred Weber yang

mengatakan landasan berpikir dari Weber

adalah bahwa pemilihan lokasi industri

ini didasarkan atas prinsip biaya

minimum ini lokasi industrinya di

tengah lokasi setiap industri tergantung

pada total biaya transportasi dan tenaga

kerja di mana penjumlahan keduanya itu

harus minimum maka di situlah lokasi

industri yang paling

menguntungkan faktor penentu lokasi

industri ini yang pertama adalah faktor

regional terdiri dari biaya transportasi

ya transportasi dan juga upah tenaga

kerja dan faktor yang kedua adalah

kekuatan

aglomerasinya namun Weber di dalam

penentuan lokasi industrinya ini adalah

memperhatikan indeks material yaitu

perbandingan berat bahan baku dengan

berat barang jadi atau produk akhir

karena itu Beb menghasilkan tiga skema

lokasi

industri lokasi industri di P1 P itu

plus ya plus 1 di dekat pasar ini ya P1

di dekat m market r-nya adalah bahan

baku dan p-nya ini adalah place atau

lokasi industri lokasi industri di dekat

pasar itu jika indeks materialnya adalah

kurang dari satu di mana bahan bakunya

Raw materialnya ini itu lebih ringan

daripada barang jadi sehingga lokasi

dilokasikan ditempatkan di dekat dengan

Pasar atau industri weining antara lain

adalah makanan minuman perhiasan

cenderamata dan lain-lain yang kedua

lokasi P2 adalah lokasi industri yang

didekatkan dengan bahan baku ini ya jika

indeks materialnya lebih dari satu di

mana bahan baku itu lebih berat daripada

barang jadi apa saja antara lain ini

antara lain adalah industri marmer atau

pabrik marmer kemudian ada pabrik gula

kertas besi baja dan lain sebagainya dan

ini disebut industri white

losing yang ketiga adalah lokasi di

tengah ya P3 itu letaknya di tengah jika

indeksnya ya indeks materialnya sama

dengan satu dan bahan baku relatif sama

berat dengan barang

jadinya asumsi dari teori Weber yang

pertama seluruh wilayah industri dan

sekitarnya adalah seragam atau homogen

kemudian baik itu penduduk ee topografi

dan lain sebagainya sumber daya alamnya

ya yang menghasilkan bahan baku itu

cukup walaupun tidak merata upah buruh

aturannya baku atau standar hanya ada

satu alat transportasi kalau kereta api

kereta api saja kalau kereta karena pada

zaman dahulu ya kereta saja biaya angkut

di an berdasarkan beban dan ja angkut

terdapat kompetisi antar industri dan

manusia yang ada di daerah tersebut

berpikir secara

rasional kita lanjutkan yang keempat

adalah teori lokasi pertanian ini

dikemukakan oleh vontunen pada tahun

1826 bahwa nilai sewa lahan pertanian

itu ditentukan oleh jaraknya terhadap

pusat kota ini pusat kotanya patanya

warn hitam yang warnanya abu-abu ini

adalah marketnya ya atau pasarnya

kemudian di luarnya lagi ada warna hijau

ini adalah hutan dengan hasil kayu warna

orennya ini adalah pertanian dengan

hasil biji-bijian yang utama ya

pertanian utama kemudian warna kuning

yang paling luas ini adalah lahan

garapan padang rumput dan sebagainya

baru ini pertanian lain ya pertanian

lain

kemudian tingkat sewa lahan adalah

paling mahal di pusat kota ini yang

dekat dengan pusat kota atau dengan

pasar dan makin murah bila jauh dari

pasar ini konsep teori lokasi

fontunen dasar teorinya adalah bahwa

lokasi lahan pertanian yang jauh ya itu

akan mengharuskan petani untuk menempuh

jarak menjual panennya itu juga menjadi

lama dan nilai sewa lahan pertanian itu

bergantung dari jarak karena terkait

dengan biaya transportasi ngangkut

produk panennya kemudian produsen

tersebar pada daerah yang luas tetapi

konsumennya daerah yang luas ini

produsennya konsumennya semuanya ngumpul

di

pasar ini konsumennya ngumpulnya di

pasar semuanya karena itu kurva hubungan

jarak dengan biaya transportasi dan

lokasi sewa tanah menurutontunen adal

sebagai Berikut ini adalah ee barisan

yang pertama jarak dari dipasar sampai

semakin jauh nilai transportasinya tentu

berbanding lurus semakin jauh jarak dari

Pasar ke luar pasar luar kota maka total

biaya transportasinya juga semakin

tinggi namun sewa lahannya semakin

menurun Nih misalnya ya misalnya pada

titik kosong ini di sini ya ada pasar ya

berarti ini yang berwarna kuning ini

pasar maka biaya sewanya sewa lahan

pertanian di sini tentu paling tinggi ya

paling sempurna 10 di sini ya paling

tinggi Tetapi semakin menjauh ya

Misalnya di sini pada kawasan hutan

hasil kayu ini hutan hasil kayu yang

warna ini ee itu sewanya terus menurun

menurun menjadi Del dan semakin menjauh

ke arah luar tentu sewanya yang paling

murah inilah teori sewa tanah menurut

fontunen asumsi fontunen bahwa

penggunaan lahan pertanian itu terbentuk

sebagai lingkaran yang konsentris dengan

pusatnya adalah pasar dan kemudian

menerima semua hasil produk pertanian

dari wilayah

sekitarnya yang pertama itu terdapat

wilayah isolasi yang mungkin sulit untuk

mendapatkan dijangkut dari luar sehingga

pasaknya letaknya di sini lah lahan

pertaniannya ini homogen ya lahan

pertaniannya homogen artinya relatif

datar tidak ada gunung ya dan sebagainya

biaya transportasi dan jarak yang

ditempuh berbanding lurus sehingga

semakin jauh jaraknya biayanya juga

semakin mahal hasil panan hanya boleh

dijual ke pasar ini tidak boleh ke

tempat yang lain hanya ada satu moda

transportasi dan pola pikir masyarakat

pada saat itu para petani tetap harus

rasional selanjutnya yang kelima teori

Polaris

gunardal mengatakan bahwa Ketika suatu

wilayah tertentu mulai tumbuh dan

berkembang maka akan menjadi daya tarik

masuknya tenaga kerja atau manusia

barang dagangan dan bahkan modal inilah

teori polarisasi yang hampir sama

pengembangan dari teori pertumbuhan dan

teori lokasi yang lain Jadi Ketika suatu

titik ini akan tumbuh dan berkembang

maka tentu dia akan menjadi Jaya bagi

desa-desa di

sekitarnya suatu ketika desa-desa ini

pun akan terus ya berkembang ya kota ini

akan terus berkembang sehingga membuat

Desa ini juga menjadi bagian dari kota

ini maka di sinilah disebut dengan pusat

pertumbuhan ekonomi atau polarization of

economy Jero contohnya adalah konsep

kota dan desa di mana kotanya itu

sebagai intinya dan desanya adalah

wilayah hinterland atau wilayah belakang

yang pada awalnya orang-orang akan

pindah ke kota semuanya tapi pada

akhirnya bila lokasinya dekat dengan

kota ini pun akan berubah menjadi

kawasan kota yang wilayah ee wilayah

pinggiran akan semakin jauh lagi dampak

teori polarisasi adalah spirit effect

atau dampak positifnya yang meliputi

antara lain adalah penyebaran

pembangunan ya toh setelah ini dibangun

perumahan di pinggir maka Kampung Baru

akan terbentuk mendekati Perumahan ini

lama-lama akan terus berkembang aliran

penduduk modal ya ini seperti hasil

teknologi ke desa-desa juga semakin

lancar meningkatkan permintaan

meningkatnya permintaan e bahan pangan

dari kota yang asalnya tentu dari desa

dan ini akan mendapatkan pendapatan bagi

meningkatkan pendapatan bagi masyarakat

desa back was effect atau dampak negatif

yaitu aliran berpindahnya orang-orang

Desa khususnya tenaga produktif ke kota

dan ini juga akan terus membuat Wilayah

Desa menjadi

tertinggal yang keenam teori sektoral

atau teori lokasi market area oleh augus

Los variabel utama lokasi industri ya

berbeda dengan Weber menurut bahan baku

Maka menurut Los ini adalah permintaan

atau pasar di mana lokasi industri yang

paling menguntungkan adalah di pasar

atau mendekati pasar ya dan tujuannya

nya untuk mengurangi biaya transportasi

yang terusmenerus meningkat Ketika

semakin jauh dari pasar yang tujuannya

adalah juga untuk ya to menemukan pola

lokasi industri sehingga ditemukan

keseimbangan spasial antar lokasi ya di

samping pengembangan Weber ini juga

merupakan pengembangan dari teori tempat

Sentral oleh Walter kristaler yang

terakhir teori

agropolitan dikemukakan oleh Friedman

dan Dou di mana agr itan itu dimaknai

sebagai pengembangan wilayah yang

memadukan pembangunan pertanian sebagai

aktivitas ekonomi pesiaan dengan sektor

industri dan ini sesuai pada revolusi

industri 4.0

sekarang menurut

Friedman perlunya penyebaran fasilitas

secara merata untuk mengurangi

ketimpangan antara wilayah desa dan kota

Dan ini juga merupakan pengembangan dari

teori merdal n yang berikutnya

pembangunan fasilitas yang setara dengan

kota di desa perlu dibangun

fasilitasfasilitas yang luar biasa agar

orang desa bangga dan Mau Memanfaatkan

fasilitas seperti pasar desa ini

sehingga kegiatan ekonomi sosial budaya

tetap di desa tidak perlu pindah ke kota

dan pusat pelayanan ini akan memberikan

keuntungan tentu kebanggaan bagi

masyarakat desa dan di situlah

penyebaran itu semakin merata terima

kasih atas perhatiannya untuk

mempertajam memperdalam materi ini

silakan dipilih salah satu tugas projek

berikut dan jangan lupa saksikan video

berikutnya pendekatan dan arah

pengembangan wilayah Terima kasih

wasalamualaikum warahmatullahi

wabarakatuh