Teori Struktur Keruangan Kota #kumer Geografi Kelas XII

Summary

This educational video script delves into urban development and spatial planning, focusing on various theories of city structure. It discusses concentric zone theory by Burgess, highlighting how cities like Chicago expand in a circular pattern influenced by economic and residential competition. The script also covers sectoral theory by Hoyt, explaining the楔-shaped growth of cities due to geographical factors, exemplified by cities like Calgary. The third theory, multiple nuclei by Harris and Ullman, is introduced, detailing how cities grow from a central business district and form new nuclei, as seen in Jakarta's expansion. The video concludes by introducing additional theories, urging viewers to explore further through assignments and projects.

Takeaways

• 🌐 The Concentric Zone Theory by Ernest Burgess suggests that cities develop evenly in all directions, forming a circular pattern, with the Central Business District (CBD) at the center.
• 🏙️ The theory is based on observations of Chicago, which grew outwards due to the constraints of Lake Michigan, and other cities like London, Calcutta, and Paris also exhibit concentric growth patterns.
• 🏗️ The Sectoral Theory by Homer Hoyt proposes that city development is not fully circular but forms specific sectors or pie-shaped segments, influenced by geographical factors like rivers and mountains.
• 🚏 Examples of sectoral city growth include Calgary in Canada, influenced by the Bow River, and California City in the United States, shaped by its location and infrastructure.
• 🏡 The Multiple Nuclei Theory by Harris and Ullman posits that city growth starts from a central core (CBD) and expands, leading to the emergence of new cores or sub-centers, such as Jakarta's development from Sunda Kelapa to Batavia and beyond.
• 🔄 The theory of Concentric Zones assumes a heterogeneous population, with industry as the economic base, and continuous expansion of city land due to population growth and the central business district becoming the economic hub.
• 🛣️ The Sectoral Theory is characterized by high land prices in suburban areas still connected to the city center, with low land prices along the corridors extending from the CBD.
• 🏘️ The Multiple Nuclei Theory highlights the separation of different activities based on the required facilities, economic activities, and income levels, leading to distinct residential zones.
• 🌆 The Concentric Zone Theory's structure includes the CBD, transitional zones, low-class residential areas, middle-class residential areas, and high-class residential areas, moving outward from the city center.
• 🏙️ The Sectoral Theory's structure includes the CBD, transitional zones, low-class residential areas surrounding the CBD, middle-class residential areas further away, and high-class residential areas seeking tranquility and comfort.
• 🌐 The Multiple Nuclei Theory's structure involves the CBD, commercial areas, light industry areas, low-class residential areas close to the CBD, middle-class residential areas, high-class residential areas, heavy industry areas, and suburban residential areas for the middle and upper classes.

Q & A

What is the Concentric Zone Theory proposed by Ernest Burgess?

The Concentric Zone Theory, proposed by Ernest Burgess in 1923, suggests that cities grow evenly in all directions, forming a circular pattern. It is based on his observations of Chicago, which grew outward due to the constraints of Lake Michigan.

What are the main zones identified in the Concentric Zone Theory?

The main zones identified in the Concentric Zone Theory are: 1) Central Business District (CBD), 2) Zone of Transition or the area with mixed commercial and residential uses, 3) Low-class residential zone, 4) Middle-class residential zone, and 5) High-class residential zone.

Which cities are mentioned as examples of the Concentric Zone Theory?

Cities mentioned as examples of the Concentric Zone Theory include London in England, Kolkata in India, Adelaide in Australia, Paris in France, and Jakarta in Indonesia.

What is the Sector Theory proposed by Homer Hoyt?

The Sector Theory, proposed by Homer Hoyt, suggests that city development does not form a complete circle concentrically or in rings but rather in specific sectors or like slices of a pie. This is due to geographical conditions such as hills, rivers, and parks.

What are the factors that influence the development of sectors in a city according to the Sector Theory?

Factors influencing the development of sectors in a city according to the Sector Theory include geographical conditions like hills, rivers, and the presence of parks, as well as transportation routes and land availability.

How does the Sector Theory differ from the Concentric Zone Theory?

The Sector Theory differs from the Concentric Zone Theory in that it suggests that cities grow in specific sectors rather than in a uniform circular pattern. This growth is influenced by geographical features and transportation routes.

What is the Multiple Nuclei Theory proposed by Harris and Ullman?

The Multiple Nuclei Theory, proposed by Harris and Ullman, suggests that city growth begins from a central core, such as the CBD, and then expands to form new nuclei as the city grows. This can lead to the development of satellite cities and the formation of a megalopolis.

How does the Multiple Nuclei Theory explain the formation of satellite cities?

The Multiple Nuclei Theory explains the formation of satellite cities by suggesting that as the central city grows and cannot accommodate further expansion, new nuclei of growth form in surrounding areas, leading to the development of satellite cities.

What is the Core-Peripheral Model mentioned in the script?

The Core-Peripheral Model is not explicitly mentioned in the script, but it is a concept that relates to the idea of central and peripheral areas within a city or region, where the core is the central business district and the periphery consists of outlying areas.

What are the assumptions of the Concentric Zone Theory?

The assumptions of the Concentric Zone Theory include a heterogeneous population, the city's economy being based on industry and commerce, continuous expansion of the city due to population growth, easy and affordable transportation, and the central business district being the economic center.

What is the significance of the Central Business District (CBD) in the Concentric Zone Theory?

In the Concentric Zone Theory, the Central Business District (CBD) is significant as it is the core area where economic, political, social, and cultural activities are concentrated. It is characterized by high land values and is typically surrounded by various government buildings, private offices, and even traditional markets.

Outlines

00:00

🌆 Urban Development Theories: Concentric Zone Model

This paragraph introduces the Concentric Zone Model of urban development, proposed by Ernest Burgess in 1923. The model suggests that cities grow evenly in all directions, forming a circular pattern. The theory is based on observations of Chicago, which is situated by Lake Michigan and has grown outward due to the lake's presence. Other cities like London, Kolkata, and Adelaide exhibit similar growth patterns. The model posits that the population is heterogeneous, and the city's economy is based on commerce and industry. The city's expansion is driven by an increasing population, easy and affordable transportation, and the central business district (CBD) being the economic, political, social, and cultural hub. The CBD is surrounded by various zones, including transitional areas with mixed commercial and residential uses, lower-class residential areas, and upper-class residential areas. The paragraph also discusses the characteristics of each zone in detail.

05:01

🚏 Sectoral Theory and City Development Patterns

The second paragraph delves into the Sectoral Theory, which posits that city development is not concentric or ring-shaped but forms specific sectors or pie-like segments. This theory is based on observations of cities like Calgary in Canada, where geographical features such as mountains and rivers influence city layout. Other examples include California City and Boston, which have developed along coastlines and rivers. The theory suggests that land prices are high in areas connected to the city center but lower along elongated paths from the center. The structure of the city is described with the CBD at the core, surrounded by transitional zones, low-class residential areas, middle-class residential areas, and upper-class residential areas. The paragraph also introduces the Inti Ganda Theory, which explains urban growth starting from the CBD and expanding into new centers, as seen in cities like Jakarta, which has grown to include satellite cities like Bekasi and Depok.

10:04

🏭 Theories of Urban Structure and Development

The final paragraph introduces additional theories of urban structure and development. It starts with the Core-Peripheral Theory, which combines concentric and sectoral models, and is particularly observed in British cities. The Multi-Nuclei Theory, proposed by Harris and Ullman, suggests that urban growth begins at the CBD and expands into new centers, such as business districts, industrial areas, and residential zones. This theory is exemplified by the growth of Jakarta, which has seen the emergence of new CBDs and the development of satellite cities. The paragraph also mentions the Sectoral Theory, which focuses on the influence of transportation on city structure, and the Historical Theory by Alonso, which considers the historical value and changes in residential locations within a city. The paragraph concludes by inviting the audience to choose from a selection of tasks to further explore urban development.

Keywords

💡Theori Konsentris

The Concentric Zone Theory, proposed by Ernest Burgess in 1923, suggests that cities grow evenly in all directions, forming a series of concentric circles. This theory was based on his observations of Chicago, which was constrained by Lake Michigan. The theory posits that the city expands outward from the Central Business District (CBD), with each ring representing different land uses and social classes. In the video, this theory is used to explain the uniform expansion of cities and the formation of distinct zones around the CBD, such as residential and industrial areas.

💡Central Business District (CBD)

The Central Business District (CBD) refers to the central area of a city where the most important commercial, financial, and cultural activities take place. It is typically characterized by high-rise buildings, government offices, and banks. In the context of the video, CBDs like Jakarta, Surabaya, and Semarang are mentioned as examples where various economic, political, social, and cultural activities are concentrated, and where land value and rent are the highest.

💡Zona Peralihan

The Transition Zone, or Zona Peralihan, is an area adjacent to the CBD where there is a mix of commercial and residential uses. This zone is characterized by a mix of land uses, including small businesses, lower-income housing, and sometimes slums. The video describes this zone as being closely tied to the economic activities of the CBD, with residents often working in the central area and experiencing unstable living conditions.

💡Zona Pemukiman Kelas Rendah

The Lower-Class Residential Zone, or Zona Pemukiman Kelas Rendah, is an area where lower-income workers live, often in smaller and less expensive housing. These residents are typically employed in manual or factory labor and may live in more crowded conditions. The video mentions that this zone is further away from the CBD and is characterized by smaller housing units and a lower quality of living.

💡Zona Pemukiman Kelas Menengah

The Middle-Class Residential Zone, or Zona Pemukiman Kelas Menengah, is an area where middle-income workers reside. These residents typically have a certain level of education and may work in white-collar jobs. The video explains that this zone is characterized by moderately sized housing units and a more stable living environment, with residents having the means to rent or own apartments.

💡Zona Pemukiman Kelas Atas

The Upper-Class Residential Zone, or Zona Pemukiman Kelas Atas, is an area inhabited by wealthy individuals, such as business owners and high-ranking officials. These residents live in larger, more luxurious homes and are often found in suburban areas. The video describes this zone as being the farthest from the CBD, with residents enjoying a higher level of comfort and access to amenities.

💡Theori Sektoral

The Sector Theory, proposed by Homer Hoyt, suggests that city growth does not occur in a circular pattern but rather in sectors shaped like pie slices. This is due to geographical factors such as rivers, hills, and parks that influence the direction of urban expansion. The video uses examples like the city of Calgary in Canada and California City in the United States to illustrate how cities can grow in elongated patterns following natural features.

💡Theori Inti Ganda

The Multiple Nuclei Theory, proposed by Harris and Ullman, posits that urban growth begins at a central city or CBD and then expands to form additional nuclei or centers of activity. This theory is based on the observation of large cities that have grown to include multiple centers of business, industry, and residential areas. The video discusses how cities like Jakarta have grown to include new CBDs and satellite cities, forming a megalopolis with complex urban structures.

💡Kawasan Industri

Industrial Areas are zones within a city designated for industrial activities, such as manufacturing and production. These areas are typically located away from residential zones to minimize the impact of pollution and noise on residents. The video mentions industrial areas in the context of the Multiple Nuclei Theory, where industrial zones are established near or in conjunction with new centers of economic activity.

💡Kawasan Perkotaan

Urban Areas refer to the built-up areas within a city, including residential, commercial, and industrial zones. The video discusses the concept of urban areas in the context of city expansion and the formation of different zones based on the Concentric Zone Theory and other urban planning theories.

Highlights

Introduction to urban development and spatial planning theories in the context of Indonesian geography education.

Discussion on the Concentric Zone Theory by Ernest Burgess, proposed in 1923.

Explanation of how cities like Chicago grow in a circular pattern due to factors such as land competition and economic activities.

Examples of cities that exhibit concentric growth patterns, including London, Kolkata, and Adelaide.

Description of the Central Business District (CBD) as the core area of economic, political, social, and cultural activities.

Mention of the transition zone or transi, where mixed-use areas are closely tied to the CBD.

Characterization of the low-class residential zone as areas with small houses and low-income workers.

Identification of the middle-class residential zone as being further from the CBD and having moderate housing standards.

Description of the upper-class residential zone with large, luxurious homes and a preference for tranquility.

Introduction to the Sector Theory by Homer Hoyt, which suggests that city development forms sectors rather than concentric circles.

Examples of cities with sectoral development patterns, such as Calgary in Canada and Boston in the United States.

Discussion on how geographical conditions like rivers and mountains influence sectoral city growth.

Explanation of the Multiple Nuclei Theory by Harris and Ullman, which posits that cities grow from a central business district and develop additional nuclei.

Historical example of Jakarta's growth from a small port to a megapolitan region.

Description of how similar activities are grouped together for economic efficiency in the Multiple Nuclei Theory.

Introduction to the Conceptual Theory, which combines concentric and sectoral theories.

Discussion on the role of transportation in determining urban structure according to the Axial Theory by Bebcock.

Explanation of the Historical Theory by Alonso, which emphasizes the historical value and changes in residential patterns within cities.

Encouragement for students to engage with the material through assignments and projects.

Closing remarks with an apology for any shortcomings and a traditional Islamic greeting.

Transcripts

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi

wabarakatuh Selamat datang kembali di

channel belajar Geo lanjutan materi

geografi fase F kelas 12 kurikulum

nasional tentang pengembangan wilayah

dan tata ruang pada video kali ini kita

akan membahas teori struktur keruangan

kota namun sebelumnya jangan lupa like

subscribe dan juga bunyikan tanda

lonceng kita awali dari teori pertama

teori konsentris dikemukakan oleh Ernes

burges

1923 yang mengatakan bahwa kota akan

berkembang ke segala arah merata dan

berbentuk lingkaran seperti

ini dasarnya adalah pengamatan yang

dilakukan Ernes pada kota cikago kota

terbesar ketiga di Amerika ini terletak

di tepi danau

Michigan kota ini tumbuh keluar

melingkat oleh karena diepian Danau

tentu melingkatnya tidak sempurna

faktornya adalah persaingan lahan atau

ruang untuk bisnis ekonomi dan juga

untuk

pemukiman contoh kota lain yang mirip

teori konsentris adalah kota London di

Inggris kalkutta ya di India ini

terbesar ketiga setelah bombai atau

Mumbai dan New Delhi kemudian adelide di

Australia kota Paris di Perancis dan

sebagian kota besar di dunia dan di

Indonesia termasuk juga kota

Jakarta asumsi teori

konsentris penduduknya adalah heterogen

yang kedua industri menjadi basis

ekonomi ya industri komersiil perluasan

lahan kota akan terus terjadi karena

peningkatan jumlah penduduk kemudian

transportasi mudah cepat dan murah serta

pusat kota menjadi pusat kegiatan

ekonomi karena itu teori konsentris

menghasilkan keruangan melingkar ke arah

luar nomor satu adalah di Central bisnis

distrik inti kota atau pusat kegiatan

ekonomi politik sosial dan budaya ini

adalah CBD Jakarta Surabaya Semarang

dengan terdapat berbagai gedung

pemerintah perkantoran Bank Swasta

bahkan sekitar itu juga masih ada pasar

tradisional ya pemukiman di sini tentu

sedikit memiliki nilai jual dan sewa

yang tentunya paling

tinggi zona yang kedua adalah zona

peralihan atau

transisi di zona

ini terdapat zona percampuran pusat

usaha dan pemukiman kehidupannya terikat

atau sangat bergantung dari CBD sehingga

mereka t bertahan di sini dan sebagian

penduduknya memiliki emosi yang tidak

stabil pertengkaran antar geng ya Bahkan

terdapat Sam area pemukiman kumuh

pemukiman kurang baik dan juga terdapat

industri manufaktur yang masih bertahan

di zona peralihan ini yang ketiga adalah

zona pemukiman kelas rendah atau

proletan dengan karakteristiknya tentu

disebut low CL residenial diuni oleh

para pekerja dengan penghasilan rendah

karena sebagai buruh pekerja pabrik

sehingga memiliki ukuran rumah kecil dan

bahkan sebagian mereka tinggal di rumah

susun yang biasanya

sederhana kemudian pemukiman kelas

menengah ini posisinya menjauh dari

pusat dengan karakteristiknya dinamakan

medium kelas residensial diun oleh para

pekerja kelas menengah mereka memiliki

pendidikan dan kalian tertentu ukurannya

levelnya adalah sedang bahkan sampai

mereka juga bis mampu eh sewa atau

tinggal beli di

apartemen dan yang paling luar adalah

kemukiman kelas atas atau

residensial dengan karakteristiknya

diuni oleh para pengusaha pejabat orang

kaya ukuran Rumahnya besar mewah

sehingga dinamakan real estate dan

mereka juga eh daerah ini juga merupakan

kawasan pengelajo peralihan antara kota

dan desa dengan tentu Mereka miliki

kemewahan tersendiri mereka bisa lewat

jalan tol dan langsung menuju ke pusat

kota teori yang kedua adalah teori

sektoral oleh Homer hoid yang mengatakan

bahwa perkembangan kota itu tidak

melingkar penuh ya Secara konsentris

atau gelang namun membentuk sektor

sektor tertentu atau seperti potongan

kue yang tentu lebih

bebas dasarnya pengamatan pada kota

kalgari yang ada di

Kanada ini faktornya adalah karena

kondisi geografis perbukitan Sungai

taman kota dan sebagainya sehingga kota

dibangun di sela-sela lahan yang

memungkinkan contoh yang lain adalah

kota kecil kota California atau

California City di negara bagian

California ini letaknya sekitar 60 mil

dari kota terbesar kedua di Amerika Los

Angeles ya ini kota ini bentuknya

seperti ini

menjulur-menjulur mengikuti Medan kota

yang hanya dihuni 14.000 jiwa mayoritas

tentara Amerika ini memiliki

karakteristik mirip teori

sektoral kemudian kota yang lain adalah

kota Boston yang ada di pantai Samudra

Atlantik ya pantai timur Amerika

disebabkan karena medanya banyak teluk

dan juga sungai-sungai besar sehingga

kota pusat katan dibangun di lahan yang

memungkinkan untuk dibangun di Indonesia

ada kota seperti ini sektoral yaitu kota

Tarakan asumsinya bahwa harga sewa atau

harga jual tanah itu tinggi terletak di

luar kota tapi masih terhubung harga

jual atau sewa tanah rendah di

jalur-jalur yang memanjang dari pusat

Kota dan zona kota sebagai pusat

kegiatan

ekonomi struktur keruangannya adalah

sebagai berikut untuk teori sektoral

satu sebagai CBD atau Central bisnis

distrik yang kedua ini adalah ini CBD

kota Tarakan CBD dari kota Malang

kemudian dilanjut yang kedua ini zona

peralihan atau

transisi yang ketiga ini ya ee mendekat

atau melingkungi dari CPD dan zona

transisi adalah pemukiman kelas rendah

ini ya yang ketiga jadi melingkungi atau

melingkari dari CPD dan juga di zona

transisi yang keempat pemukiman kelas

menengah mereka menjauh dari CBD dan

transisi dan yang kelima ini adalah zona

pemukiman kelas atas mereka betul-betul

jauh ingin ketenangan dan kenyamanan

teori yang ketiga adalah teori Inti

Ganda yang dimungakan oleh Haris dan

ulman bahwa pertumbuhan kota itu berawal

dari inti kota atau CBD atau pusat

pertumbuhan kemudian berkembang semakin

Kompleks sehingga muncul inti

baru seperti kota Jakarta pada tahun

1800-an hanya sebuah eh kota kecil yaitu

Sunda Kelapa kemudian ini kota Batavia

ya Sunda Kelapa tumbuh terus berkembang

dan tahun 1945 sampai

1980 menjadi sangat pesat

perkembangannya sehingga sibijinya pun

langsung tumbuh di berbagai tempat ada

di Tamrin di Senayan dan

lain-lainnya dasarnya adalah pengamatan

kota-kota besar di dunia Metropolitan

megapolitan dan bahkan

konurbasi faktornya tentu karena

pesatnya perkembangan kota dan munculnya

CBD baru seperti Cibubur ini ya pusahat

bisnis baru kawasan industri kawasan

perumahan kawasan kampus dan lain-lain

dan bila kota ini seperti Jakarta ini

terus Semakin besar ya sehingga tidak

bisa menampung maka kota satelit di

sekitarnya akan tumbuh Bekasi Depok

Tangsel Tangerang Bogor dan Cikarang ya

sehingga menjadi satu dan disebut

sebagai kawasan

megapolitan struktur keruangannya Ee

kita kita mulai dari asumsinya dulu kita

lanjutkan asumsi dari teori tigand

dahulu bahwa yang pertama perbedaan

fasilitas yang dibutuhkan untuk kegiatan

yang berbeda contohnya begini bahwa

kawasan pendidikan ini di Kota Semarang

kampus Undip dan Unes ini adalah kawasan

pendidikan tentunya di Unes dan di Undip

ini tentu membutuhkan fasilitas yang

berbeda dengan kawasan industri ini

Kawasan Industri tuku Wijaya Kusuma

kawasan industri candi pasaden Kawasan

Industri Bukit Semarang baru Terboyo dan

sebagainya fasilitas yang dibutuhkan

tentu berbeda dengan pendidikan

aktivitas serupa ini dikumpulkan sendiri

untuk efektivitas dan keuntungan ekonomi

secara maksimal perbedaan aktivitas

ekonomi dan tingkat pendapatan dari

berbagai hal ini menyebabkan pemisahan

zona tempat tinggal sehingga struktur

keruangan teori inti ganda adalah

sebagai berikut nomor sat ini adalah

atau Central bisnis distrik nomor dua

Kawasan Niaga seperti Tanah Abang

industri ringan yang masuk bertahan di

Jakarta pemukiman kelas rendah atau

murbawisma Kaum Buruh ini dekat sekali

dengan eh di kalau di Jakarta berarti di

sekitar E tamrim dan tanah abang tetap

banyak dijumpai Pemukiman bercubel yang

mereka bergantung dari CBD dan juga zona

transisi kita lanjutkan pemukiman kelas

menengah atau Madya Wisma ini sebagian

masih berada atau dekat dengan kawasan

CPD namun sebagian yang lain sudah

menjauh selanjutnya yang kelima ini ya

adalah pemukiman kelas atas atau Adi

Wisma sangat elit ya sangat mewah

kemudian muncul Kawasan Industri berat

yang tentu saja nomor 6 ini adalah jauh

dari ee pusat

kota kemudian adanya pemukiman kelas

menengah dan atas akan menghasilkan CBD

yang baru ya CBD yang baru terletak jauh

dari pusat atau CPD yang lama untuk

mendukung ini biasanya muncul kawasan

pemukiman Suburban untuk kelas menengah

dan atas karena nomor 4 dan 5 yang di

sini sudah penuh dan nomor 9 ya to ini

adalah kawasan industri subkurban yang

letaknya biasanya semakin jauh ya dari

si di utama CPD baru ya ditaruh di nomor

9 atau di tempat yang jauh contohnya

adalah di Cikarang ya di daerah Bekasi

Timur setelah kita pelajari tiga teori

kita perkenalkan juga teori yang keempat

teori konsektoral tiba Eropa dikemukakan

oleh Peterman

1965 di mana Teori ini menggabungkan

teori konsentris dan sektoral dengan

dominannya konsentris telah eh

mengadakan pengamatan pada kota-kota t

Inggris yang kelima teori konsektoral

tipe Amerika Latin ini lebih seimbang

antara teori konsentris dan teori

sektoralnya yang keenam ada teori poros

oleh bebcok

1965 di mana bahwa transportasi baik itu

Jalan Raya maupun rel kereta api sangat

menentukan struktur keruangan kota

karena kota menjulur mengikuti fasilitas

tersebut dan yang ketujuh adalah teori

historis oleh Alonso bahwa teorinya

didasari atas nilai sejarah yang

berkaitan dengan perubahan tempat

tinggal penduduk di kota tersebut Terima

kasih atas segala perhatiannya untuk

memperdalam materi ini silakan kalian

pilih salah satu dari pilihan tugas

proek berikut materi berikutnya jangan

lupa disaksikan stadia perkembangan kota

Terima kasih atas segala perhatiannya

mohon maaf atas segala kekurangannya

wasalamualaikum warahmatullahi

wabarakatuh