3 tips on how to study effectively

Summary

该视频讲述了医学实习生学习和记忆医疗技能的三种有效学习技巧:自我测试加强记忆,混合不同科目进行学习可以更好地理解和记忆,以及在多个日子里分散学习可以更好地整合知识。这些技巧都利用了大脑学习和记忆的机制,如重复激活神经元加强连接,睡眠中的脑功能整合等。

Takeaways

• 😃 医学实习生学习大量的技能和程序,这对后来挽救生命非常重要
• 😊 一项研究发现,改变学习方式可以显著提高医学实习生的手术成果
• 🧐 大脑通过海马体暂时编码新信息,然后转移到新皮质进行长期存储
• 😯 测试自己可以更新和加强记忆,比仅重新读取教科书更有效
• 😕 做错题实际上可以通过激活相关知识加强学习
• 🤔 交织不同学科的学习材料可以提高保持记忆的能力
• 😴 在多个日子里分散复习可以利用大脑脱机处理知识的本能
• 📝 一组医学实习生通过四周分散训练取得了更好的手术成果
• 🌟 这些学习技巧的成功在于它们利用了大脑学习和存储信息的方式
• 🎓 这些建议可以应用于课堂内外的学习中

Q & A

医学实习生需要记住的技能为什么极其重要?

这些技能将直接用于挽救生命,因此记住它们可以“字面意义上成为生死之间的问题”。

研究中两组医学实习生之间的主要区别是什么?

一组医学实习生采用了一种小小的改变学习方法,即将学习材料分散在4周内,而不是1天内集中学习。

为什么测试自己比只是复习笔记更有效?

测试自己迫使你主动提取知识,这可以增强记忆。仅复习笔记则会产生一种虚假的胜任感。

做错题为什么还能提高长期学习效果?

在绞尽脑汁寻找答案时,大脑会激活相关知识,然后当正确答案出现时,大脑可以更好地将新信息整合到已有知识中。

交叉学习的益处有哪些?

它迫使大脑暂时遗忘然后提取信息,从而加强记忆。您还可以在主题之间找到联系,更好地理解它们的区别。

在多天内分配复习的益处是什么?

在学习会话之间有休息和睡眠时间,大脑可以主动存储和整合知识。仅仅在考试前一晚突击学习得来的知识不会长期留存。

这些学习技巧为什么有效?

这些技巧都是根据大脑的工作原理设计的,它们互相补充,增强了大脑处理和存储大量信息的能力。

短期记忆如何转化为长期记忆?

信息似乎是在学习会话之间以及在睡眠期间从短期记忆转移到长期记忆的。大脑会将新知识与已有的相关概念整合。

提取记忆如何巩固它?

每次提取某项记忆时,会重新激活长期记忆,这会使其易变,然后可以更新、加强和重新整合该记忆。

我们为什么在学习时会产生虚假的胜任感?

当信息直接在我们面前时(如复习笔记),我们会感觉已经完全掌握,但实际上这无法准确衡量我们真正掌握的程度。

Outlines

00:00

🧠 大脑如何学习和存储信息

本段详细讲解了大脑学习新概念和技能的过程。首先 temporarily 存储在海马体,然后通过重复激活神经元加强连接,逐渐转移到新皮质形成长期记忆。重复回想可以更新和加强记忆,并与其他相关概念整合。

📝 测试自己可以增强学习效果

主动回想和测试自己能更准确地评估掌握的知识,同时帮助大脑更新和加强记忆。在回答错误时,大脑会激活相关知识,日后整合正确信息效果更好。

🔀 混合不同学习内容有助于记忆

在单个学习阶段中混合不同的概念或主题,可以强制大脑暂时遗忘然后取回信息,从而加强记忆。你也可能找到概念之间的关联和区别。

📆 间隔学习 Kasda 记忆持久化

分散几天学习,留出时间让大脑“离线”整合知识。尽管临时突击学习材料会更新鲜,但信息难以长期记住。规律间隔学习更容易形成持久记忆。

Keywords

💡学习技能

医学实习生需要学习大量的医疗技能和程序,这对救治病人的生命至关重要。学习这些技能能否牢记会决定生死。

💡短期记忆

当学习新概念时,大脑会在称为海马体的区域中对记忆进行短期编码。这是临时的记忆。

💡长期记忆

随着对心脏结构的学习和复习,记忆会逐渐转移到大脑的另一区域新皮层进行长期存储。

💡睡眠

睡眠过程中,新学到的知识会与已经掌握的相关概念进行整合。这对于巩固记忆至关重要。

💡检索记忆

通过测试自己考察已经学习的知识,会重启相应的神经连接,从而加强记忆的编码。这比仅仅复习要有效得多。

💡错绕

不能记起问题的答案时,大脑会激活相关知识。在正确答案出现后,大脑会更好地整合信息。这有助于学习。

💡交错记忆

在学习中交错不同学科,比重复练习单一技能更能促进记忆的形成。

💡分散学习

将学习分散在多天进行,中间有睡眠,这比仅在考试前突击学习要令信息牢固地储存在大脑中。

💡海马体

海马体是大脑中负责短期记忆编码的区域。新信息首先在这里进行处理。

💡新皮层

新皮层是大脑中负责长期记忆储存的区域。知识会逐步转移到这里进行巩固。

Highlights

测试自己能更准确地判断你实际掌握的知识

做错题实际上可以长期改善学习

交叉重复学习不同的题目可以增强记忆

在多个日子里分散复习,使大脑在学习会话之间有休息和睡眠的时间

医学实习生通过分散学习手术,记忆和技能明显增强

重复测试能加强记忆,使大脑更新和整合信息

当你无法回答问题时,努力思考也会激活相关知识

交叉学习可以找到话题之间的联系

大脑在离线状态下也在积极工作,整合知识

这些学习技巧符合大脑的工作方式

单纯重读笔记会给人虚假的胜任感

交叉学习主题可以更好地理解它们的区别

短期记忆先在海马体编码,后转移到新皮质的长期记忆

每次回忆都会重新激活长期记忆,并进行更新

囫囵吞枣的复习不利于长期记忆

Transcripts

During their training,

medical residents learn countless techniques, surgeries, and procedures

which they’ll later use to save lives.

Being able to remember these skills

can quite literally be a matter of life and death.

With this in mind, a 2006 research study took a class of surgical residents

learning to suture arteries and split them into two groups.

Each received the same study materials,

but one group implemented a small change in how they studied them.

And when tested one month later,

this group performed the surgeries significantly better

than the other residents.

We’ll discuss the secret to that group’s success,

along with two other highly effective study techniques

which can be applied both in and out of the classroom.

But to understand why these methods work,

let's first unpack how the brain learns and stores information.

Say you're trying to memorize the anatomy of the heart.

When you’re introduced to a new concept,

the memory is temporarily encoded in groups of neurons

in a brain area called the hippocampus.

As you continue to learn about workings of the heart

in class or study its chambers for an exam,

you reactivate these same neurons.

This repeated firing strengthens the connections between the cells,

stabilizing the memory.

Gradually, the knowledge of heart anatomy is stored long-term,

which involves another brain area known as the neocortex.

How information is transferred from short-term to long-term storage

is still not completely understood,

but it’s thought to happen in between study sessions

and perhaps most crucially during sleep.

Here the new knowledge is integrated with other related concepts you already know,

such as how to measure heart rate, or the anatomy of other organs.

And the process doesn’t end there.

Each time you recall heart anatomy, you reactivate the long-term memory,

which makes it susceptible to change.

The knowledge can be updated, strengthened,

and reintegrated with other pieces of information.

This is where our first study technique comes in.

Testing yourself with flashcards and quizzes

forces you to actively retrieve knowledge,

which updates and strengthens the memory.

Students often prefer other study methods,

like rereading textbooks and highlighting notes.

But these practices can generate a false sense of competence,

since the information is right in front of you.

Testing yourself, however,

allows you to more accurately gauge what you actually know.

But what if, while doing this, you can’t remember the answers?

Not to worry—

making mistakes can actually improve learning in the long term.

It’s theorized that as you rack your brain for the answer,

you activate relevant pieces of knowledge.

Then, when the correct answer is later revealed,

the brain can better integrate this information with what you already know.

Our second technique builds on the first.

When using flashcards to study, it's best to mix the deck with multiple subjects.

Interleaving, or mixing the concepts you focus on in a single session,

can lead to better retention than practicing a single skill

or topic at a time.

One hypothesis of why this works is that, similar to testing,

cycling through different subjects forces your brain to temporarily forget,

then retrieve information, further strengthening the memory.

You may also find connections across the topics,

and better understand their differences.

Now that you know how and what to study, our final technique concerns when.

Spacing your review across multiple days

allows for rest and sleep between sessions.

While “offline,” the brain is actively at work,

storing and integrating knowledge in the neocortex.

So while cramming the night before the exam may seem logical—

after all, won’t the material be fresh in your mind?—

the information won’t stick around for the long term.

This brings us back to our medical residents.

Both groups studied the surgery for the same amount of time.

Yet one group’s training was crammed in a single day,

while the other more successful group’s training was spread over four weeks.

The reason all three of these study techniques work

is because they’re designed with the brain in mind.

They complement and reinforce the incredible way the brain works,

sorting through and storing the abundance of information

it’s fed day after day.