Chapter 1: First Peoples, First Farmers
Summary
TLDRThis video script explores the first chapter of 'Roberts' The Ways of the World,' discussing the significant developments in human history before the emergence of cities and civilizations. It emphasizes the importance of including the Paleolithic era's hunter-gatherer societies and the Neolithic era's agricultural revolution in the narrative of world history. The script delves into human migrations, the spread of agriculture, and the social changes that led to the formation of various societies, setting the stage for the rise of civilizations.
Takeaways
- 🌏 The script emphasizes the importance of including the history of hunter-gatherers and Paleolithic people in world history narratives, which often begin with the first cities and civilizations.
- 📚 The textbook 'Roberts Traitors: Ways of the World' starts with the story of Paleolithic people, challenging traditional narratives that overlook pre-civilization history.
- 🧬 It discusses the theory that Homo sapiens originated in Africa around 250,000 years ago and spread across the globe due to biological advantages and collective learning, such as the use of stone tools.
- 🌡️ The script highlights the impact of the Ice Age on human migration, with colder temperatures forcing humans to move southwards and later facilitating the spread of humans into new territories.
- 🛶 The earliest human migrations out of Africa reached Australia around 60,000 years ago, showcasing early humans' ability to traverse significant distances and adapt to new environments.
- 🗺️ The script describes the spread of humans to the Americas, with evidence suggesting land bridges and small boats were used, and the Clovis culture's role in the extinction of large animals.
- 🏡 The transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities in the Neolithic era is marked by the domestication of plants and animals, leading to permanent dwellings and population growth.
- 🌾 The development of agriculture is presented as a significant milestone, with farming emerging independently in various regions around the world, influenced by climate change and the availability of suitable plants and animals for domestication.
- 🔨 Technological advancements in the Paleolithic era, such as micro blades and better spear points, allowed for more effective hunting and gathering, which contributed to the eventual shift to agriculture.
- 🏰 The script outlines the social changes brought about by agriculture, including the rise of patriarchy, social stratification, and the development of different social structures such as pastoral nomads and agrarian villagers.
- 🤔 The video ends with a reflection on the importance of including the developments of human migration and the Neolithic Revolution in the story of world history, inviting viewers to consider their significance and impact on future generations.
Q & A
What is the main theme of the first chapter of 'Roberts The Trails of the World'?
-The main theme of the first chapter is the history of the first peoples and farmers, covering the period from the Paleolithic Age to 4000 BCE, and challenging the traditional narratives that begin with the first cities and civilizations.
Why does Strayer believe it's significant to include the story of hunters and gatherers in the narrative of world history?
-Strayer believes it's significant because these people's life ways date back to the Paleolithic Age, and their experiences and developments are foundational to the story of human history, shaping the future of generations.
What are the two important developments that Strayer suggests occurred before the first cities and civilizations?
-The two important developments are human migrations throughout the world during the Paleolithic era and the domestication of plants and animals in the Neolithic era, which laid the groundwork for civilization.
What is the 'Out of Africa' theory mentioned in the script, and what does it suggest about human origins?
-The 'Out of Africa' theory suggests that Homo sapiens first developed in Africa around 250,000 years ago and then migrated to other parts of the world, spreading across the globe over time.
How did the use of stone tools impact early humans' ability to adapt to new environments?
-The use of stone tools gave early humans a distinct ability to manipulate their environment, allowing them to adapt to new environments and emigrate from Africa to Eurasia.
What evidence suggests that early humans reached Australia around 60,000 years ago?
-The script mentions that early humans launched boats from Indonesia into Australia around 60,000 years ago, indicating their ability to navigate and colonize new lands at an early stage in human history.
What is the Clovis culture, and how is it significant in the history of the Americas?
-The Clovis culture is known for a common type of spearhead called a Clovis point. It is significant as it represents the first clearly defined and widespread culture of the Americas, used by people to hunt large animals.
What impact did the domestication of plants and animals have on human societies during the Neolithic era?
-The domestication of plants and animals led to the development of agriculture, allowing humans to settle down and create permanent dwellings. It also led to population growth, changes in social structures, and the eventual rise of civilizations.
How did the Neolithic Revolution spread, and what factors influenced its adoption by different communities?
-The Neolithic Revolution spread through both cultural diffusion, where nearby communities adopted new farming practices, and continued migration, where new life ways were introduced to new lands. Resistance to agriculture was influenced by environmental factors and the abundance of resources in certain areas.
What were the social implications of the shift from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural societies during the Neolithic era?
-The shift led to new social organizations, including pastoral nomads, agrarian villagers, and agricultural chiefdoms. It also affected gender roles, with the rise of patriarchy as the importance of hunting decreased and agriculture became more dominant.
Outlines
🌏 Human Origins and Migrations
The video script begins by discussing the first chapter of 'Roberts' 'Ways of the World', which covers the period from the Paleolithic Age to 4000 BCE. It emphasizes the importance of including the history of hunter-gatherers, who are often overlooked in traditional world history narratives. The script introduces the concept of 'Out of Africa' migrations, detailing the spread of Homo sapiens from Africa to Eurasia and beyond. It also touches on the development of tools and the impact of early humans on the environment, including the colonization of Australia and the Americas. The script invites viewers to consider the significance of these early developments in shaping the course of human history.
🏺 The Paleolithic Era: Early Human Societies
This section delves into the social structures and lifestyles of Paleolithic humans, highlighting their egalitarian communities and the roles of men and women. It discusses the impact of these early humans on the environment through hunting, tool use, and the possible extinction of species. The script also introduces the concept of 'Dreamtime' among Australian Aborigines and the spiritual dimensions of early human life. It concludes with the onset of global warming and the transition to the Mesolithic era, which saw technological advancements and changes in human settlement patterns.
🌱 The Neolithic Revolution: Agriculture and Domestication
The script outlines the transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic era, marked by the domestication of plants and animals. It discusses the development of agriculture in various regions, including the Fertile Crescent, sub-Saharan Africa, China, and the Americas, and the independent emergence of farming practices. The section also covers the environmental and social changes brought about by agriculture, such as population growth, changes in gender roles, and the rise of patriarchy. It touches on the spread of agriculture through cultural diffusion and migration, and the resistance it encountered in some regions.
📈 Impact of Agriculture on Society and Environment
This part of the script examines the profound effects of agriculture on human society and the environment. It discusses the increase in population, the development of new technologies, and the emergence of social stratification. The script also covers the challenges faced by early agricultural societies, such as shorter life expectancies, vulnerability to famine, and the spread of diseases. It highlights the cultural and technological advancements, including pottery, jewelry, and metallurgy, that accompanied the Neolithic Revolution.
🏘️ Social Structures in the Neolithic Era
The script explores the different social structures that emerged during the Neolithic era, including pastoral nomads, agrarian villagers, and agricultural chiefdoms. It discusses the lifestyle and conflicts of pastoral nomads, the social importance of women in early agricultural societies, and the development of political power in chiefdoms. The section also touches on the earliest forms of taxation and the need for writing systems, which would become hallmarks of the first civilizations.
🤔 Reflecting on the Importance of Early Human Developments
In the concluding part of the script, the speaker reflects on the significance of the developments discussed in the chapter. They reiterate the importance of including the history of human migrations and the Neolithic Revolution in the broader narrative of world history. The script encourages viewers to consider the impact of these developments on future generations and to form their own opinions on whether they should be included in the story of world history. It also prompts viewers to consider the perspectives of other historians and educational bodies on this issue.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Paleolithic Age
💡Hodza people
💡Out of Africa
💡Collective learning
💡Neolithic Revolution
💡Domestication
💡Fertile Crescent
💡Pastoral nomads
💡Mesolithic era
💡Chiefdoms
💡Agricultural billi villagers
Highlights
The textbook 'Roberts' 'Ways of the World' challenges traditional narratives by beginning with the story of Paleolithic people rather than the first cities and civilizations.
Strayer emphasizes the importance of including the history of hunters and gatherers, whose life ways date back to the Paleolithic Age, in the narrative of world history.
The text raises the question of the two significant developments that occurred before the first cities and civilizations, suggesting their importance in world history.
Homo sapiens are believed to have developed in Africa around 250,000 years ago, with bipedalism and collective learning as key advantages.
Early humans' ability to adapt to new environments through the use of stone tools allowed them to migrate out of Africa into Eurasia around 100,000 years ago.
Around 60,000 years ago, humans reached Australia, showcasing early maritime capabilities and the spread of human populations across the globe.
The concept of 'Dreamtime' among Australian Aborigines represents a spiritual connection between human activity and the natural environment.
The debate on the first Americans is highlighted, with evidence suggesting migrations around 30,000 to 15,000 years ago via land bridges and small boats.
The Clovis culture in the Americas, known for a common spearhead type, is linked to the disappearance of large animals like horses and mammoths.
Adaptation to various ecological niches led to the development of early agriculture and urbanization, marking significant shifts in human societies.
Exceptional seamanship and navigational skills are attributed to the migrations from Southeast Asia to the Pacific Islands and Madagascar.
The introduction of domesticated plants and animals to new lands led to significant environmental changes and extinctions in Oceania.
Paleolithic social structures were egalitarian with small bands organized by family ties, and both men and women had equally valued roles.
The Mesolithic era marked a transitional period with the development of better technologies and the beginning of the end of the last ice age.
The Neolithic era saw the domestication of plants and animals, leading to a more sedentary lifestyle and the development of agriculture.
Agricultural development in various regions was influenced by local environmental conditions and the availability of plants and animals for domestication.
The spread of agriculture was both a result of cultural diffusion and continued migration, leading to significant changes in human societies.
The Neolithic Revolution brought about population growth, new social stratifications, and technological advancements, shaping the foundation of civilizations.
Different social organizations emerged in the Neolithic era, including pastoral nomads, agrarian villagers, and agricultural chiefdoms, each with unique characteristics.
The impact of the two significant developments before the first cities and civilizations is revisited, encouraging students to consider their importance in world history.
Transcripts
hey guys cook pot Peter thanks for
joining me for this week's video cast
today we're looking at the first chapter
from our textbook Roberts traitors ways
of the world chapter one is called First
Peoples first farmers most of history in
a single chapter to 4000 BCE and you'll
note there is no beginning date there
and that's actually kind of a
significant issue there in the opening
section of the chapter Strayer gives a
brief depiction of the hodza people in
what is now Tanzania and he points out
that traditionally most narratives of
world history begin with the first
cities and civilizations and they leave
out the story of those people who were
hunters and gatherers whose life ways
goes back to the Paleolithic Age Strayer
definitely thinks this is wrong and in
fact the text book begins with the story
of Paleolithic people's and an important
question for you to think about as we go
through this what are the two important
developments at least according to
Strayer that occurred before the first
cities and civilizations in other words
what happened before the sort of
traditional accounting of world history
why are they important in this story and
what impact did they have on future
generations and finally should they be
included in the story and obviously
that's an opinion question and that's
something you're going to have to decide
for yourself by the end of the week in
the first section out of Africa to the
ends of the earth he points out that
there are several theories of where
humans first developed and how they
spread over the entire globe we're going
to look more closely at those in class
for now suffice it to say that it
appears Homo sapiens developed in Africa
around 250,000 years ago having certain
biological advantages such as bipedalism
help these early humans but above all
else it was the power of collective
learning that helped them adapt over
time the use of stone tools for example
gave early humans a distinct
ability to manipulate the environment
this ability to adapt to new
environments allowed some humans to
emigrate from Africa and immigrate into
Eurasia around a hundred thousand years
ago the first migrations Out of Africa
were into the Middle East and then into
South Asia starting around 45,000 years
ago another series of migration saw
humans moving into northern Europe and
East Asia around 20,000 years ago colder
ice age temperatures forced humans in
the southern Europe moving southwards
humans developed Spears bows arrows and
stone tools to hunt reindeer horses and
other game these tools also appear to
have been modified for use as weapons
against other humans but only rarely the
earliest existing records of
representative human communication
mostly represent animals in human forms
but also some abstract symbols some
female figures with exaggerated
proportions are found throughout Eurasia
raising the possibility of a widespread
network of human communication given the
enormous size of Eurasia it is perhaps
not so surprising that it took humans
many tens of thousands of years to fully
colonize it but what is surprising is
how early these first migrants reached
Australia indeed early humans who had
reached Southeast Asia pr2 have launched
boats from Indonesia into into Australia
around 60,000 years ago well before they
colonized Europe even as humans
colonized this new continent their
numbers were few only about 300,000
people by the time Europeans arrived in
1778 of the Common Era even so the
diversity of language is staggering as
there were approximately 250 different
native languages spoken at the time
Australian Aborigines the native peoples
of the continent have a concept called
Dreamtime that expresses a world outlook
in which human activity and knowledge in
the continents natural environments of
rocks rivers and water holes this is a
form of spirituality we will explore in
the next unit when we examine the
of religion human habitation of the
Americas maybe less surprising than that
of Australia but is much more
controversial conflicting evidences
created some very heated debates about
the first Americans while it's still
very hotly contested among
archaeologists the best available
evidence at this time suggests that
humans used land bridges created by
colder temperatures and lower sea levels
they may also have used small boats to
travel along what have been what would
have been the Pacific coast at the time
these migrations appear to have begun
around three
I'm sorry thirty thousand to fifteen
thousand years ago but we know that by
around twelve thousand five hundred
years ago they had reached the southern
point of the Americas in what is now
Chile however the first clearly defined
in widespread culture of the Americas is
known as the Clovis culture it is named
after a common type of spearhead called
a Clovis point that is found all over
North America it was used by Clovis
people to hunt large animals shortly
after the Clovis culture appeared large
animals that had been common in North
America like the horse and woolly
mammoth begin to disappear it is unclear
why these extinctions happened perhaps
it was over hunting or perhaps it was
climate change perhaps it was both or
neither regardless the Clovis culture
soon disappeared as well after the
American megafauna extinction in the
disappearance of the Clovis culture
humans adapted to various ecological
niches with some remaining mobile
hunters and gatherers while others
developed early forms of Agriculture and
eventually urbanization while most of
the world had been populated well before
the Common Era many of the islands in
the South Pacific were completely
unknown to humans until the last
millennium the last great great wave of
human migrations into completely unknown
land came from Southeast Asia to all
corners of the Pacific and from
Indonesia to Madagascar in the Indian
Ocean and showed exceptional seamanship
and navigational skills
unlike earlier migrations these were
done by agricultural people who had
already domesticated plants with the
intention of finding new lands and
creating new communities along with food
crops they also brought with them the
Associated pattern of highly stratified
societies the introduction of
domesticated plants and animals along
with the overuse of native species such
as the MOA in New Zealand and many large
trees and Rapa Nui which we know as
Easter Island resulted in massive
man-made extinctions of flora and fauna
throughout the Pacific region known as
Oceania will study the last wave of
these great Austronesian migrations
called the polynesian migrations in a
later unit in this map you can see a
depiction of the routes that humans took
out of africa couple things to note
first of all the purple areas are areas
that were covered in ice at the time of
the last ice age the ice captured a
great deal of water and so a lowered
ocean levels that allowed for areas
where humans might be able to move in
places that would now be subsumed by
water so now that we have seen how
humans came to populate nearly the
entire land mass of the planet we're
left to ask how exactly did the earliest
humans live in this period known as the
Paleolithic era or early Stone Age the
social structures of Paleolithic
people's were very different from our
own for example Paleolithic humans lived
in small bands of 25 to 50 people
organized by family ties or kinship in
which a group of elders decided what was
best for the community as a whole small
numbers and relatively little
accumulated wealth made these
Paleolithic communities very egalitarian
or equal with little social
stratification and relative equality
between the sexes men and women had
different but equally important roles
typically men hunted and women gathered
but
both were equally valued however without
formal state systems interpersonal
violence was common in the Paleolithic
world and the community as a whole might
punish a wrongdoer with a very gruesome
death the ways in which Paleolithic
people's worked and played were also
quite different from ours hunting and
gathering required far fewer work hours
than now allowing people more leisure
time because they had limited needs to
be met consequently they had more time
for their families for songs and stories
and for simply looking up the stars at
night and imagining the heavens and yet
Paleolithic people's made a huge impact
on the environment as they needed to
feed their growing families
fire-starting and mass hunting
represented an early human alteration of
the landscape and species including in
some cases extinctions of whole species
of animals we will go into more detail
about the spiritual life of Paleolithic
people's in class later on but suffice
it to say now that Paleolithic people's
definitely included spirituality into
their life ways while it is very
difficult to research the spiritual
beliefs and practices of prehistoric
peoples there's clear evidence of
specific sites such as caves and burial
sites associated with various forms of
spiritual ceremonies and while there
were a rite wide range of spiritual
beliefs in these early cultures there
was a strong feminine dimension that
concerned the regeneration and renewal
of life thus the thus natural cycles of
life death and rebirth influenced early
forms of spirituality late in the
Paleolithic era around 16,000 years ago
global warming indicated the beginning
of the end of the last ice age
this led to a kind of transitional
period which we will call the Mesolithic
era or middle Stone Age in class note
that Strayer doesn't actually use the
term Mesolithic in the textbook but it
is a term we will use in our activities
in the classroom as humans develop
better technologies in the Paleolithic
world
they eventually learned to harvest wild
grains more effectively micro blades
allowed more precision and dexterity for
human work better spear points were
developed as were better knives scrapers
and arrowheads a warming trend in the
long term natural climate cycles altered
the habitats of plants and animals
allowing many who had had the technology
to gather grains and hunt certain
animals more effectively to flourish
this allowed some humans settle down and
create permanent dwellings such as the
home own cultures in Japan and the
inhabitants of the longhouses of
Labrador in southwestern Turkey Galecki
gabelli Teppei is built of massive
limestone stone pillars about 16 tons
worth placing a set of circles and
decorated with carvings of animals it is
the product of a hunting and gathering
people who spent the better part of the
year settled at a particular site
settlements allowed for population
growth but these larger communities
needed more food thus plating greater
demand on the environment and creating a
need to increase the food supply
consequently the environment and indeed
human life would be altered irrevocably
the second great human process after the
migration Out of Africa is the
transition to the domestication of
plants and animals in the Neolithic era
or new Stone Age in this era stone tools
were used to harvest plants and protect
livestock from predators instead of
gathering and hunting this led to
intense ofin meeting more food could be
produced from less land and allowed
humans to rape remain more or less
sedentary the various Neolithic
societies that developed around the
world had several things in common while
global warming started 16 thousand years
ago by about 10,000 BCE the Ice Age was
over creating warmer wetter and more
stable conditions for human settlement
and allowing for the flourishing of
plants
plant-eating animals that would soon be
domesticated as traditional plant
gatherers women likely led the way
towards developing agriculture as
hunters men likely led the way towards
animal domestication but as the
importance of hunting decreased the
status of men was decreased as well
consequently new gender roles would be
assigned and the rise of patriarchy
would follow and this is a key concept
that we're going to come back to over
and over again in class the idea of
patriarchy the warmer climate at the end
of the Ice Age may have allowed a
dramatic population growth of hut of
hunter-gatherer communities thus
necessitating a more abundant and stable
food supply farming may have come after
developing a sedentary way of life
regardless sometime around 12,000 years
ago agriculture developed independently
in the Fertile Crescent of Southwest
Asia several places in sub-saharan
Africa China New Guinea Mesoamerica the
Andes in eastern North America it
appears to have happened separately
without any cultural diffusion within
the context of 250,000 years of human
history it was surprisingly simultaneous
while there were similarities among
early Neil at the communities including
the use of a new tool that we call a hoe
not a plow plow hasn't been developed
yet there were nonetheless significant
differences for example for example
geographical dispersion of various
plants and animals suitable for
domestication was quite varied and
determined the path to domestication in
a given region however due to climate
changes in human migrations as well
grains suitable for cultivation and
animals suitable suitable for
domestication in the Middle East saw a
rapid transit transition to settled
farming South and East Asia had a
similar growing season to the Middle
East but with the monsoons it was much
wetter consequently different plants and
animals were
available for domestication such as rice
and the water buffalo with a
dramatically different climate than
contemporary Africa the Sahara Desert
for example what's now a desert was
wetter and fit for human habitation at
the time multiple sites of agriculture
developed south of the Sahara each
exploiting plants and/or animals adapted
to the specific region lacking the
cereal grains of the Fertile Crescent
the America saw the development of maize
which we call corn in Mesoamerica and
potatoes in the Andes over a period of
several thousand years with the
exception but with the exception of the
llama the Americas lacked suitable
animals for domestication this was in
sharp contrast to Eurasia this map is a
depiction of the spread of the
Agriculture of plants and the
domestication of animals throughout the
world a couple things to note first of
all that they start in various areas
even though there's a time line for
example we know it started earliest in
what we now call the Fertile Crescent it
started independently in several areas
and then sort of radiated out from there
it was not a case that started in one
area and then spread out through the
rest of the globe also note - on these
that you've got both plants and animals
that were domesticated to create what we
will call the Neolithic Revolution in
the next section just as humans would
eventually cover the entire globe in the
Paleolithic era so - with the new
practices of cultivation of plants and
domestication of animals in the
Neolithic era the spread of Agriculture
would triumph in many places throughout
the world but it was resisted in others
the Neolithic Revolution spread by
diffusion a process in which a new way
of doing things would be adapted and
adopted by nearby community
but it also spread by continued
migration which involved new life ways
being forced on conquered peoples or the
discs complete displacement of existing
communities as a whole in either case
cultural diffusion would also spread
certain ideas along with practices of
farming but some people resisted
agriculture for environmental reasons
for some their land was not well suited
for it but for others the land was so
abundant they did not need farming they
would rather continue their
hunter-gatherer life ways even others
who had domesticated animals would
nonetheless resist agriculture or
farming plants pastoral nomads for
example would not accept a sedentary
life way preferring their nomadic
culture however settled agricultural
communities were often incompatible with
hunter-gatherer groups leading sometimes
too violent displacement some pre
agricultural societies were changed by
explosion technology and epidemic
diseases while others intermarried it
with members of the new settled
societies some were merely conquered
into submission
wherever agriculture took root
however dramatic changes took place in
the way people lived there were six
million people in the world ten thousand
years ago 50 million people five
thousand years ago and 250 million
people 2,000 years ago population growth
is an issue that plagues us even more so
today more humans meant a greater impact
on the planet specifically human
selection of favorable plants and
animals early examples of overuse of
land were soil erosion and deforestation
agricultural life initially led to
shorter life expectancy people at a
shorter physical stature and were
plagued by tooth decay anemia and
malnutrition relying on small numbers of
crops and animals also meant these
communities were vulnerable to famine
brought on by crop failure or drought
there was an explosion of tectal
logical development such as pottery
jewelry weaponry and tool-making animals
were used for secondary purposes such as
hides wool making wool milking and
transport soon metallurgy would replace
stone tool making leading to even more
social stratification wine and beer
became common between five thousand four
hundred years BCE and 4000 BCE as did
rowdy behavior drunken behavior among
the aristocracy promoted an unsuccessful
effort are prompted an unsuccessful
effort by one Chinese ruler around 1046
BCE to outlaw wine the Mesopotamians and
Egyptians on the other hand regarded
beer as a symbol of civilization itself
all of these changes associated with
domestication of plants and animals led
to new types of social organization one
of these was the development of pastoral
nomads Arctic tundra deserts and
grasslands were generally not favourable
to sell agriculture but they were good
for animal husbandry consequently
pastoral nomads nomads focused on the
milk meat and blood of animals for
therefore the bulk of their diet instead
of domesticated plants pastoral nomads
communities moved about with their
animals looking for seasonally
appropriate and unexploited grazing
lands consequently they developed life
ways that were mobile and that were
opposed to the sedentary life ways of
agriculturalists who built villages
age-old conflict existed between the
wealthier settled communities and the
nomadic herders with their mobile yet
poorer communities desirous of the
wealth and diverse products of the
villages towns and later cities a second
social variation can be seen in agrarian
billi villagers this was the most
widespread in the Neolithic era ties the
social patterns of hunting and gathering
communities of the Paleolithic era
continued in those of Neolithic
communities that did without formal
state systems of Kings Chiefs and
bureaucrats the importance of female
work in farming and textile work gave
woman's social importance in these early
Neolithic societies indeed early
agriculturalists favored women is the
model of fertility as we will explore
more closely in class however without a
formal state system extended family ties
linked people together with elders
exercising authority and this sometime
create sometimes created the opportunity
for the abuse of power a third variation
involves the development of agricultural
chiefdoms not to be confused with
kingdoms in these Neolithic societies
political power came not from physical
force or violence but by giving gifts
performing religious and political
rituals and most frequently from
personal charisma or charm Chiefs
frequently combined the sacred in the
political and their dealings with the
public as no one wanted to be condemned
by the spirits Chiefs became more and
more powerful Chiefs collected food and
manufactured items from the commoners
and redistributed them to the Warriors
this would be the earliest form of
Taxation and also the need for the
earliest forms of writing that would be
a hallmark of the first civilizations
that we will explore in the next chapter
in the end of the book our I'm sorry the
end of the chapter Strayer sort of
reflects back on the issues raised at
the opening section he raises the issue
earlier what are the two important
developments that occurred before the
first cities and civilizations where
traditional world history narratives
begin the first of these as I'm sure
you've figured out human migrations
throughout the world in the Paleolithic
era how humans populated the whole world
is the first of these developments the
second is the domestication of plants
and animals in the Neolithic era the
development of the agricultural life way
that
become the basis for civilization itself
why are they important in the story of
world history what impact they have on
future generations well here's the thing
as you go through the rest of the
chapter for the rest of the week and you
read it keep these questions in mind as
you read they're sort of touch stones
that we're going to come back
periodically throughout the week in
class but then also that you're going to
want to answer as you are actually
reading the chapter finally should they
be included in the story we'll look
Strayer obviously think so I mean he
puts them in the first chapter the
chapter says beginnings as the starting
point for his periodization but here's a
question I want you to stop and think
about what about David Christian if you
look at the the infographic that you did
where he divides there what do you think
David Christian would say about does he
think that these should be part of you
of the story of world history or not and
what about the College Board if you look
at the key concepts on the outside of
your notebook do you think the College
Board agrees with that give that some
thought
before you come to class at the
beginning of the week but finally what
about you do you think that these two
great developments are important enough
to be considered part of the story of
world history keep those questions in
mind I'm not expecting you to create a
formal answer at this point but as we
learn more about these by the end of the
week I hope you will have sort of
accumulated enough information to
formulate a a personal response and
opinion on that particular topic I want
to thank you for your attention I hope
you were able to fill in everything on
the chapter outline and I'll look
forward to seeing you in class in the
meantime have a great day
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