Biomolecules (Updated 2023)
Summary
TLDRThis script explores the fundamental biomolecules essential for life: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains their structures, monomers, and roles in cells and organisms. Carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural components, lipids form cell membranes and provide insulation and energy storage, proteins are crucial for structure, enzymes, and immunity, while nucleic acids carry genetic information. The mnemonic 'CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP' helps remember their elemental composition, highlighting the beauty and importance of biomolecule structure in cellular function.
Takeaways
- 🍞 Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for cells and include monosaccharides like glucose, which is crucial for ATP production.
- 🥜 Peanut butter is an example of a food high in both proteins and lipids, highlighting the presence of different biomolecules in various foods.
- 🧬 Nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA, are essential for storing genetic information and directing cellular activities.
- 🥑 Lipids, such as fats and oils, are hydrophobic and form the basis of cell membranes due to their structure, including the phospholipid bilayer.
- 🥚 Proteins are composed of amino acids and are vital for cell structure, function, and as enzymes and antibodies in metabolic processes and immune response.
- 🌾 Plants and fungi have cell walls made of carbohydrates, specifically cellulose and chitin, respectively, which provide structural support.
- 🍓 When consuming food from living organisms, such as strawberries, you are also ingesting nucleic acids like DNA found within the cells.
- 🥩 Proteins are a significant component of muscle tissue and other structures like hair and collagen, playing a crucial role in the body's composition.
- 🧠 Lipids serve as insulation, aiding in temperature regulation and electrical impulse transmission in cells, like the myelin sheath in neurons.
- 🥦 Carbohydrates can be stored as polysaccharides like starch in plants or glycogen in animals, serving as a reserve energy source.
- 🧬 The mnemonic 'CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP' helps remember the major elements found in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, respectively.
Q & A
What are the four main classes of biomolecules?
-The four main classes of biomolecules are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
What is the term used to describe the building blocks of large biomolecules?
-The term used to describe the building blocks of large biomolecules is 'monomer'.
Which type of biomolecule is glucose an example of, and what is its primary role in the cell?
-Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide, which is the monomer of carbohydrates. Its primary role in the cell is to be used in cellular respiration to make ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
What is the significance of the -ose ending in the names of sugars?
-The -ose ending in the names of sugars is a common suffix that can serve as a clue that the substance is a carbohydrate.
How do carbohydrates serve as a major energy source for cells?
-Carbohydrates serve as a major energy source for cells because they can be quickly accessed and converted into ATP during cellular respiration.
What are some examples of lipids and their general property?
-Examples of lipids include fats and oils, such as butter and olive oil. A general property of lipids is that they are hydrophobic or contain a significant hydrophobic component, meaning they do not dissolve in water.
Why are phospholipids important for cell membranes?
-Phospholipids are important for cell membranes because they form the phospholipid bilayer, which is the fundamental structure of cell membranes.
What is the monomer of a protein?
-The monomer of a protein is an amino acid.
How do proteins contribute to the structure and function of cells?
-Proteins contribute to the structure and function of cells by forming various tissues, acting as enzymes to catalyze metabolic processes, serving as receptors for cell signaling, and being involved in immune responses as antibodies.
What are nucleic acids and what is their monomer?
-Nucleic acids are biomolecules that include DNA and RNA. Their monomer is called a nucleotide.
What is the significance of nucleic acids in the context of genetics and cell function?
-Nucleic acids are significant in genetics and cell function as they contain the genetic information in the form of DNA and RNA, which is essential for the coding of traits and directing cellular activities.
What is the mnemonic 'CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP' used to remember, and what does it represent?
-The mnemonic 'CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP' is used to remember the major and most common elements found in the four classes of biomolecules: Carbohydrates (CHO), Lipids (CHO), Proteins (CHON), and Nucleic Acids (CHONP).
Outlines
🍞 Biomolecules: The Building Blocks of Life
This paragraph introduces the concept of biomolecules, which are large molecules essential for life, also known as macromolecules. It discusses the four main classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and their presence in various foods. The paragraph also explains the term 'monomer' as the basic building block of these macromolecules. Carbohydrates are highlighted as a major energy source for cells, with glucose as a key example, and their role in forming cell walls in plants and fungi. The importance of biomolecules in the structure and function of cells, and by extension, the entire organism, is emphasized.
🧈 Lipids and Proteins: Diverse Roles in Cells
The second paragraph delves into lipids, which include fats and oils, and their significance in cell membrane structure due to phospholipids. It explains lipids' hydrophobic nature and their roles in energy storage, insulation, and as chemical messengers in the form of hormones. The paragraph then transitions to proteins, highlighting their composition from amino acids and their crucial structural and functional roles in organisms. Proteins are integral to muscle tissue, hair, collagen, and as enzymes and antibodies in metabolic processes and immune response. The paragraph concludes with a brief introduction to nucleic acids, mentioning their presence in all living cells and their importance in genetic information and coding for traits.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Biomolecules
💡Monomer
💡Carbohydrates
💡Lipids
💡Proteins
💡Nucleic Acids
💡ATP
💡Cell Membrane
💡Polysaccharides
💡Enzymes
💡Mnemonic
Highlights
Food preferences vary, but all foods provide biomolecules essential for life.
Biomolecules, also known as macromolecules, include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Peanut butter is an example of a food high in proteins and lipids.
This video focuses on biomolecules' role in cell structure and function, not nutrition.
The term 'monomer' refers to the building blocks of biomolecules.
Carbohydrates are abundant in foods like bread, pasta, fruit, and vegetables.
Monosaccharides, like glucose, are the monomers of carbohydrates and crucial for ATP production.
Disaccharides, such as maltose, are formed by combining two monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides are large carbohydrates like starch and glycogen, used for energy storage.
Plants and fungi have cell walls made of carbohydrates like cellulose and chitin.
Lipids, including fats and oils, are diverse and often hydrophobic.
Phospholipids form the cell membrane structure, crucial for cellular function.
Lipids serve as long-term energy storage and play a role in insulation and hormone production.
Proteins are made of amino acids and are essential for tissue structure and cell signaling.
Enzymes and antibodies, both proteins, are vital for metabolic processes and immune response.
Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, contain genetic information and code for traits.
Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids, essential for cellular activities.
Mnemonic 'CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP' helps remember the major elements in biomolecules.
The arrangement of elements in biomolecules greatly impacts their function.
Transcripts
I want you to think for a moment about your very favorite food. What
is it? We all have different food preferences,
but food is a source of large molecules that are needed for life called biomolecules. Also
known as macromolecules. Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids.
In different types of food, you might find higher amounts of these biomolecules. For example,
peanut butter can be high in both proteins and lipids. And while we’ll mention examples of
foods that contain different biomolecules in this video, this is not a video on nutrition – this is
a video on the classes of biomolecules and their importance to the structure and function of cells.
And, therefore, also to the entire organism because organisms consist of these cells.
Before we get into details about the 4 biomolecules,
we need to talk about one very important vocab word. The word monomer. A monomer is a building
block – if I had some large substance, the parts that make up that substance are called
monomers. With each biomolecule class, we will mention its monomer if it applies.
We’ll start with the biomolecule class of carbohydrates. Generally,
food sources such as bread, pasta, fruit, and vegetables tend to be high in carbohydrates.
The monomer of a carbohydrate, remember: that means the building block, is the
monosaccharide. One example of a monosaccharide is the sugar glucose. Glucose is a pretty
big deal considering it’s used in cellular respiration to make ATP, an energy currency.
If two monosaccharides – such as glucose - are combined, you can get a disaccharide. For example,
put these two glucose sugars together,and you get the disaccharide maltose. By the way,
a lot of sugars have that -ose ending. Glucose, maltose, lactose, sucrose,
fructose – I could go on. The ending -ose can be a carbohydrate clue. If you join a lot of
monosaccharides together, that can combine to make a polysaccharide. A big carbohydrate.
So how are carbohydrates important to an organism and the structure and function of its cells? Well,
plants have cell walls of carbohydrates, specifically a large one known as cellulose.
Fungi have cell walls of carbohydrates too, specifically one known as chitin. Fun Fact:
that carbohydrate chitin is also what makes up the exoskeleton of insects.
We mentioned glucose is used to make ATP, that makes carbohydrates a fast
source of energy for cells. So that’s a big function for carbs: a major energy source
that cells can access. That energy can also be stored in a polysaccharide form ---remember,
polysaccharide is a big carbohydrate---such as starch for plants or glycogen for animals.
Next up: lipids. Lipids include fats and oils; examples of food sources could include butter
or olive oil. This is a seriously diverse group. Meaning there are a lot of types of
lipids. There are triglycerides. There are phospholipids. There are steroids.
These are just some examples. Most – but not all - lipids have building blocks of
glycerol and fatty acids. One thing though that lipids generally share? Generally,
they’re hydrophobic or at least contain a significant hydrophobic component. That
means- lipids or at least a major component of them- don’t like water. Lipids generally won’t
dissolve in water. And that’s interesting as generally, the other biomolecules will.
So how are lipids important to an organism and the structure and function of its cells? Remember how
we said all cells – plant cells, animal cells, all cells- have membranes? Well thank you,
phospholipids, for that phospholipid bilayer – because that’s right,
lipids make up cell membrane structure. Lipids have a major function of being a
source of long-term energy storage – you remember how we said carbohydrates were a
fast source of energy but when those carbs are used up, lipids have a function as long-term
energy storage that an organism can use. Lipids also are very important for different types of
insulation. The insulation may involve helping a cell carry an electrical impulse: for example,
this myelin sheath made of lipids that can be found on many neurons. Or the insulation may
involve temperature regulation so thermal insulation: for example, the blubber on
this adult harp seal is made of lipids, helping it conserve heat. Another cool function about lipids:
many lipids act as hormones which are chemical messengers for many different processes.
Next: proteins! Protein food sources include beans, meat, nuts, and eggs. The monomer of
a protein is an amino acid. Usually, proteins consist of many amino acids bonded together.
There are different types of amino acids. So how are proteins important to an organism and
the structure and function of its cells? Structure wise, tissue like muscle tissue,
consists heavily of proteins. Proteins can make up all kinds of other structures – hair
or collagen - for example. Proteins can also be found embedded in cell membranes as protein
channels and channels are important to that cell membrane structure with functions of letting
certain substances pass through. Proteins can also be receptors which are critical in
cell signaling so cells can coordinate actions together. Most enzymes are made of proteins.
Remember enzymes can build up or break down substances in all kinds of metabolic processes.
Antibodies – which are made by immune cells in your body - are proteins and they are involved
in protecting your body. And some critical hormones such as insulin are proteins. And when
we start talking about genes – genes are made of DNA – but many genes do code for proteins.
And that brings us to our last one that includes DNA: nucleic acids. Nucleic acids include DNA and
RNA, which we'll get to in more depth when we get to genetics. Nucleic acids have a monomer
called a nucleotide. That's going to be an easy one for you to remember because nucleotide sounds
like nucleic acid. By the way, you might wonder: are nucleic acids like DNA and RNA found in my
food? And the answer would be yes! Whenever you eat something that came from something living,
it actually could still have DNA inside it. For example, when you eat a strawberry,
you're actually crunching all the cells that made up that strawberry. In the nucleus of
all of those strawberry cells is DNA. Any type of life -like plants or animals or fungi or
bacteria- they must contain nucleic acids like DNA to direct the cells' activities.
How are nucleic acids important for your cells? Well, most of your cells contain
all of your genetic information in the form of nucleic acids -DNA and RNA- and this is
needed for the coding of your traits. Traits involved in structure and various functions.
Ok so we just did a very general tour of 4 biomolecules. Before we go,
I just have to marvel at biomolecule structure. Because it’s absolutely
beautiful. So if I arrange them in the order we did: carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids:
how might we remember the major and most common elements in them? There’s a popular
mnemonic known as CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP – although it’s “chomp” with an “n” - to
help remember the C – carbon, H-hydrogen, O-oxygen, N-nitrogen, and P-phosphorous.
Does that mean you won’t find other elements in the biomolecules? Of course not! But it’s
important to understand the arrangement of these elements in biomolecules,
because the structure of the arrangement greatly impacts their function. You can
learn more in our further reading suggestions in the description. Well,
that’s it for the Amoeba Sisters, and we remind you to stay curious.
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