The HISTORY of ENGLAND [Part 1] - Prehistoric times through Ancient Britons and Roman Britannia
Summary
TLDRThis video script offers a sweeping overview of English history from the Paleolithic Era to the fall of Roman Britannia. It explores the geography of Great Britain, the arrival of Homo heidelbergensis, the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, and the Roman conquest. Highlighting key figures like Julius Caesar and Boudicca, it details the cultural and political shifts that shaped the region, culminating in the Anglo-Saxon invasions and the emergence of medieval England.
Takeaways
- 🏴 The script covers the history of Great Britain from 500,000 years ago to 410 A.D., focusing on the geographical, cultural, and political changes over time.
- 🗺️ Great Britain was once connected to the European continent through a land bridge and was known as Britannia or Albion in antiquity.
- 🏞️ The United Kingdom is a nation composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, with England being the primary focus of the series.
- 🏔️ The geography of England is predominantly flat with the exception of the northern region, which features the Pennine Hills, contrasting with the more pronounced neurography of Scotland's Grampian Mountains.
- 🌊 The River Thames is the most famous river in the UK, known for flowing through London, while the River Severn is the longest.
- 🦕 Early inhabitants of Great Britain, such as Homo heidelbergensis, hunted prehistoric animals that are now extinct, like elephants, rhinoceroses, and hippopotamuses.
- 🕰️ The last ice age ended around 13,000 years ago, leading to the formation of Great Britain as an island and a significant increase in the human population.
- 🏠 The Neolithic period introduced farming, ceramics, and megalithic constructions like Stonehenge, which remains a mystery in terms of its exact purpose.
- 🛡️ The Bronze Age brought the Bell Beaker culture, known for bronze weapons and the exploitation of tin deposits, leading to the famous 'Tin Road' trade route.
- ⚔️ The Iron Age was marked by the arrival of the Celts, who were skilled in ironworking and organized into tribes led by kings and druids.
- 🏛️ Roman conquest of Britannia began under Emperor Claudius and continued with various military campaigns, leading to the establishment of Roman rule and the romanization of the local population.
Q & A
What was the geographical range of the story presented in the video script?
-The story in the video script spans from approximately 500,000 years ago to 410 A.D., focusing on the history of Great Britain and its transformation over time.
What were the ancient names for the islands of Great Britain and Ireland?
-In antiquity, Great Britain was known as Britannia or Albion, and the island of Ireland was referred to as Eriu, Hibernia, or Erin by the Romans.
What is the United Kingdom and what does it consist of?
-The United Kingdom is a nation that is comprised of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The video series is primarily focused on the history of England.
What is the main geographical feature of England, and what is an exception to this feature?
-England is generally a flat country with practically no mountains. The northern region is an exception, where the Pennine Hills can be found.
What is the most famous river in the United Kingdom and why is it well-known?
-The most famous river is the River Thames, which is well-known for crossing the city of London, even though it is only the second longest river in the United Kingdom.
What is the significance of the Cambrian Mountains in Wales?
-The Cambrian Mountains are significant because the River Severn, the longest river in the United Kingdom, starts there. The term 'Cambrian' also refers to an ancient name for Wales and a geological period of the Paleozoic Era.
What is the connection between the Loch Ness and the legend of Nessie?
-Loch Ness is known worldwide due to the belief that its murky waters are home to a plesiosaur, a prehistoric creature, nicknamed Nessie.
What was the significance of the land bridge that once connected Great Britain to the European continent?
-The land bridge that once connected Great Britain to the European continent, located in what is now the English Channel, was significant because it allowed ancient ancestors like Homo heidelbergensis to populate the lands during the Paleolithic Era.
What is the historical significance of Stonehenge and what are some theories about its purpose?
-Stonehenge is historically significant as one of the most famous megalithic constructions in the British Isles, possibly used as an astronomical observatory to predict seasons, although its exact purpose remains a subject of multiple theories and debate.
What was the impact of the Bell Beaker culture on Southern England during the Bronze Age?
-The Bell Beaker culture, known for their bell-shaped ceramic jars and the ability to produce bronze weapons, had a significant impact on Southern England during the Bronze Age. They gradually replaced 90% of the local population and contributed to the region's commercial success due to the abundance of tin deposits in Cornwall and Devon.
What were the key events that marked the end of Roman Britannia and the beginning of Anglo-Saxon dominance?
-The end of Roman Britannia and the beginning of Anglo-Saxon dominance were marked by the withdrawal of Roman troops by Emperor Constantine III in 407 A.D. due to Barbarian invasions in the Roman Empire, and the subsequent Anglo-Saxon invasions by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from northern Germany and Denmark in 410 A.D.
Outlines
🏞️ Geography and Early History of Britain
This paragraph sets the stage for the series on English history by discussing the geographical features of Great Britain, including its islands, mountains, rivers, and lakes. It distinguishes between Great Britain and the United Kingdom, emphasizing the focus on England. The paragraph also outlines the prehistoric timeline, from the land bridge connecting Britain to the European continent around 500,000 years ago to the arrival of Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis. The narrative continues with the arrival of Homo sapiens around 40,000 years ago and the transformation of Britain into an island after the last ice age. The paragraph concludes with the Neolithic period and the construction of Stonehenge, highlighting the mystery surrounding its purpose and construction techniques.
🛡️ The Celtic and Pre-Roman Era in Britain
This section delves into the cultural and societal developments in Britain during the Bronze and Iron Ages. The Bell Beaker culture's influence and the significance of Cornwall and Devon's tin deposits are highlighted, along with the commercial success of the 'tin route'. The paragraph discusses the Wessex culture, the creation of the Huffington White Horse, and other chalk figures. It also covers the arrival of the Celts and their societal structure, including the Druids and the warrior class. The narrative includes the construction of hill forts and the interactions between the Celts and other tribes, leading to the first written records of British history by the Greek explorer Pytheas of Massilia. The paragraph concludes with the Roman Republic's interest in Britain, marked by Julius Caesar's expeditions.
🏛️ Roman Conquest and Influence in Britannia
The Roman Empire's engagement with Britannia is the focus of this paragraph, detailing the initial invasions by Julius Caesar and the subsequent Roman conquest under Emperor Claudius. It outlines the battles, alliances, and resistance, including the significant figures like Caratacus and Boudicca. The paragraph describes the romanization of Britain, with the establishment of cities, infrastructure, and cultural elements. Londinium's rise as a trade hub and the construction of Hadrian's Wall to defend against the Picts are also covered. The narrative includes various revolts and the reorganization of the provinces, culminating in the military and political instability that marked the end of Roman rule in Britannia.
🏰 The Fall of Roman Britannia and the Rise of Anglo-Saxon England
This final paragraph chronicles the decline of Roman control in Britannia and the emergence of Anglo-Saxon dominance. It discusses Emperor Constantine III's recall of Roman troops and the subsequent Anglo-Saxon invasions by the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The paragraph details the end of Roman Britannia in 410 A.D. and the establishment of the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy, marking the beginning of medieval England. The video concludes with an invitation for viewers to follow the channel for more historical insights.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Great Britain
💡Paleolithic Era
💡Neolithic Period
💡Stonehenge
💡Bronze Age
💡Iron Age
💡Roman Empire
💡Hadrian's Wall
💡Anglo-Saxon
💡Boudicca
💡Geography
Highlights
Introduction to the history of England, covering a vast timeline from 500,000 years ago to 410 A.D.
Geographical overview of Great Britain and the United Kingdom, including the distinction between the island and the nation.
Description of the physical geography of England, including its flat landscape, notable exceptions like the Pennine Hills, and major rivers like the Thames.
Historical account of how Great Britain was once connected to the European continent via a land bridge during the Paleolithic Era.
The arrival and influence of ancient hominids like Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens in Great Britain.
Transition from the Paleolithic to the Neolithic period, marked by the introduction of farming and ceramics around 5000 BCE.
Megalithic construction in the British Isles, exemplified by the long barrow tombs and the enigmatic Stonehenge.
The Bronze Age's onset around 2500 BCE and the Bell Beaker culture's impact on Southern England's demographics and trade.
The Iron Age's arrival and the Celts' influence on Britannia, including their social structure and conflicts with pre-Celtic tribes.
The Roman Republic's interest in Britannia, initiated by Julius Caesar's expeditions in 55 and 54 BCE.
The Roman Empire's invasion and conquest of Britannia under Emperor Claudius, leading to the establishment of Roman rule.
Resistance against Roman rule, including Boudicca's rebellion and its aftermath, which shaped the Roman province of Britannia.
The Romanization of Britannia, with the development of cities, infrastructure, and cultural assimilation.
The construction of Hadrian's Wall and its significance in the border defense between Roman Britannia and Caledonia.
The decline of Roman Britannia, marked by the withdrawal of Roman troops and the rise of Anglo-Saxon dominance.
The end of Roman rule in Britannia in 410 A.D. and the beginning of the Anglo-Saxon period, leading to the formation of the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy.
Transcripts
the following story takes place between
approximately 500 000 years ago and 410
A.D
today we'll begin with the highly
anticipated series about English history
but before we dive in I think it would
be a good idea to set the stage and talk
about geography for a bit
[Music]
[Applause]
what is Great Britain well it's this
island right here and in Antiquity it
was known as Britannia or Albion next to
it is the island of Ireland or era or
Hibernia as the Romans used to call it
so then what exactly is the United
Kingdom well first of all it's a nation
not an island a nation comprised by the
countries of England Wales Scotland and
Northern Ireland and yes the title of
this series is the history of England
because even though we all mention that
the parts from time to time we're going
to focus primarily on England England
perhaps at some point in the future
there will be videos about the rest of
the UK if you'd like that you can let us
know in the comments for the most part
and broadly speaking England is a
generally flat country with practically
no mountains the northern region is the
main exception and that's where you can
find the Pennine Hills not to be
confused with the appenite mountains in
Northern Italy I don't need a geography
in Scotland we find the most pronounced
neurography specifically in the grampian
mountains which are home to Ben Nevis
the highest peak in the United Kingdom
with an altitude of 1 343 meters in
terms of rivers the most famous river is
the River Thames although it's only the
second longest river in the United
Kingdom you've probably heard about it
because it crosses the city of London
other important ones are the great use
the river Trent which crosses Nottingham
and the river ooze in addition the river
seven the longest in the land starts in
Wales specifically in the Cambrian
mountains thus called because Cambria
was the ancient name for Wales as you
may know the cambrick is also a geologic
period of the paleozaic age and it was
named thusly because it was first
identified in Wales lastly in the
Scottish Highlands we find the super
famous lakeness or Loch Ness which is
known all around the world because many
believe that its murky waters are home
to a plesiosaur nicknamed Nessie
um but they're not sorry to disappoint
you
[Music]
[Applause]
around 500 000 years ago Great Britain
was not an island but instead was
connected to the European continent
through a land bridge located in what
today is called the English Channel this
was formed throughout the multiple ice
ages that the Earth went through during
the Paleolithic Era that was how our
ancient ancestors homo heidelbergensis
began to populate these lands they
mostly spent their time hunting
different animals such as prehistoric
elephants rhinoceroses and
hippopotamuses yup you heard that right
a long time ago this area was full of
such huge creatures unaware they're
about to go extinct around 230 000 years
ago other ancient hominids Homo
neanderthalensis began to arrive and
replace the locals quickly taking over
their territories Although our Homo
Sapien ancestors already exists at the
time there is no evidence that any of
them set foot in Great Britain until
roughly around 40 000 years ago however
the number of modern humans was not
significant until the end of the last
ice age around thirteen thousand years
ago the ice sheets melted sea levels
Rose and Great Britain became the island
Island we all know today I guess you
could say that was the original brexit
1.0 mistake after mistake around 5000
BCE the coastline was practically the
same as nowadays but that didn't mean
that Great Britain was isolated from the
rest of the world the following
centuries saw several waves of
immigrants arrive from Europe who
introduced shepherding farming of Wheat
and barley and also Ceramics this
brought the island into the Neolithic
period around 4000 BCE at this time
different groups of humans settled down
in the hills and started to build
stockades and moats one of the best
known is the settlement of windmill Hill
built around 3700 BCE there were also
burials at so-called long barrels which
are collective inhumation tombs that
could reach up to 100 meters in length
perhaps one of the oldest is the West
Kenneth long barrel a tomb in Wiltshire
County where numerous burials were
carried out this was the first
significant example of megalithic
construction in the British Isles
in about 2500 BCE which is around the
time when the Egyptians were building
some of their most famous pyramids a
field north of present-day Salisbury
witnessed the first construction stages
of what would become the famous
Stonehenge apparently this Monumental
cromlet was an astronomical Observatory
which was used to predict Seasons well
actually this hasn't been entirely
confirmed yet it's just one of multiple
theories about the place in truth
scientists can't quite agree on the
purpose of this site perhaps the people
who built Stonehenge liked to celebrate
rituals during the summer solstice
archaeologists have also found burial
sites nearby but what they are
definitely not is interdimensional
portals or the work of Merlin the
sorcerer or temples built by aliens
sorry everyone
what we do know are the construction
techniques they used which apparently
took them almost a thousand years Yes
you heard that right a thousand years
and we've also found the remains of the
homes where the builders lived another
famous site very close to Stonehenge is
durrington walls in the interior of that
Circle experts are found remains of a
Neolithic Village from around 2500 BCE
comprised by a large number of homes
built with mud and wood all organized
around a wide Avenue which led to the
river Avon right next door there was a
circular structure made of wooden posts
which some smartass named woodhenge just
like the stone version we don't know the
purpose of that structure and in fact we
don't even know whether it was open or
had some sort of roof lastly also close
by we have the West Amesbury Circle and
the curses an ancient long moat what
were they used for your guess is as good
as anyone's it's an old Imperial base
the year 2500 BCE is commonly regarded
as the staff of the Bronze Age and with
it came a new wave of humans the Bell
Beaker culture which apart from being
known for its bell-shaped ceramic jars
were also able to produce brawn's
weapons this bronze was obtained by
mixing copper and tin and luckily for
them in the regions of Cornwall and
Devon there were massive tin deposits so
the south of England enjoyed a huge
Commercial Success this became the
famous tin root which crossed Gaul and
reached various different points
throughout the Mediterranean it is
believed that the people the Bell Beaker
culture gradually replaced 90 of the
population in Southern England after
them claimed the Wessex culture who
built necropolises comprised by large
Mounds where they buried their Warrior
Elites from this age it's also worth
mentioning the Huffington White Horse a
110 meter long figure sculpted into a
chalky Hillside in Oxfordshire in case
you didn't know pure white chalk is
quite common in the English South think
the White Cliffs of Dover we also have
the long man of Wilmington and the giant
of Kern Abbas in Dorset but it looks
like these are only 300 years old and
probably more of a prank or a joke
the last prehistoric period was the age
of iron which began around the year 800
BCE iron was super duper cool because it
was much tougher and more abundant than
bronze and so people found it very
useful to make tools and plows and
weapons of course there's always weapons
this materials technology was brought to
Britannia by the Celts who occupied
large parts of the south of the next
Thousand Years these people were
excellent craftsmen who used iron and
other materials and the society was very
well organized they gathered into tribes
led by a king and also had an ability
comprised of the toughest Warriors below
them were the priests the famous Druids
and then the lowest class of Celtic
Society were the peasants Shepherds and
slaves that doesn't sound fair to me at
all these Celts had plenty of run-ins
with the Island's natives especially
with other Fierce pre-celtic Warriors
who lived in the north known as depicts
because of this the Celts began to build
wooden fortresses throughout the land
the most notable were the hill thoughts
which featured complex systems of walls
moats and embankments inside were the
living quarters usually round and made
of wood and then there were the grain
silos raised in wooden poles some of the
most famous are Maiden Castle in Dorset
chin Castle in Cornwall eddersbury
hillfort and Cheshire and East Lowman
Hill Fort up in Scotland towards the end
of 350 BCE the Greek Explorer pythius of
massilia surveyed the British Coastline
well you've got to have a hobby I guess
his is the first written record of the
local history and customs and thanks to
him we know the super cool names of many
British Celtic tribes such as the icini
brigantes kuretan
and others
folks were gradually joined by new
immigrants like the Bell guy who as
their name indicates came from
present-day Belgium together with some
attribatas and perhaps also the
catavilluni these belgay gradually fused
with the britons and their small
villages grew into towns with larger
areas of influence which engaged in
active trade later the Parisi from
northern Gaul also settled down in the
region of modern-day Yorkshire some of
those ancient Celtic tongues have
endured until the present day including
the godelic languages such as Scottish
galic Irish Gaelic and Manish Gaelic
spoken in the Isle of Man this Gaelic
language originated in Ireland but the
scoti extended it to Scotland around the
5th Century and then we have the Britain
languages like Welsh cumbrick spoken in
Cumbria Britain spoken by The britons
Who Would later emigrate to French
Brittany after the Anglo-Saxon invasions
and lastly Cornish still spoken in
Cornwall by about 3 000 people
speak my language this Britannic
Prosperity attracted the interest of the
Roman Republic Julius Caesar was fully
embroiled in the gallic wars when he
decided it would be a great idea to
visit those Rich Celts living in
Britannia he sent two Expeditions one in
55 BCE and another one the following
year in this last one Caesar fought the
Britannic tribe of the catavulunai led
by Casa valanis the first Britain known
to history casavalonis lost that
encounter but Caesar had to return to
Gaul to deal with the portrayal of
communist leader of the attribatas a
gallic Belgian tribe who had changed
size to support his enemy the leader of
the gallic resistance Verkin getterex if
you remember your Roman history you'll
know that Caesar was eventually
Victorious but that war quelled his
interest in Britannia and instead he
returned to Rome to start a civil war
against Pompeii
always always fighting however homius
and his attribatas migrated to Britannia
and settled down there founding a little
kingdom of Their Own no it would take a
whole Century before the Romans decided
to return but when they eventually did
they did so in force invading and
conquering Britannia
[Music]
[Applause]
first emperor of the Roman Empire and
planned to invade Britannia on up to
three occasions but for one reason or
another he was never able to begin his
Conquest Rome had allied with the
trinivantus tribe but in the year 9 A.D
capitalizing on the Roman defeat at
tutorberg Forest the catavulunai led by
their King canobeline started a war and
managed to Corner them King canobeline
was succeeded by his son Togo Dominus
and under his rule the catavulani became
the most powerful Kingdom in southern
Britannia by the way Britannia became
the name of the territory occupied by
the Romans as opposed to Caledonia
formidable Northern Territory which
later became known as Scotland the Celts
who lived there were known as britons
the Romans also called Great Britain
Albion and the island of Ireland was
called Hibernia for the local tribe of
the iverni both Islands formed the
Britannic Isles confused yes oh thank
you for the geography lesson in the year
43 A.D the Romans were still allied with
the trinivantes and later started to
connect with verica king of the
attribatas this
but was defeated and had to flee
Britannia with his tail between his legs
now August is relevant because the Roman
Emperor Claudius took advantage of the
situation and under the pretext of
reinstating verica as king finally
commenced the invasion of Britannia
Roman general Olas platius first gained
control over the territory of the
trinivantus and then went after the
catavulani tokodumnus sought to put up
an anti-roman resistance but was killed
at the Battle of the Thames and was then
succeeded by his brother karatekus the
final battle against the caterpillar
Knight took place at their Capital
Camillo dunum which is modern day
Colchester after that big victory many
Britain tribes accepted the Roman rule
but not karapticus who fled and
organized a new focus of resistance in
the west meanwhile the Romans settled
their Capital at Camilla Dunham and
reinstated verica as king of the
atrobates after swearing fealty to Rome
of course I love Rome over the following
years the Roman progressed throughout
the island was Unstoppable in the year
47 A.D the general and governor of
Britannia asturia scapula LED various
attacks in Wales against the most
powerful tribes the siluries and the
ordovichis headed by karakticus in the
year 50 A.D they were defeated at the
Battle of care karadoc and caractocus
was forced to flee once again this time
he sought Refuge with the tribe of the
brigantes but their Queen Carter mandua
didn't want any trouble with the Romans
and turned him in it is said that
karatekus was put in Chains and brought
before the Emperor who then decided to
be magnanimous and forgive him his life
I own you in contrast another queen in
the area had no intention to befriend
the Romans her name was Boudicca or
bodacia ruler of the issini tribe and
she fought the Invaders between the year
60 and 61 A.D The Story Goes that her
anger came because the last will of her
husband King prasitagus left half of his
territory to Emperor Nero believing that
this would buy them peace unfortunately
after he croaked the Roman procurator of
Britannia katus decianus decided to
confiscate the whole lot and set
extortion at taxes some things never
change and then to topic fall off he had
boudica flogged and allowed some of his
Entourage to have their way with her
daughters all thieves rapist
rapist child molesters
boudicca's rebellion was hugely
successful many tribes joined the
uprising not only because she was the
king's wife but also a priestess of the
war goddess andraste after Gathering a
massive Army ludaka managed to sack
several Roman settlements including
Camillo dunum and londinium however a
few months later Roman general Gaia
sutonius paulinus defeated her at the
Battle of Watling Street and Boudicca
Proud To the End killed herself well to
be honest nobody knows for sure what
happened and there are numerous theories
about how she met her end wounded in
battle drinking poison falling sick or
Japanese style seppuku after this
Victory the situation in southern
Britannia calmed down considerably the
Romans began to romanize the population
the small Celtic Britain kingdoms were
gradually absorbed by the Roman
Administration and Britannia became a
province of the Roman Empire with its
capital at Camilo junum new cities were
founded in large architectural projects
were developed including aqueducts
Pavements Bridges sewer systems public
baths and amphitheaters
sanitation the medicine education wine
public order irrigation Road the fresh
water system of Public Health what are
the Romans ever done for us the
previously mentioned londinium became
the most important Roman city later it
would be called London and then
eventually London without a doubt this
was the largest city and a hub of
Britain Roman trade so much so that the
Romans later made it the provincial
capital while Camillo dunum continued to
be important it gradually lost its
relevance in favor of other places like
Calver celchester lindum Lincoln and
glevum Costa another famous place was
acquisulus thus called for its thermal
Waters which made it a great place to
build cool public baths Small Wonder
then that nowadays it's called bath
lastly the northernmost city was
ibarakum modern day York one Governor we
should mention was Julius Agricola who
conquered a lot of new territory until
he reached Caledonia in the year 80 A.D
there he encountered the first tribe of
the pickles over whom he triumphed at
the Battle of mons gropius in 84 A.D but
the land remained very rebellious and
impossible to control so much so that in
115 A.D the picts overran the Roman and
Garrison ibarakum which led Emperor
Hadrian to order the construction of a
massive defensive wall the famous
Hadrian's Wall Build That Wall build
that war it's 118 kilometers represented
a colossal construction project and far
more importantly served as inspiration
for the war in Game of Thrones but
things didn't end there because
Hadrian's successor antoninus Pius
ordered the construction of a second
wall further North near the fourth Clyde
Isthmus however that project had to be
abandoned and so Hadrian's Wall stood as
the real border between Roman Britannia
and Caledonia cos England and Scotland
share borders the next century was
remarkably unremarkable well except for
when Emperor Septimus Severus tried to
conquer the North in the year 211 A.D
but instead ended up dying at a barakum
then in 260 A.D all of Gul and Britannia
rose up against Rome but this only
lasted for 14 years between 286 and 296
we have the Revolt of gracias this Roman
Naval Chief declared himself emperor of
Britannia and Northern Gaul he managed
to hold on for a decade until he was
defeated by Emperor and tetrock
constantius Cloris daddy of Constantine
the first after that the provinces were
reorganized into Britannia primer
Britannia secunda Flavia cesarensis and
Maximus azarensis and a little while
later the province of Valencia in the
following years more Roman military
leaders tried to gain control of
Britannia for example the year 367
witnessed the great conspiracy in which
a Garrison Hadrian's Wall rebelled and
let in the pits at takotai and scottai
by the way these atacosai and scoti were
two Gaelic tribes from Ireland but began
to migrate to Caledonia and fight
against depicts the scoti would later
learn their name to Scotland I go home
is to Sky Scotland with this we reached
the 5th Century in the year 407 A.D the
Roman Empire was in a pretty bad shape
due to the Barbarian invasions by
Germanic peoples faced with this threat
emperor Constantine III recalled most of
the troops from Britannia to fighting
gold and this was quickly noticed and
just as quickly taken advantage of by
some other Germanic Invaders these were
mainly three tribes angles Saxons and
jutes who came from northern Germany and
the Jutland peninsula in Denmark these
are commonly known as the Anglo-Saxon
invasions in 410 A.D the Romano britons
asked Emperor honorius for help but he
was already up to his neck in it so he
told them that they were going to have
to help themselves therefore that date
marks the end of Roman Britannia and the
start of anglo-saxon dominance which
gradually established seven Petty
kingdoms known as the Anglo-Saxon
heptaki this is the beginning of the
fascinating history of medieval England
which we will cover in the next video
and the rest is history if you enjoyed
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