ncRNAs - all types of non-coding RNA (lncRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, siRNA, miRNA, piRNA)
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into the diverse world of non-coding RNAs, which, despite not encoding proteins, play crucial roles in various cellular processes. It highlights the importance of transfer RNA in translation, the housekeeping function of ribosomal RNA, and the regulatory roles of small nuclear and nucleolar RNAs in splicing and RNA modification. The script also explores the protective mechanism of RNA interference through small interfering RNAs and microRNAs, and the gene-silencing capabilities of piRNAs. Finally, it touches on the complex functions of long non-coding RNAs, including their involvement in gene regulation and diseases like cancer.
Takeaways
- 🧬 Non-coding RNAs come in various types and have different structures, performing a multitude of important functions despite not encoding for proteins.
- 📚 Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a coding RNA that is transcribed from DNA and later translated into proteins.
- 🧬 Early in the Human Genome Project, it was discovered that a large part of the genome is non-coding, leading to the misconception of 'junk DNA'.
- 🤔 Contrary to early beliefs, the largest part of the genome is transcribed into non-coding RNAs, which have essential functions.
- 🔍 Non-coding RNAs can be categorized into housekeeping and regulatory functions, with some roles overlapping between the two.
- 🔑 Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a housekeeping non-coding RNA that brings specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
- 🌟 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), together with proteins, forms ribosomal units necessary for the translation process.
- ⚙️ Small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) are involved in the splicing and chemical modification of other RNA molecules, respectively.
- 🛡️ RNA interference is a natural mechanism that protects cells from foreign RNA, involving small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in gene silencing.
- 🧬 Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are longer non-coding RNAs that guide proteins to target RNA for cleavage, playing a role in gene regulation.
- 📚 Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are over 200 nucleotides long and are implicated in gene regulation, with examples like Xist RNA involved in X-chromosome inactivation.
- 🔬 The multi-functionality of non-coding RNAs, especially their role in human diseases such as cancer, is an area of ongoing research.
Q & A
What are non-coding RNAs and why are they significant?
-Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA molecules that do not encode for proteins. They are significant because they perform a multitude of essential functions within the cell, despite not being translated into proteins.
What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the context of RNA molecules?
-Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a coding RNA molecule that is produced during the transcription of genetic information from DNA. It is then modified and translated into proteins, making it a crucial component in the process of gene expression.
Why was the term 'junk DNA' initially used in the context of the human genome project?
-The term 'junk DNA' was used because it was initially thought that a large part of the human genome did not code for any proteins. However, it was later discovered that much of this non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNAs.
What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?
-Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a housekeeping role in protein synthesis by bringing specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the anticodon, which matches the codon on the mRNA.
How do ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) contribute to the translation process?
-Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), along with protein components, form ribosomal units that are essential for the translation process, facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins.
What is the role of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) in the cell?
-Small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), together with various protein subunits, form the spliceosome, an RNA-protein complex that orchestrates the splicing of pre-mRNA, which is crucial for proper gene expression.
How do small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) participate in RNA modification?
-Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are involved in guiding chemical modifications of other RNA molecules within a ribonucleoprotein complex, playing a role in the maturation and modification of ribosomal RNAs.
What is RNA interference and how do small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) function in this process?
-RNA interference is a mechanism that protects the cell from foreign RNA, such as viral infections. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are part of this process, being involved in gene silencing and processed by the enzyme Dicer to regulate transcription.
What is the purpose of Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) in gene regulation?
-Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are longer non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by silencing transposable elements. They guide Piwi proteins to the target RNA, where the proteins execute cleavage.
What are long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and what is an example of their function?
-Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that are involved in diverse functions, including gene regulation. An example is the Xist RNA, which is involved in X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals.
How have long non-coding RNAs been implicated in human diseases?
-Long non-coding RNAs have been implicated in various human diseases, including different types of cancer, due to their regulatory roles in gene expression and potential dysregulation in disease states.
Outlines
🧬 Non-Coding RNAs: The Silent Workforce
This paragraph introduces the concept of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which, despite not encoding for proteins, perform a variety of crucial functions within the cell. It contrasts coding RNA, like messenger RNA (mRNA), which is translated into proteins, with ncRNAs that have been historically overlooked due to their non-coding nature. The human genome project revealed that only a small fraction of the genome encodes for proteins, leading to the discovery of the significant role of ncRNAs. The paragraph outlines different types of ncRNAs, such as transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA), each with specific housekeeping functions in processes like translation and splicing. Additionally, it touches on regulatory roles of ncRNAs, including RNA interference through small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), which are involved in gene silencing, and piwi interacting RNAs (piRNAs), which guide proteins to silence transposable elements.
🌟 Long Non-Coding RNAs: The Multifaceted Regulators
The second paragraph delves into long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are distinguished by their length of over 200 nucleotides. It highlights the diverse functions of lncRNAs in gene regulation and mentions a specific example, the Xist RNA, which plays a key role in X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals. This process ensures that only one of the two X chromosomes is active, balancing the gene expression levels between males and females. The paragraph also connects the regulatory capabilities of lncRNAs to their implications in human diseases, such as various types of cancer. The multi-functionality of these molecules is an ongoing area of research, indicating the depth and complexity of ncRNAs in cellular processes.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡non-coding RNAs
💡messenger RNA
💡human genome project
💡transfer RNA
💡ribosomal RNA
💡small nuclear RNA
💡small nucleolar RNA
💡RNA interference
💡piwi interacting RNA
💡long non-coding RNA
💡gene regulation
Highlights
Non-coding RNAs come in various types and have different structures and functions, despite not encoding for proteins.
RNA is commonly associated with messenger RNA, which is produced when genetic information is transcribed and then translated into proteins.
Only a small subset of the human genome encodes for proteins, with the majority being non-coding and previously considered 'junk DNA'.
Non-coding RNAs have been found to possess essential functions, contrary to the early belief that they were 'junk'.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is an essential component for translation, bringing specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the anticodon.
There are over 31 different tRNA molecules in humans, highlighting the diversity of non-coding RNAs.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), along with proteins, forms ribosomal units required for translation, another key housekeeping role of non-coding RNAs.
Small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) assemble with protein subunits to form the spliceosome, which orchestrates RNA splicing.
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) guide chemical modifications of other RNA molecules in ribonuclear protein complexes.
Non-coding RNAs can interfere with other RNA through RNA interference, a natural mechanism protecting cells from foreign RNA like viral infections.
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in gene silencing and are processed by the enzyme Dicer.
Piwi interacting RNAs (piRNAs) regulate gene expression by silencing transposable elements and guiding PV proteins to target RNA for cleavage.
Long non-coding RNAs are over 200 nucleotides long and have diverse functions, including gene regulation.
The Xist RNA is an example of a long non-coding RNA involved in X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals.
The regulation by long non-coding RNAs has implications in human diseases such as various types of cancer.
The multi-functionality of non-coding RNAs is an ongoing area of investigation, with many functions still being discovered.
Transcripts
non-coding rnas come in various types
and flavors
they have different structures and also
execute a multitude of
important functions non-coding rnas
pair definition do not encode for
protein
before this video starts feel free to
like this video
and make sure to subscribe for more
scientific content
usually we associate rna with
messenger rna a molecule that is
produced
when the dna so to speak the genetic
information
is transcribed the messenger rna
is modified and translated into protein
therefore messenger rna is
coding rna there are rna molecules which
are not translated into protein products
these rnas are per-definition
non-coding in the early years of the
human genome project
it was found that a large part of the
genome is
not coding for any protein let's put it
differently
only a tiny subset of the human genome
encodes for protein
therefore some scientists spoke about
so-called
junk dna however very surprisingly
the largest part of the whole genome is
transcribed
but why when it is not coding for any
protein
because it has been discovered that
non-coding rnas
possess a multitude of essential
functions
so non-coding does not directly imply
junk here is an overview of the types of
non-coding rna and their functions
i decided to distinguish between
housekeeping
and regulatory functions however make
sure that sometimes
one does not exclude the other one
non-coding rna you might have heard of
before
is the transfer rna short
trna the trna is an
essential component for translation it
brings
the specific amino acid to the ribosome
based on the respective three nucleotide
anticodon
there are more than 31 different trna
molecules
in humans another very important
non-coding rna
that has a housekeeping role is the
ribosomal rna
together with protein components
different rrnas
form ribosomal units so the functions of
ribosomal rnas
are obvious rrnas are
required for translation the next
type of non-coding rnas are called
small nuclear rnas snrna
together with various protein subunits
they assemble
to the splice uso this rna protein
complex
orchestrates splicing another sort of
non-coding rna
are small nucleolar rnas sno rna
these rnas are also found in a
ribonuclear protein complex
and their functions are similar to guide
rnas
sno rnas are involved in chemical
modifications
of other rna molecules non-coding rna
can also interfere with other rna
rna interference is a mechanism that by
nature
protects the cell from foreign rna which
infiltrates
in case of viral infections one class
of non-coding rnas to mention here are
small interfering rnas
as i rnas are 20 to 25 nucleotides long
and are involved in gene silencing such
as micrornas
both types are processed within the cell
by an enzyme called
dicer and control transcriptional
regulation
while they are incorporated in the risk
complex
a bit longer than those two types are
pivi interacting rna molecules
p-i-r-n-a these non-coding rnas
also regulate gene expression they can
silence
transposable elements in more detail the
pi
rnas guide pv proteins to the target
rna where these proteins execute
cleavage
all of those non-coding rnas regulate
transcription
and silence genes one more class of
non-coding rnas
are long non-coding rnas the first
difference
those rna molecules are way longer
they have a length of over 200
nucleotides
the functions of those long non-coding
rnas
are diverse again they are involved in
gene regulation
a famous example of those molecules is
the
exist rna a large transcript which
executes x inactivation a process by
which one copy
of the two x chromosomes in female
mammals is
inactivated this regulation of
long non-coding rnas has been implicated
in human disease such as various types
of cancer
the multi-functionality of those
molecules
is still under investigation i hope this
brief introduction into
non-coding rnas was helpful make sure to
like
comment and subscribe and feel free to
watch this video here
thanks for watching and see you soon bye
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