Roosevelt's Revolution: How FDR Led America From The Great Depression | Impossible Peace
Summary
TLDRThis documentary explores the pivotal year of 1932, a time of global turmoil marked by the Great Depression, political upheaval, and the rise of totalitarian regimes. It delves into the economic collapse, the despair it wrought, and the emergence of leaders like FDR and Hitler, setting the stage for the catastrophic events of World War II. The script provides a historical narrative that intertwines personal stories, political shifts, and societal impacts, offering a comprehensive view of a year that changed the world.
Takeaways
- 🎥 The introduction promotes a new history channel called 'History Hits', which is likened to 'Netflix for history', featuring documentaries and interviews with renowned historians.
- 🌏 The script discusses the profound impact of the two World Wars on the 20th century, highlighting the global despair and hopelessness, especially during the Great Depression.
- 📉 The Great Depression is depicted with stark statistics, such as the 25% drop in production in the U.S., 50% drop in investment, and a 20% unemployment rate, illustrating the severity of the economic downturn.
- 🏛️ The political landscape of the 1930s is explored, with the rise of leaders like Franklin D. Roosevelt in the U.S., who brought a sense of optimism and experimentation to the American people.
- 💥 The script covers significant political shifts, such as the formation of the Fascist Party in Britain by Oswald Mosley, influenced by Mussolini, and the rise of Stalin in the Soviet Union, where propaganda and personality cults were prevalent.
- 🔨 The aggressive actions of Japan in the early 1930s, including the bombing of Shanghai, are noted, reflecting a period of unchecked military expansion that would later involve the U.S.
- 🎭 The script touches on the influence of media and propaganda, both in promoting leaders like Hitler and in shaping public opinion, as seen in the case of the Reichstag fire and the subsequent crackdown on civil liberties.
- 📚 The intellectual and cultural climate of the time is highlighted, with references to the burning of books in Germany and the impact of censorship on the arts and sciences.
- 🏦 The economic challenges faced by countries like the U.S. and the U.K. are detailed, with the U.S. implementing the New Deal under President Roosevelt to combat the effects of the Great Depression.
- 🤝 The failure of international cooperation is underscored by the collapse of the World Economic Conference in 1933, which aimed to address global economic issues but was undermined by national self-interest.
- 🕊️ Amidst the turmoil, there are also lighter moments, such as the first film collaboration between Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, symbolizing cultural resilience and the human spirit.
Q & A
What is the significance of the Lancaster bomber in the documentary?
-The Lancaster bomber is significant as it serves as the filming location for a show about the Dambusters raid in 1943, illustrating the historical context of World War II.
What was the impact of the Great Depression on the global economy?
-The Great Depression had a profound impact on the global economy, causing massive poverty, social dislocation, a sense of capitalism's failure, and a rise in unemployment rates, with over 20% in the United States alone.
How did the banking system in the United States fare during the Great Depression?
-The U.S. banking system was severely affected, with the entire system being described as a 'collection of imbeciles' by former Treasury Secretary Mcadoo, and a significant reduction in profits and increase in losses.
What was the Battle of Anacostia Flats and why was it significant?
-The Battle of Anacostia Flats was a confrontation between the U.S. Army and World War I veterans demanding early payment of their war service bonus. It was significant as it marked a low point in President Hoover's presidency and highlighted the desperation of the times.
Who was Al Capone and why was he convicted in 1932?
-Al Capone, also known as Scarface, was a notorious gangster who controlled a large crime syndicate. He was convicted of tax evasion in 1932 and sentenced to prison, marking a shift in law enforcement's ability to tackle organized crime.
What was the political climate like in Britain in 1932?
-In 1932, Britain saw the formation of the British Union of Fascists by Oswald Mosley, who was influenced by Mussolini and adopted similar fascist practices, indicating a rise in far-right political movements.
How did the Soviet Union's propaganda machine operate during the 1930s?
-The Soviet Union's propaganda machine was pervasive during the 1930s, with Stalin's image and ideals being promoted everywhere. It created a cult of personality around Stalin and controlled the narrative through strict censorship and propaganda.
What was the significance of the 1932 presidential election in the United States?
-The 1932 presidential election was significant as it marked a major political shift in the United States with Franklin D. Roosevelt's victory over the incumbent, signaling a demand for change and the start of the New Deal era.
What was the role of the Reichstag fire in Hitler's rise to power?
-The Reichstag fire was used by Hitler and the Nazis as a pretext to claim a communist plot, allowing them to pass an emergency decree that abrogated civil liberties and set the stage for the establishment of a totalitarian regime.
How did the international community respond to the early signs of aggression by Japan in 1932?
-The international community, including the United States, largely responded with indifference to Japan's aggression, such as the bombing of Shanghai, which set a precedent for inaction that would later prove detrimental.
What was the impact of the New Deal on the American economy and society?
-The New Deal had a significant impact on the American economy and society by introducing a series of programs and policies aimed at recovery, relief, and reform. It helped stabilize the financial system, provided jobs through public works, and implemented social safety nets.
Outlines
🎥 Introduction to History Hits and the Impact of World Wars
The script introduces a new history channel called 'History Hits', described as a Netflix-like platform for history documentaries and interviews with renowned historians. The narrator mentions filming in a Lancaster bomber for a show on the Dambusters raid of 1943. The paragraph then transitions to discuss the profound effects of the two World Wars on the 20th century, highlighting the Great Depression, its economic impact, and the rise of extremist ideologies like communism and fascism, setting the stage for the political landscape of the 1930s.
📉 The Great Depression and Its Global Consequences
This paragraph delves into the devastating effects of the Great Depression, detailing the economic downturn in the United States, where production and investment plummeted, and unemployment soared. It paints a picture of widespread poverty, social dislocation, and a crisis of faith in capitalism. The script also touches on the political and social unrest, including the significant reduction in world trade and the Battle of Anacostia Flats, which marked a turning point in President Hoover's reputation.
🗳️ Political Shifts and the Rise of Fascism in the 1930s
The script discusses the political shifts of the 1930s, including the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in a landslide victory, the rise of organized crime with Al Capone's conviction, and the emergence of fascist parties in Britain and Italy. It also covers the Soviet Union's propaganda efforts to deify Stalin, turning communism into a religion-like movement, and the political climate in Ireland under Eamon de Valera, who introduced a constitution reflecting his austere Catholicism.
🇯🇵 Japan's Aggression and the Lead-up to World War II
This paragraph focuses on Japan's military aggression, including the bombing of Shanghai's Chapai district and the rise of ultra-nationalists who assassinated moderate political figures. It also mentions the Nazi party's simple yet effective election slogan in 1932, which capitalized on the widespread unemployment and dissatisfaction in Germany, and Hitler's eventual rise to power not through democratic means but through manipulation by conservative elites.
🤝 The Failure of International Cooperation and the Path to War
The script highlights the failure of the 1932 Geneva peace conference, which aimed to reduce armaments but was undermined by Hitler's withdrawal of Germany's delegation. It discusses the subsequent rise of private armies in Germany, such as the SA and the Reichsbanner, and the fear they instilled in the populace. The paragraph concludes with the ominous prediction of unchecked aggression leading to future conflict, foreshadowing World War II.
🏛️ The Nazi Ascendancy and the Transformation of German Society
This paragraph details Hitler's rise to power, his initial political strategies, and the manipulation of the Weimar Constitution to consolidate his authority. It describes the Reichstag fire as a pivotal event used by the Nazis to justify the suppression of civil liberties and the elimination of political opposition. The script also touches on the establishment of Goebbels' Ministry of Popular Culture and Propaganda, which controlled the narrative and shaped public opinion in Nazi Germany.
📚 Book Burnings and the Suppression of Dissent in Nazi Germany
The script describes the cultural and intellectual purge in Nazi Germany, including the infamous book burnings at universities and the censorship imposed by Goebbels' propaganda machine. It also mentions the impact of fear on German society, the acquiescence of the majority to Nazi rule, and the limited but significant acts of resistance against the regime.
🌉 The Challenges of the British Economy and the New Deal in America
This paragraph contrasts the economic struggles of Britain, particularly in the shipbuilding industry, with the bold measures taken by President Roosevelt in the United States. It outlines the initial actions of Roosevelt's New Deal, including the bank holiday, fireside chats, and the National Industrial Recovery Act, which aimed to revive the American economy during the Great Depression.
📉 The Global Economic Struggle and the Failure of International Cooperation
The script discusses the global economic challenges of the 1930s, the failure of the World Economic Conference in London due to a lack of political will for international cooperation, and the continuation of the Great Depression throughout the decade. It also touches on the political developments in Germany, including Hitler's first speech as chancellor and the publication of the Brown Book of Hitler Terror, which documented Nazi atrocities.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Great Depression
💡Dambusters Raid
💡History Hits
💡Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR)
💡New Deal
💡Adolf Hitler
💡Reichstag Fire
💡League of Nations
💡Nazi Propaganda
💡Economic Nationalism
💡Auschwitz
Highlights
Introduction of 'History Hits', a new history channel with documentaries and interviews with leading historians.
The Great Depression's profound impact on global economy and society, with a focus on the United States' economic downturn.
The rise of extremist political movements during the 1930s, including the Nazi Party in Germany and the Fascist Party in Britain.
The portrayal of the 1932 presidential election in the United States, highlighting the victory of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
The transformation of the Soviet Union under Stalin, with the propagation of his image and the suppression of dissent.
The description of the 1930s as a time of fear and uncertainty, with the rise of totalitarian regimes and the decline of democracy.
Historical events leading to Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, including the manipulation by conservative elites.
The establishment of the Nazi regime and the subsequent crackdown on civil liberties and opposition in Germany.
The economic policies of President Roosevelt, including the New Deal and its impact on the American economy.
The significance of the 1933 World Economic Conference in London and its failure due to lack of international cooperation.
The cultural impact of the Great Depression, including the censorship and propaganda in Nazi Germany.
The comparison of democratic failures and successes in Europe during the 1930s, with a focus on the Weimar Republic.
The role of media and propaganda in shaping public opinion and supporting the rise of totalitarian regimes.
The international response to the aggression of Japan in the early 1930s and its implications for future conflicts.
The personal anecdotes and reflections of historical figures, providing a human perspective on the events of the 1930s.
The description of the social and economic conditions in Britain during the 1930s, including the struggles of the working class.
The overview of the global political landscape in the 1930s, highlighting the shift towards conflict and the prelude to World War II.
Transcripts
hi everyone welcome to this timeline
documentary just before you watch i want
to tell you about my new history channel
it's called history hits it's like the
netflix for history it's got
hundreds and hundreds of his
documentaries on there and interviews
with some of the world's best historians
we're adding new stuff all the time for
example today i'm filming in this
one of the few remaining lancaster
bombers for a show about
the dambusters raid in 1943. if you want
to know more about history hit follow
the information
just below this video or search online
for history it and make sure you use the
code
timeline to get a special introductory
offer
now enjoy this show
[Music]
two world wars tore the heart out of the
20th century
they are a rent in the fabric of history
and at the center of the bungal journey
from war to war
is a story of global want despair and
hopelessness
of the great depression its awful
consequences
and its heroes
you look at the 1920s and you think you
know there were some good leaders there
there was beyond in france
there was strazimon in germany you know
there were
there was a potential for europe to
really get back to a normality
and you look at the the disappearance of
those people from the scene
and you look at who is actually in power
when a real crisis hits the world and
the real crisis that hits the world in
this period
is the great depression and it hits a
number of countries very hard indeed
in the united states the depression
bottomed out
in 1932.
production had fallen by 25
investment 50 prices
10 only unemployment had risen
to more than 20 percent
in 1929 american corporations
booked 10 billion dollars in profits in
1932
it was three billion dollars in losses
our entire banking system declared
former treasury secretary
mcadoo does credit to a collection
of imbeciles there are 40 million people
in the developed states unemployed
millions more on half time world trade
is halved
in that period you can't imagine that
happening today and the consequences
were profound
massive poverty everywhere a strong
sense of social dislocation
also a strong sense of capitalism didn't
work and growing fears that perhaps
communism would come out of the wings
and suddenly
begin to threaten the western world and
so on and so on it was not a depression
exclusively for industry it was the
great depression
and it was for everyone 150
000 american homeowners lost their
properties in 1930
200 000 in 31 and 250
000 in 32
in 1929 global business had been worth
about
32 billion dollars to the american
economy
by 1932 that had shrunk to barely a
third
and it seemed that there was nothing
much that anyone could properly trust
as low as menacing a point as any
came at the end of july
the battle of anacostia flats as good as
sounded the death knell of hoover's
presidency
when he sent troops contained several
thousand first world war veterans
assembled in washington to demand early
payment of the war service bonus
they've been promised it's war the
greatest concentration of fighting
troops in washington since
1865. using armed cavalry
tear gas and tanks the army commander
grossly exceeded his authority
driving the protesters from their
camping grounds at anacostia flats
and putting their shelters to the torch
hoover who had not been responsible for
these excesses was vilified
the commander who was responsible went
on to become a national
hero his name was
douglas macarthur
[Music]
there's a very famous film called i am a
fugitive from a chain gang
where the hero who has tried to play
straight follow the american dream
has lost out at every every chance he's
been introduced by and betrayed by the
american state
in one way or another and at the end his
girlfriend
he comes back and he sees her very
briefly you've escaped a year ago why
haven't you been in touch i can't
they're following me they're there
they're everywhere and she said well
will you stay
no i can't i've got to go but how do you
how do you live
how do you how do you eat and he says
i steal i steal and that line whispered
like
i steal it's it's it's he
makes the hands of you back in your next
stand up this is hollywood
as the votes in the 1932 presidential
election were tallied
rural america was in a desperate state
cattle are dying off by the thousands
from starvation
and from thirst a veritable plague has
visited the once
prosperous farms of a section
we'll have a revolution in the
countryside in less than 12 months
ward ed o'neal of the conservative farm
bureau federation
the democratic nominee the governor of
new york
had as his signature tune for the 1932
presidential campaign
happy days are here again
his name was franklin delano roosevelt
he swept aside the incumbent in the most
one-sided election
since abraham lincoln's victory in 1864
[Music]
like a real landslide this time
he's by nature an experimenter a
pragmatist
let's try that let's try this let's see
what works if something doesn't work
don't get
discouraged we'll try something else
that mood of
optimism gaity
empathy experimentalism and a deep deep
faith in the american
experiment and republic which he never
lost is what
makes him a politically indispensable
figure
convicted of tax evasion the
once-all-powerful al capone
face 1932 in a less upbeat
mood they don't come any bigger than
alphonse capone
from the nothingness of a small time
bouncer scarface al has risen to control
a crime advice syndicate
that grosses a hundred million dollars a
year
his identity card at the state
penitentiary in atlanta
georgia records the following details
sentence begins may 4th 1932
date of birth january 17th 1899
occupation gambler
and there is a careful description of
the three scars on his face
scarface
[Music]
in britain the politically and
personally promiscuous politician
oswald moseley formed a fascist party in
1932
[Music]
he'd been to rome and that's what
mussolini had advised him to do
so he did it in imitation of mussolini
black shirts for which followers paid
five shillings each stiff arm salute the
lot
it was quid pro quo for the substantial
amounts that italy is sending
to fund his movement we will meet him
again
[Music]
the world capital of adoring fans was in
soviet russia
where the orchestrated elevation of
stalin beyond the horizon of mere
humanity
cranked into overdrive in 1932
when pravda the official party newspaper
told its readers of an astonishing
discovery
all of the articles it had published
under lenin's name had
it recently learned been ghostwritten
by comrade stalin you had to lie you had
to repeat the party's slogans and so on
otherwise
stalin would kill you as the russian
maxim had it you lied like an eyewitness
stalin's image was everywhere and
communism
was no longer a political movement it
had morphed into a religion
[Applause]
and the most electable scent produced by
the government perfume factory
was called breath of stalin
propaganda was the air people breathed
during the 1930s
and you could see it in particular in
russia
[Music]
alexander woolcott writing from moscow
in 1932
noted i have been here long enough to
learn
what the major industry of soviet russia
is
it is printing pictures of stalin
standing you know was quite open about
it he said to nadesha
krupskaya um that if she didn't behave
he would make someone else lenin's widow
um which is rather nice that are
creating his
his own piece of history the official
view
found little to a port a british embassy
report
of 21 june 1932 described
a record of overstaffing over planning
and complete incompetence at the center
of human misery starvation death
and disease among the peasantry
men women and children it continued
are left to die in order that the
five-year plan
shall at least succeed on paper
it would have undermined the propaganda
of the soviet union to admit that after
15 years
of socialism of bolshevik rule in the
soviet union
that they're not able to feed their own
population
the minutes of politburo meeting 93 of
december
6 1932 concludes
the council of people's commissars and
the central committee
call upon all collective and private
farmers
who are honest and dedicated to soviet
rule
to organize all their efforts for a
merciless struggle
against kulaks in order to defeat in
their villages
the kulak sabotage of grain collection
obligations
to soviet authorities you could easily
become being labeled a kulak by
just having two cows instead of the
average one that hardly makes you a
major capitalist right
you might be branded a kulak because you
hired
other workers okay you're engaging in
capitalist mechanisms of paying other
people
to work on your phone but that actually
discriminates against some of the most
vulnerable people in in society
discriminates against the
elderly or the disabled
in italy in the doctrine of fascism of
1932
benito mussolini wrote if the 19th
century
was the century of the individual it may
be expected
that this one may be the century of
collectivism
and therefore the century of the state
[Music]
in ireland where the eucharistic
conference was attended by
more than a third of the population it
would be the long fought for time of
self-government
and in 1932 eamon de valera came to
power
eamon devalera was an austere and school
mastery figure
but he was a brilliant politician and in
many ways
he becomes the dominant figure in irish
politics when he is elected
premier in 1932 and in so many regards
and the ireland that you see for the
next 30 years
is the island that has been created by
ayman de valera
de valera would introduce a constitution
which among other things was a major
setback for women
embracing as it did all the rigidity
of his catholicism 97
of irish people attended religious
services once a week so it was one of
the highest figures in the world
[Music]
in japan ultra nationalists
planning to kill 20 moderates succeeded
in murdering two dan takuma
and anui jan nasuki as in nazi germany
murder was a powerful political tool
the attempted crews that take place the
the incidences of violence that take
place
during the early 1930s are clearly scary
people do worry you know leading
politicians had
very good reason to worry that they
might be the one who was attacked next
and fear is a is a powerful
is a powerful thing i think
on january the 29th 1932
japanese carrier-based aircraft bombed
the chapai district of shanghai
[Music]
atomizing the fragile buildings
it was perhaps the first major bombing
of civilians
it ruffled feathers but no one did
anything
and president hoover made clear the
basis for abstention
from any intervention these acts he said
do not imperil the freedom of the
american people
it was a fatal indifference which would
rebound against america
almost 10 years later when unchecked
japanese aggression
reached the american naval base at pearl
harbor
the nazi election slogan of 1932
was simple to the point of banality
sad depressed dejected faces look at us
in a drawing it is an election poster
but it does not name
any political party
it says our last home
them in very large letters one name
hitler could not conceivably have risen
to
power had it not been for the fact
that millions of germans were were out
of work they were
dissatisfied and hitler notoriously said
there are no economic
problems and there are no economic
solutions there are only political
solutions
the rotten democracy of weimar is
responsible for your hardships and your
sufferings and
what is required is a
transformation of germany
led by me a charismatic leader who will
punish the people responsible for your
ills
and that is the jews and the bolsheviks
on february the 26th hitler swore his
oath
as a civil servant in the office of
state culture and measurement in
brunswick
it was a hastily contrived arrangement
which technically
gave the austrian german citizenship
allowing him to become a candidate
in the presidential election in 1932
13 million germans voted for the nazis
but this was not enough to put hitler in
power
he was not to achieve the chancellorship
by his own efforts
he was put there by fools whose
arrogance
persuaded them they could manage this
vulgarian
you know you had all those people from
those old families who thought hitler
was just a little jumped up corporal and
they didn't take him seriously until it
was too late
we engaged him for our own ends said the
deplorable
franz yosef hermann michael mario von
puppets of kernighan
born into nobility and wealth von
pappen's appointment as chancellor was
according to france's ambassador to
berlin met with incredulity
andre francois ponce said that poppin
was taken seriously by neither his
friends
nor his enemies german people desire
nothing more
than to live in peace in order to turn
all the energies
which they possess to the great problems
which will have to be solved to bring
about reconstruction of the world after
the war
papan called fresh elections following
hitler's resounding defeat
by hindenburg in the presidential
election
at the general election support for the
nazis continued to fall
the movement's appeal had clearly peaked
and we won't get to an absolute majority
this way
goebbels confided to his diary
prussia went to the polls after the
presidential election
and the nazis increased their presence
in the london
campaigning with energy and an aeroplane
hitler lifted his party's representation
from six seats one in 1928 to 162 seats
other states bavaria wittenberg
anhult followed the trend it's
a fantastic victory said goebbels
their success revealed the nazis to be
in richard j
evans phrase a rainbow coalition of the
discontented
by 1932 the sa the storm ab title
the brown shirts outnumbered the small
army allowed under the peace settlement
by four to one
so too did the reichsbanner paramilitary
wing of the social democrats
and the 300 000 strong stalhom
a paramilitary veterans organization
there were 400 000 stormtroopers in
uniform
it's hard to imagine now or then such a
private army being tolerated
much less applauded in any more mature
democracy
its influence on the democratic vote as
people entered polling booths past
scowling thugs is hard to assess
fear was already sending people across
the borders
between 1901 and 1932
germany had 25 nobel laureates in
physics and chemistry
compared to the usa's five
[Music]
the majority would flee national
socialism
eight such refugee scientists worked on
the manhattan project
building the atom bomb
[Music]
the peace conference that opened in
geneva in february 1932
had been six years in the making and
there was an almost universal optimism
that it would secure the peace that had
been a general aspiration
and was seeming increasingly fragile
almost universal representatives from 64
different countries
are arriving at the conference hall
geneva for the meeting which is hope
will result in a world reduction of
armaments
they were buoyed by petitions from every
continent comprising millions of
signatures
for 18 months they would debate
then hitler would pull his delegation
out
which euthanased the whole affair
to what climax of the millions of loyal
followers being led by their forceful
leader
adolf hitler withdrawing from the
disarmament conference
resigning from the league of nations
hitler has frayed the world's nerves
afraid
there's so many what-ifs you know could
it have been stopped because of course
the thing is when you begin to get the
breakdown of the international order if
one person gets away with something or
one country gets away with something
that encourages others aldous huxley's
chilling future vision
was published in 1932
he called it brave new world
[Music]
on january the 1st 1933 the newspaper
frankfurter zeitung proclaimed
the mighty nazi assault on the
democratic state
has been repulsed and the vosicha
zaitong declared
the republic has been rescued in just 30
days
adolf hitler would be installed as
chancellor
and it's no accident i think that when
the weimar republic ended in 1933 it
ended
through a small conspiracy by those
conservative elites
who thought here was their chance they
could get hitler into power they could
manipulate him and they would restore
somehow what they'd lost in 1919
in january 1933 hitler threw royalties
from mein kampf
and gifts from supporters was
comfortable
indeed already a millionaire
[Music]
his home was a large apartment in a
fashionable part of munich
his transport was a chauffeur-driven
mercedes limousine
he never learned to drive
and party headquarters was literally
palatial
its staff had grown from 56 in 1930
to 275. he was rarely out of bed before
noon
and frequently holidayed in the chalet
he bought in the bavarian alps
so life for him unlike that of most of
his fellow germans
it was not bad and then
at half past 11 on the morning of monday
january the 30th 1933 it got better
president paul von hindenburg
administered the oath of office
installing him as chancellor
the people around president hindenburg
felt they could use hitler and use the
nazis and use their support
that they'd use them to establish a
conservative authoritarian government
and then they'd just get rid of them
of course the fatal mistake they made
was not to understand that hitler was
thinking exactly the same thing and he
was going to get rid of them
and so i think human error has a lot to
do
with people such as hitler hitler swore
to uphold
what he had long since vowed to destroy
the laws and constitution of the
republic
the weekly news reel shown in cinemas
throughout germany
comprised six stories in the first week
of february
they included a ski jump horse racing
and a horse show the swearing-in of
adolf hitler
was the sixth and final item on the
program adolf hitler leader of the
german national movement
is made chancellor of germany and berlin
goes
wild in celebration of his victory
torchlight's parade like the berlin
knight as backers commemorate his
victory by marching through the streets
and through the brandenburg gate
the appointment of hitler was not a
miracle
though it confirmed his view of himself
as an unstoppable man of destiny
it was just a shabby shameful bungle
what were they thinking
under the weimar constitution the office
of chancellor
was little more than cabinet chairman
and government decisions
had to be by cabinet vote so cleverly as
they thought
president hindenburg and his advisers
made hitler agree
to limit the nazism cabinet to three and
accepting von
papen as his vice chancellor
this meant that papan would always have
an 8-3 majority in cabinet
and within two months papin said
we will have pushed hitler so far into a
corner
that he will squeak
hitler assumed power without ever acting
unconstitutionally
the nazis ascended on the rubble of a
disintegrating political system
i think what really brought hitler to
power in terms of success with the
electorate and
later the people who used to be the
electorate the mass of germans who
who became sort of well hostages to the
dictatorial system
um was actually the support of important
media
organizations like alfred hubenberg's
media empire
it's really hugenberg's support for for
hitler's party and his agenda
i believe that made a decisive
difference to the success of his
campaign between 32 and 33 and
and the rise of what we now know as his
charisma
which i think in 32 still wasn't at all
unequivocal i mean he looked really
quite ridiculous to many people
many people didn't take him very
seriously that man hitler certainly
knows how to sway a crowd
he has the origins magic touch
you would think that the end of the
world is coming proclaiming the dawn of
a new nation
but calling on all not to let germany
forget what she had suffered at the
hands of her enemies
within two days of his appointment as
chancellor
on january the 30th hitler called an
election
in which the nazis so improved their
position in the reichstag
that when the new parliament assembled
hitler had no difficulty
pushing an enabling act into law
permitting the chancellor to bypass the
reichstag and rule by decree
[Music]
what had drifted close to being an
authoritarian dictatorship
under hindenburg became a totalitarian
one under hitler the constitutional
crisis
had led to the death of a republic too
shallow-rooted to survive the collapse
of coalitions
the direct appointment of
non-parliamentary chancellors
or the hindenburg facilitated lurch to
the right
volleyball is often held up as being an
exemplar for
political weakness for democratic
failure but when you begin to compare it
to other states in europe it is actually
one of the
longest surviving democracies after the
first world war
early in the transition to third reich
just after midnight
on the evening of the 27th of february
1933
passersby heard the sound of breaking
glass coming from the reichstag
and shortly afterwards saw flames
lighting the interior at the building
arriving on the scene hitler guerning
and goebbels
declared the arsenal attack to be a
communist plot
using fire and terror rote gerbils in
his diary
to sow confusion in order in the general
panic
to grasp power for themselves
sefton delmar reporting for the london
daily express
arrived on the scene and hitler confided
in him
you are now witnessing the beginning of
a great new epoch in german history
edoma
hitler said delma's verdict on hitler
reached after attending a rally at the
berlin sports palace
along with 15 000 others was
that he was a crackpot
[Music]
the morning after the fire the cabinet
which still had a non-nazi majority
met to draw up an emergency decree that
abrogated
civil liberties across germany
it abolished freedom of speech of
assembly
of the press
by the summer all opposition had been
crushed
more than 100 000 communists social
democrats
and other opponents of the nazis had
been sent to concentration camps
[Music]
most to a new camp outside a town named
dakao
[Music]
the nazis were the only legal party
and hitler had still not in any way
acted
unconstitutionally indeed
his actions received 95 percent support
in the plebiscite
[Applause]
[Music]
[Applause]
germany withdrew from the league of
nations and the disarmament conference
in october
and sir horace rumbold remarked from his
post as his majesty's ambassador to
berlin
that many in the diplomatic corps have a
feeling
that we are living in a country where
fanatics hooligans
and eccentrics have got the upper hand
fear had now become the engine driving
german public life fear had forced 500
leading municipal civil servants
and 70 town mayors out of office
such was the real and palpable fear of
something
suddenly unyielding seemingly uncaring
that the 56 percent of germans whose
votes had not gone to the nazis
acquiesced
there was some resistance some bravery
but not much
people made the gestures and now the
slogans demanded of them
some with enthusiasm
people were afraid of each other of
their neighbors
of thugs in uniform
goebbels reich ministry for popular
culture and propaganda
was formally launched on march the 13th
the american movie trade press coined a
term for the material
the goebbels machine fed them they
called it nazi gander
so hitler was photographed from the
front
from the back from the right from the
left
from every angle hitler hitler
hitler the musical comedy
my weakness was refused german release
on the grounds that the lace panties of
the girls
would contaminate the morals of new
germany
king kong one of the sensational movies
of the year
was damned as repugnant to german race
instincts
and on may the 10th at universities
throughout germany
cartloads of books were tipped onto
bonfires to the chant
for the education of the nation in the
spirit of military preparedness
goebbels invited fritz lang the
outstanding german filmmaker of the day
to become chief of the german film
industry
you understand lang said that my
grandmother was jewish
i decide who's jewish goebbel said
blang left germany soon after
[Music]
britain was beginning to see signs of
apache recovery
but still john maynard keynes one of the
world's leading economic theorists
could do no better than declare that the
economy was
in a frightful model
among british intellectuals in the 1920s
1930s there was a strong
sense of morbidity a strong sense of an
old age was
disappearing and that new threats were
emerging
which might be entirely destructive of
the british way of life
[Music]
wherever we went wrote jb priestly of
his journey through the northeast of
england in 1933
there were men hanging about not scores
of them
but hundreds and thousands of them
[Music]
shipbuilding had been a strength in the
region in 1933
the industry was at seven percent of its
1914 level
before 1914 the civilization the capital
c really meant that the british could
march around
part of their empire while maintaining a
class structure which kept a very large
part of the population completely
impoverished
as early as march the 29th 1933
the date of its first issue claude
coburn's notorious news sheet
the week was describing prime minister
ramsey mcdonald's visit to rome
as a new phase of the pre-war situation
in europe
we have had the most interesting
conversations
and uh i hope that the result will be
a very big improvement
in the peace conditions of europe
post-war had become pre-war and munich
was still five years away
it was a time when america felt itself
to be launching
just a little boldly into the unknown
with a new president
between fdr's election and inauguration
another wave of bank failures rolled
across america
[Music]
it was the failure of detroit's guardian
trust company
controlled by henry ford's son edsel to
turn the wave
into a national flood
on february the 14th 1933
the governor of michigan proclaimed an
eight day bank holiday
residents awoke on some valentine's day
to find that for a full week
they would have to get by with only the
cash in their pockets
all biscuit tins or piggy banks
again the psychological response was
irrational but real
as governor after governor followed
michigan's lead
then shots were fired at the
[Applause]
president-elect
by an unemployed bricklayer named
giuseppe joe zangara
who had bought a revolver for eight
dollars for a pawn shop
his target was fdr's car
and his collateral victim was the mayor
of chicago
mayor cermak critically wounded is
carried to mr roosevelt's car
resting in the arms of the
president-elect he is rushed to a
hospital
above the mayhem a voice could be heard
loud and clear
i'm all right roosevelt shouted
i'm all right and people suddenly felt
that perhaps he was
on march the second two days before
fdr's inauguration
the new york fed fell below its minimum
gold reserve ratio
on the third it lost a further 350
million dollars
200 million dollars in the form of wire
transfers
out of the country
when charles evans hughes administered
the oath on a dutch bible
which had been in the roosevelt family
for 300 years
there was a sense of urgency about the
place
this is preeminently the time to speak
the truth
the whole truth frankly and boldly nor
need we shrink
from honestly facing conditions in our
country today
this great nation will endure
as it has endured when
roosevelt did take the oath of office
the banks in most states were closed and
in others there was a limitation
on how much you could withdraw
and this is as close to
paralysis in a capitalist system
as we can get banks in 28 states
were wholly closed
those in the remaining 20 were partly
closed
half of all household mortgages were in
default
and the automobile industry that had
been producing twenty thousand vehicles
a day
was now building two thousand
in the wealthiest nation on earth 34
million americans
out of a total population of 120 million
had no apparent source of income
it was time for a new deal
fdr's first action as president was to
close the banks
until march the 9th surprisingly
americans coped he's not necessarily a
systematic thinker when it comes to
domestic policy but he's a political
realist and he knows first and foremost
that any president in 1933 has got to
try and get america
back on his feet again ious were issued
accepted and honored barter flourished
a store exchanged a dress for three
barrels of saginaw bay herrings
the box office for a boxing tournament
admitted fans on presentation
of anything assessed as being worth 50
cents
[Music]
on sunday march the 12th roosevelt
began the first of his radio fireside
chats
with my friend i want to talk
for a few minutes with the people of the
united states about
banking 60 million people were listening
including the humorist will rogers who
said the president
had taken the subject of banking and
made everyone
understand it even the bankers
the chat lasted less than 15 minutes
the audience for his broadcasts are
phenomenal 7170 of americans are tuning
into these broadcasts these are
things that are permeating every home
in almost every home in america
no one knew what would happen when the
banks reopened
with the panic resume long lines
formed outside banks all over the
country
it was a day after the president's
speech and these americans were queuing
to put their money back
where the president had promised them it
would be safe
so although we're used to thinking of
the fireside chats as these
major moments of presidential leadership
there are surprisingly few
some years as few as two a year so he
would ration them
and again that was a more effective way
he wasn't over exposing himself
he was turning these things into big
events so that people would actually
change the present
must have something important to say
by the end of march 15 billion dollars
had been taken
from socks pots and pillowcases
and put back into banks
by 1933 u.s unemployment
hit 12 million a quarter of the
workforce
half of those involved in chemicals
steel
and machine industries the city's free
employment agency was scheduled to open
at nine o'clock
and by three several thousand job
seekers were already in line
all day they came in a never-ending
stream the scene
was remarkably free of trouble although
occasionally
someone tried to sneak up ahead of his
turn
even so on march the 15th the stock
exchange ticker tape signed off with the
words
happy days are here again
part of the problem facing roosevelt was
that there was no clear agreement in
1933
as to what had actually caused the
depression
no clear agreement on why it had become
so bad
so therefore roosevelt's new deal
embarks on a
number of different initiatives
among our objectives i place the
security
of the men women and children of the
nation
first on april the 80th
roosevelt announced to his advisors
whose reaction was apoplectic
that he had effectively unhitched the
dollar from gold
allowing the currency to substantially
devalue to the astonishment of the
entire financial world
[Music]
in printing this additional money mr
roosevelt has resorted to inflation
which is no longer the dreaded bogey it
used to
and the dow went up like a rocket orders
for new machinery increased by 100
and overall industrial output lifted by
50
the 10 billion dollars spent in the u.s
under the national industrial recovery
act of 1933
was part but not all of the story of
recovery
it paid amongst much else for 122 000
public buildings more than a million
kilometers of road
77 000 bridges and 285
airports
[Music]
about 000 450.000
wrote to their president in his first
week in office
and mail continued to arrive at between
four to seven thousand items each day
during hoover's presidency one person
had worked in the white house mail room
for fdr the staff was increased to 70.
[Music]
most americans had never heard their
president speak before
so they believe that he wants them to do
well
and when his policies fail they begin to
say
our president is being failed by
bankers corporate heads
we're going to take things into our own
hands because we know this is what the
president wants us to do
by the time the emergency session of
congress ended on june the 16th
the session that the president had
summoned on taking the oath of office
fdr had signed 15 bills into law
these have been the hundred days
[Music]
central to the reform package was what
led the new york herald tribune to
exclaim
seldom if ever has so sweeping a piece
of legislation
been introduced to the american congress
it was the farm bill and it sought to
arrest the decades-long slide in the
agricultural sector
that by 1933 had banks foreclosing on
farm mortgages
at an approximate rate of 20 000 every
[Music]
month
it was to try and bring a cooperative
order to all of this
that the world economic conference
assembled in a museum
in london's royal borough of kensington
amidst the rocks and fossils
in 1933 a second world economic
conference is convened in london
and it's sort of a matching conference
to the disarmament conferences taking
place in geneva at the same more or less
the same time
it's partly why it's in london it's
because all the hotels are full of the
military guys in geneva
the fate of generations may well depend
upon the courage the sincerity
width of you which we are to show
during the next few weeks let the world
know
that we can show decision and give
leadership
then fdr scuttled the initiative
with what has come to be known as his
bombshell message
of july the third he made it plain
that fixing the national economy took
precedence
over an international arrangement
[Music]
so the tragedy of the world economic
conference in the summer of 1933
is that the three major democratic
powers aren't able to do
an economic and a financial deal which
was there i mean they you know they had
the right kind of plans
but there was no political will to
cooperate and that then meant that
everything that followed on from that
when they then tried to face
germany or italy or japan was much more
problematic
and of course their economies didn't
recover from the depression which just
rumbled on all the way through the 1930s
there was a catastrophe
in 1933 hitler made his first speech as
chancellor
and fred astaire real name frederick
austerlitz
teamed up for the first time with ginger
rogers real history
is always the story of lots of things
going on at the same time
in 1933 general mola who would direct
the failed coup
that became the spanish civil war wrote
that hitler
is convinced that his people cannot rise
again as long as the jews remain
embedded
in the nation that is why molar wrote
he persecutes them without quarter
in 1933 the brown book of hitler terra
appeared in 27 languages calmly
and with verification cataloging the
excesses
of the nazi regime so people knew
in 1933 a german catholic newspaper
described hitler's appointment as
chancellor as
a leap into the dark it turned out
rather to be a leap
into the darkness
[Applause]
[Music]
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