HE Session 01 : Unlocking the Pathways to Knowledge: Exploring Pratyaksha, Anuman & Shabda Pramanas
Summary
TLDRThis video script delves into the Naya philosophy of logic and reasoning, exploring the three primary sources of acquiring valid knowledge: perception (praka), inference (anuman), and verbal testimony (shabda). It discusses the limitations and applications of each method, using examples like Darwin's theory and optical illusions to illustrate the fallibility of perception and the speculative nature of inference. The script emphasizes the importance of accepting knowledge from a bonafide, knowledgeable, and well-wishing authority, as in the case of a child learning about their father from the mother, highlighting the reliability of shabda pran in philosophical inquiries.
Takeaways
- 🧐 Perception (praka) is a source of knowledge where 'seeing is believing', but it has limitations due to imperfect senses.
- 🔍 Imperfect senses can lead to illusions, mistakes, and even a propensity for cheating, as illustrated by various optical illusions and historical scientific errors.
- 🤔 Anuman (inference or guesswork) is another way of acquiring knowledge, but it is limited by the potential for speculation and inaccuracies, as shown in the example of Darwin's theory of evolution.
- 📚 Shabda (verbal testimony) is a reliable source of knowledge when it comes from a bonafide, knowledgeable, and well-wishing authority, such as the Vedas in philosophy.
- 👶 The example of a child knowing their father through the mother's testimony illustrates the importance of accepting knowledge from a trustworthy source.
- 🌐 Knowledge from bonafide authorities is foundational in various fields, including science and philosophy, where we build upon the work of others.
- 🔬 Historical scientific errors, like the Piltdown Man fraud, demonstrate the potential for mistakes even in the field of science, emphasizing the need for reliable sources of knowledge.
- 🌌 The universe's complexity and the existence of unique species challenge the idea that guesswork alone can explain everything, suggesting a need for deeper understanding.
- 📖 The Vedas are considered a reliable source of knowledge because they are believed to come from a benevolent and omniscient source, guiding seekers towards the Supreme Lord.
- 📝 The script encourages viewers to engage with the content actively, reflecting on their learning and participating in the video series on philosophy.
- 🛎️ The presenter invites viewers to subscribe, like, and comment on the video, and to stay connected for a series of 10 videos on the subject of philosophy.
Q & A
What are the three sources of valid knowledge according to the Naya philosophy of logic and reasoning?
-The three sources of valid knowledge according to the Naya philosophy are praka (perception), anuman (inference), and shabda (verbal testimony).
What is the concept of 'praka' in the context of Naya philosophy?
-'Praka' refers to the knowledge acquired through direct perception, often summarized by the phrase 'seeing is believing'. However, it is also acknowledged that perception can be flawed due to various challenges.
What are the four defects of perception (praka) mentioned in the script?
-The four defects of perception are: imperfect senses (leading to illusions), committing mistakes, and the propensity for cheating. These defects are collectively referred to as 'IICC'.
How do our senses' limitations contribute to the illusion of seeing something that does not exist?
-Our senses have a limited range of perception, and due to these limitations, we can experience illusions, such as seeing a white triangle in a figure where there is none, or seeing an old woman where a young woman is present, because of selective vision or optical illusions.
What is an example of a mistake made in the field of science due to the limitations of perception?
-One example is the historical belief that the brain functioned as an organ to cool the blood, which was later corrected with the modern understanding of neurons and neural networks.
What is 'anuman' and how does it relate to Darwin's theory of evolution?
-'Anuman' is the process of making inferences or guesses based on observations. Darwin's theory of evolution is cited as an example of anuman, where the theory was developed based on observations of fossils and species, but it also has its limitations and potential for error.
What is the 'Piltdown Man' fraud, and how does it illustrate the concept of 'anuman pran'?
-The 'Piltdown Man' fraud refers to a scientific hoax where a skull was presented as evidence of human evolution from apes. It was later revealed to be a forgery, illustrating the fallibility of anuman pran, where speculation can lead to incorrect conclusions.
What is 'shabda pran', and why is it considered important in philosophical inquiries?
-'Shabda pran' is the acceptance of knowledge from a bonafide, knowledgeable, and well-wishing authority. It is considered important in philosophical inquiries because it provides a reliable source of knowledge that is not subject to the same limitations as perception or inference.
How does the script use the example of a child knowing their father to explain 'shabda pran'?
-The script uses the example of a child knowing their father through the mother's testimony to illustrate 'shabda pran'. The mother, being a knowledgeable and well-wishing authority, tells the child who their father is, and the child accepts this information without needing to verify it through perception or inference.
What is the significance of the Vedas in the context of 'shabda pran'?
-The Vedas are considered a source of 'shabda pran' because they are seen as the verbal testimony of the rishis, who are considered to be bonafide, knowledgeable, and well-wishing authorities. The Vedas are thus accepted as a reliable source of spiritual knowledge.
Outlines
🔍 Perception and Its Limitations
The first paragraph introduces the session on Naya philosophy of logic and reasoning, focusing on the concept of praka, or perception, as a source of valid knowledge. It challenges the adage 'seeing is believing' by illustrating the fallibility of human senses through examples such as the appearance of a deformed face in a concave mirror or a broken stick in water. The speaker elaborates on the four defects (iicc) of perception, including imperfect senses, illusion, mistakes, and the propensity for cheating. Examples like the limited range of human vision and hearing are given to demonstrate these limitations, and the reliance on instruments, which are also a product of these imperfect senses, is critiqued.
🎨 Illusions and Errors in Perception
This paragraph delves deeper into the concept of illusion and error in perception. It uses various optical illusions and visual tricks to demonstrate how our senses can deceive us, such as the imaginary white triangle that appears due to the arrangement of black circles, or the old woman/young woman illusion that shows how selective vision can lead to different interpretations of the same image. The speaker also discusses the historical scientific errors made due to such perceptual limitations, including the misconception about the brain's function and the changing values of Hubble's constant, emphasizing the universal tendency to make mistakes even in the field of science.
🤔 The Pitfalls of Guesswork and Inference
The third paragraph discusses anuman pran, or inference, as another way of acquiring knowledge and its associated pitfalls. It uses the story of blind men and an elephant to illustrate the limitations of guesswork when reality is far more complex than individual perceptions. The speaker critiques Darwin's theory of evolution as an example of anuman pran, pointing out the inconsistencies and lack of transitional fossils to support the gradual evolution from one species to another. The paragraph highlights the dangers of relying solely on speculation and the need for more reliable sources of knowledge.
📚 The Reliability of Verbal Testimony
The fourth paragraph introduces shabda pran, or verbal testimony, as a more reliable source of knowledge, especially in philosophical inquiries. It emphasizes the importance of receiving knowledge from a bonafide, knowledgeable, and well-wishing authority. The speaker uses the analogy of a child learning about their father from the mother to explain the concept of shabda pran. They also mention that all learning, including scientific knowledge, is built upon the authority of previous works and hardworking individuals, making shabda pran a fundamental aspect of gaining knowledge.
🌐 Philosophical Inquiry and the Role of Shabda Pran
In the fifth paragraph, the speaker concludes the discussion by emphasizing the importance of shabda pran in philosophical inquiries. They argue that while praka and anuman pran have their applications and limitations, shabda pran offers a more reliable approach, especially when seeking knowledge about the Supreme Lord or other profound philosophical truths. The speaker invites viewers to stay connected, like the video, subscribe to the channel, and participate in the flipped classroom mode of learning, where they are expected to engage with the material deeply and ask questions for further exploration.
📢 Stay Connected and Engage with the Content
The final paragraph serves as a call to action for viewers to stay connected with the channel, like the video, subscribe, and participate by commenting and asking questions. The speaker mentions the use of a Google form to capture attendance and comments, indicating a structured approach to the video series. They also highlight the importance of viewer engagement for the upcoming classes and encourage viewers to enable notifications to stay updated with the content.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Praka
💡Anuman
💡Shabda
💡Imperfect Senses
💡Illusion
💡Mistakes
💡Cheating Propensity
💡Vedic Knowledge
💡Philosophical Inquiries
💡Flipped Classroom
Highlights
Introduction to the Naya philosophy of logic and reasoning, exploring different sources of valid knowledge.
Explanation of 'praka' as the process of acquiring knowledge through perception, with the motto 'seeing is believing'.
Challenges of perception, such as the illusion created by a stick appearing broken in water.
Imperfect senses leading to illusions, mistakes, and the propensity for cheating, categorized under 'IICC'.
Examples of sensory limitations, like the inability to see X-rays or hear sounds beyond the human range.
The role of instruments in perception and their inherent limitations due to imperfect human senses.
Selective vision and optical illusions as examples of the imperfections in perception.
Historical mistakes in science, such as the misconception about the brain's function as a blood cooler.
The Piltdown Man fraud as an example of cheating propensity in the scientific community.
Introduction to 'anuman' or inference as a method of acquiring knowledge through guesswork.
Darwin's theory of evolution as a classic example of anuman pran and its limitations.
The story of the blind men and the elephant to illustrate the limitations of anuman pran.
Discussion on the fallacy of anuman pran and its inability to capture the complete reality.
Introduction to 'shabda pran' or verbal testimony as a source of knowledge from a reliable and benevolent authority.
The importance of shabda pran in philosophical inquiries and its contrast with praka and anuman pran.
The role of Vedas as a source of knowledge in the context of shabda pran and their significance in philosophical understanding.
Encouragement for viewers to engage with the content through comments and subscriptions for a deeper understanding of philosophy.
Transcripts
Namaste everyone and welcome to this
session on Naya philosophy of logic and
reasoning so in this section we will be
studying about different ways sources of
getting the valid knowledge that is we
will be studying about what is praka
what is anuman and what is shabda and
how this knowledge is coming to us by
three different ways there are pros and
cons and how the Vic knowledge
concludes so whenever we say there are
various sources of the valid knowledge
to acquire the knowledge generally we
see that we acquire the knowledge
through perception right so perception
means
means that is called as
praka so seeing is believing is what the
Moto of the prak Paran is I will believe
when I see does God exist yeah I will
believe in God when I see God face to
face now let us question this whether
she is seeing believing like you
yourself see yourself in the concave or
the convex mirror uh what will happen
with the convex or concave mirror your
face will be appearing very deformed or
you see the stick inside the water pot
here the stick appears broken is stick
broken of course stick is not broken but
the stick appears broken that means not
necessarily see being is believing now
why so because there are various
challenges of perception that is various
challenges of pra pran predominantly
there are four challenges four defects
which they are called as
iicc okay what is I IC I stands for
imperfect senses we are five Gan andrias
that is knowledge acquiring senses and
these senses have their own
limitations because of the imperfect
senses there is we get uh cheating
illusion okay because of the imperfect
senses leads to illusion getting
illusion getting illusion leads to we
committing mistakes and we committing
mistakes leadings to hide the mistake
there is always a chance of cheating
propensity so imperfect senses to be
illusioned committing mistakes and
cheating propensity okay let us see how
the senses are imperfect
senses like our eyes you can see the our
eyes have a particular range in which we
can see uh like if you are standing in
front of x-ray machine the xrays will
pass through you they will be captured
on the film but you will not see the
X-ray passing through you because we are
blind to x-rays we are blind to
ultraviolet rays as well our perception
our reality what we can see is only
between 400 to 700 Micron
range Beyond this we are blind to the
light that is there
right similarly with our ears our ears
they can hear only from the range of 20
Herz to 20 khz like somebody is playing
dogs Wizzle which is below 20 HZ maybe
all dogs will come running and we may be
wondering why suddenly all dogs have
come dogs could hear that wizel but we
could not and similarly if there is a
say a
very huge Bomb Blast maybe we are deaf
to that Bomb Blast because if the
frequency is Beyond 20 khz we may not
even catch those particular sounds
similarly the tongue okay the tongue is
also it is the knowledge will come from
the context like you know if we taste
the orange after sugar the orange will
taste s and the same orange if we taste
after lemon the same orange will taste
very very sweet orange is same but you
know it will give one taste based on
when we are tasting after sugar another
taste if we are tasting after l Lon that
means this is also imperfection of the
tongue and similarly we have
imperfection of the senses say
somebody's sick uh you don't directly
measure the temperature like that
because based on your hand being warm or
cold it will give a different
temperature that means the senses are
imperfect somebody may say yes sir
senses are imperfect but we have very
good
instruments now the yeah instruments are
there but the the issue with the
instruments is instruments are again
manufactured with these senses which are
imperfect in themselves and not only
that the ultimate perceiver of the
knowledge through that instrument is the
human eye or the human senses which have
their own limitation so somewhere that
also comes in picture so the first
problem of first defect is imperfect
senses imperfect senses goes to getting
illusioned just like look at this figure
what is the most prominent figure you
see in this frame most prominent figure
we see in the frame is the white
triangle but mind you the white triangle
does not
exist there are these uh
three black circles they are cut in such
a way and placed on the white rectangle
that it appears there's a illusion of
presence of a white triangle which does
not exist look at this F figure now this
is the imaginary Vision this is a
selective Vision what is selective
Vision uh on the first glass you will
see old man old woman looking at each
other but if you little see very closely
you will see oh there is a man who is
playing on the guitar there is somebody
who is holding the turban there is a a
lady who is swinging and there is you
know a bottle kind of a thing structure
which is like the uh the you know the
earring of the of the old woman if you
still see further deeply you will see
that there is a jar which is kept behind
and maybe this is the design on the
chart but when we see one reality we are
blind to another at least that moment
okay so this is selective Vision the
first we had seen it was a imaginary
Vision this was the selective Vision now
this is a very very famous example we
did discuss this in the class that what
do you see here in the
frame now I have taken this example for
many many people and the young students
they see young woman young girl they see
there Ed ones they say oh there is old
ladies there but this figure has
both young woman and old lady let us see
so here if you consider this as the eye
this as the nose this as the chin the
face side side cut of the face and
somebody looking in the lateral
direction that side and then this is the
young woman and this is the neck but now
just have a different perspective take
this as the nose Okay uh just focus on
the cursor there this as the no nose and
this has the Open Jaw and this has the
chin and this has the scarf that lady is
wearing and then it's old woman and mind
you say two people they look at this
personality one person may be coming
with a you know beautiful red rose to
propose her and the second fellow may be
coming with a stick so that she can
cross the road very carefully because
our behaviors are going to flow based on
our perceptions and here perceptions are
completely different two different
realities existing
simultaneously and therefore there is a
sense there is a not understanding of
the complete picture there is always an
illusion now look at this this
figure concentrate on any of the oval
that you can see what you see you see
that there is a slight movement of the
ovals right but mind you this is a
static stationary figure and no part of
this figure is moving only there is a
illusion optical illusion being created
that something is moving right and then
uh look at the petals now you focus on
any of the petal you will realize that
some other petals are moving around
again the same thing it's a station
stationary image no part of the image is
moving uh it is just a illusion being
created there now focus on the
the black dot in the center what do you
see when you focus on the black dot you
will see that the both the circles they
are rotating counter to each other but
again if you just look at this this is
just a stationary image and there is no
rotation the you know it is just the
stationary
image now you tell me who is the tallest
one here okay now you're are you already
know the answer the these figures are
the same nobody is taller than anybody
the you know the lines are marked in
such a way that the third figure appears
taller than the first and second one now
look at this
what do you see yeah you see either a
bridge or you see the line of the ship
which is approaching the port but at a
given point of time you will see only
one of them at a time right so this is
this leads to committing mistakes now
don't feel the mistakes are only in the
day-to-day life no even there were great
grand mistakes wild mistakes even in the
field of science like the brain was
thought to be as an organ to cool the
blood Siro that means you know you keep
your head cool so that the blood which
is otherwise very hot will go here
become cool and will come down and but I
mean know the modern understanding of
neurons and neural network and the
brains is completely different than what
science used to think just a couple
hundred years back right and this is
this uh these committing mistakes is
across throughout the science okay this
is not only in biology physics let's
take to another example of astronomy so
in astronomy you know that the distance
between the two celestial
objects the distance is measured based
on the difference between the
brightness correct and greater the
difference between brightness and there
is a constant which is called as hubbles
constant and that's how you measure the
distance now the hubbles constant is
named after a great scientist Hubble
after after whom this Hubble telescope
is also named and the Hubble's Constant
was considered as a cosmic yard stick to
measure the enormous distances within
the
universe now you will find that Hubble's
Constant changed multiple times at least
three to four times the Hubble constant
constantly changed and this is such an
important constant right because that's
is going to give you the distance
between the two
objects and now scientists call it
Hubble variable because it has changed
so many times so this is the this is the
tendency of committing mistakes and
committing mistakes sometimes or many
times lead to cheating propensity so
cheating propensity means trying to
cheat over one of the classical example
is what is called as a p down man fraud
of course now we know this as a pill
down man fraud but in the science when
it originated it was known as bu down
man proof so it so happened that Darwin
proposed the theory where in a very very
simplistic form of the theory the EPS
evolved into men okay that from branches
to benches is what the Darwin's theory
is now the animals on the branches are
still there the monkeys are there men
are there but the the link between them
uh it was not existing so they were
looking for a structure which looked
like man plus animal man plus uh
monkey and they said okay even if it is
not not alive because at the transition
maybe this fish must have become extinct
extinct so even if some skeleton also
will do and lo and behold in 1912 in
England Great Britain at a place named
ped down when the scientists were
Excavating they came across a structure
which was just like man and human uh man
and animal structure the the face the
skull was looking more like the human
and the entire body the skeleton was
looking like a monkey animal and they
said yeah this is it this is the proof
that uh you know that this is the proof
that man has evolved from Monkey 1912
was the time when Limitless people
thousands and thousands of people they
became atheist thinking that oh there is
no role of God in creation of the life I
mean you know because we just evolved
and Darwin's theory this and that in
1953 almost 40 years later this fraud
was revealed when the scientists were uh
reassessing their proofs they could see
that the skull was the entire skeleton
was the human skeleton but the body of
the skeleton the skeleton itself was
filed in such a way it looked like man
plus animal and since then this is known
as a ped down man fraud and you know and
now of course the reality is that the
Darwin's theory is almost like rejected
all across the textbooks across the
universities but question here is what
about those in 40 years the million
people who became atheistic believe in
this pil toown fraud so this is cheating
propensity so the P pran has these four
defects imperfect senses that leads to
getting illusioned that leads to
committing mistakes and that leads to
cheating
propensity uh then we come to the next
way of getting the knowledge and that is
guess work okay that's also guess work
means inference or anuman pran
guessing out okay one of the classic
example of the anuman prand is again a
Darwin's
theory uh the typical idea of Anan prani
is that you guess out it may be like
this it may be like that it might have
been like this and you know the the
classic Benchmark example of this anuman
pran is the Darwin's theory itself
before we go to Darwin just imagine
there I want to tell you a story where
in a village uh where there were all
blind people first time the elephant
entered the village now the villagers
were very excited to know what is the
elephant how the elephant looks like and
therefore they assigned a committee of
six wise Blind Men to go and examine the
elephant and come back and tell us the
complete description of elephant they
felt maybe only one person may not be
enough we will have six people all of
them are blind because it was Village of
blind blind people and maybe they put
together with a great uh
permutation combination they will come
to the as close reality as possible so
all the six people went somebody was
holding the trunk of the elephant and he
thought oh elephant is like a snake
somebody was holding the teeth of the
elephant and he thought oh elephant is
like a sharp arrow somebody was holding
the ear of the elephant and he thought
elephant is like the axe somebody was
scratching the back of the elephant and
he thought maybe elephant is like the
wall somebody was holding the leg of the
elephant and he thought that oh elephant
is like a tree trunk and somebody was
holding the tail of the elephant and he
was thinking oh elephant is like a robe
or you know the Rope all the six people
were very intelligent six people very
hardworking six people very honest and
they sat in a conference to decide how
the elephant looks like somebody said
elephant looks like a snake and second
person said no elephant is like a wall
the third person said no elephant is
like an arrow and the fourth person said
no elephant is like a tree and they had
a big dispute the villagers said okay if
you have a dispute amongst yourself how
the elephant looks like why don't you
just combine your observations your
experiences and come with a unified
theory how the elephant looks like but
mind you elephant is not any of the six
elephant is not a snake Arrow axe wall
tree or rope neither any combination of
the six will give any closest
description of the elephant right so
this is one of the grand limitations of
anuman prand where the reality may be
far different than what we are
speculating about and this is the same
thing happened with Darwin's theory
Darwin's theory the proof of the
Darwin's theory is based on uh the you
know the excavation of the the fossils
the record and there are certain records
the where the human beings and the
monkeys they existed coexisted
simultaneously millions of years ago you
know suddenly you get a skeleton
where it's a fully developed human being
right and then you get a then you get a
you know remains of some metal metal
bell or something like that which goes
back in by carbon dating the age of that
is more than 3 million years or 4
million years whereas according to
Darwin the humans they started being
human 40,000 years ago so this entire
from the records of the Rocks one can
clear ly establish uh the proof that the
humans existed far beyond than the
so-called the modern idea of 40,000
years so so this is called as anuman
prand anuman prand means the theor is
based on
observations so this is from the Origin
of Species from where the Darwin's
theory you know is shaped into this book
so there Darwin writes Charles Darwin he
writes that I'm am firm believer that
without speculation there is no good and
original observation and I have worked
five years myself on this subject
recorded many photographs I have put the
photographs very nicely on the forward
journey of this in his voyage and in the
return Journey when he got the
additional photographs of some new
species they were not able to fit any of
the sequence like we will be seeing some
of the species and you know this entire
record was regarded as out of syllabus
by darn so this is uh the fallacy of
anuman pran okay now here is some of the
Darwin's theory on how bear evolved into
the Monstrous well okay and sometimes
you may feel that oh the descriptions in
The Vedas or puranas they may be very
very fantastic and you know uh very
kiddish but now look at this description
which we have studied as the great
science and which is no less different
that you know how the bear became the
whale or how the you know the horse
became giraffe and you know those kind
of
descriptions darn could not now you know
by the virtue of National Geographic by
the virtue of uh you know the Discovery
Channel and others we are coming across
so many species which are like
mindblowing there is a fish with a bulb
on the nose you know or uh there is a
there is the spider you know who's who
creates his spider in you know his web
in such a way it smells like the bird
dropping and you know the many insects
come for that and the SP SP catches
these insects these are the frogs with
dummy eyes on their buttocks and you
know when the enemy attacks considering
these are the frogs and frog get the
second chance and they come a flge like
this okay uh this is the bird which uh
you know this is this is a tiny throated
bird humming bird which crosses the Gulf
of Mexico using the 6 million Wing
Strokes okay so and the weight of this
bird is 2.4 G
six million times he will and upon the
migration at times the you know the
migratory Birds when they give birth to
the new baby uh at the migrated place
the baby will fly back to the original
place which it has no experience of so
these amazing things you know cannot be
explained by the virtue of Simply anuman
there has to be something greater than
guess
work we say while these two have some
limited application it is not that they
have no application they do have
application vas talk about praka anuman
and shab pran shabda pran stands for the
verbal testimony shab prand is receiving
the knowledge from a
bonafied knowledgeable and well-wishing
personality bonafied knowledgeable
well-wishing three criteria must be
bonafied must be knowledgeable and must
be well-wishing personality so just like
when the child when we all being born
now when the child is born everybody
knows who is the mother of the child you
know the mother is pregnant you know the
lady is pregnant when she goes to
hospital admitted in the board the nurse
knows the doctors who are operating
cesarian normal everything they know who
is the mother of the child but only
mother knows who is the father of the
child now for the child to find out who
is my mother is very easy everybody says
oh bet this is your mother you know you
only have come out through her womb and
this is this she is your your mother but
only mother knows who is the father the
child cannot simply go on experimenting
like pran saying that he will take his
own DNA sample and try to match with say
around 4 billion humans males suround
and saying that you are my father you
are my father are you my father are you
my father are you my father no this is
not possible neither it is practical
neither we will we are going to leave
that much to do all these many tests and
everybody doing this test I mean you
know you can just imagine it is just
impossibility neither he can guess work
maybe this man is my father or maybe
this man is my father maybe this man is
the best way to know for the child who
is my father is to ask mother mother is
bonafied she is knowledgeable and only
she is knowledgeable by the way and
she's well Wisher of the child and she
will say beta this man you know is
smiling laughing lovingly you know
gesturing on you is your father and the
child accept that man as father and
later you can do the guest with work oh
he looks like me and I look like him
then you can do even experimental work
you know matching the DNA but it begins
with shab so shabda means knowledge
accepted from bonafied
knowledgeable well-wishing Authority who
will not cheat you right so so this is
the verbal testimony therefore VAs on a
broader scale they are called as a v mat
why V mat because Veda means knowledge
to know V have bonafied and vas have the
great intention of doing good to people
just like the mother has towards the
child and just like the mother indicates
to the father similarly vas indicate to
the Supreme Lord as the
father The Vedas indicates towards the
father and therefore Vedas by the virtue
of the knowledge they are called as
vedam mat so uh there are many other
examples of receiving the knowledge
through bonafied Authority in fact all
the knowledge that we receive
learning the knowledge from Professor is
also receiving the knowledge from
Authority learning Laws of Motion from
Newton is like learning from The
Authority nobody's going to start
physics from the scratch nobody's going
to start chemistry or biology or you
know the technology from the scratch we
built upon the knowledge of one another
this is nothing but the shab praman
believing in the bonafied authority the
previous work who are hardworking who
are
bonafied knowledgeable and well wishing
so this is this is what is called as
shabda
prar right so in conclusion we have seen
that uh there are various ways of
gaining knowledge pra anuman and shabda
and there are certain applications of PR
pran at the same time there are defects
in PR pran there are applications of
anuman at the same time there are
limitations in anuman pran and then
there is shab pran and especially
philosophical Quest the philosophical
inquire should be uh should be addressed
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