ENGENHARIA TOPOGRAFIA TEODOLITO - Tutorial - Medida Indireta de Distância e Diferença de Nível

Summary

This educational video offers a comprehensive guide on using a theodolite for measuring distances and height differences in surveying. The instructor breaks down key components, including the optical plumb bob, leveling screws, and focusing mechanisms, to ensure proper equipment setup. The video demonstrates how to take accurate readings with graduated scales and explains how to perform horizontal distance and level difference calculations through practical examples. The session also covers key surveying techniques, such as perpendicular, ascending, and descending measurements, along with real-world applications of these methods in the field.

Takeaways

• 😀 The theodolite is a key instrument used for measuring distances and height differences in surveying.
• 😀 The optical plummet helps center the instrument, ensuring precise alignment with the survey point.
• 😀 The instrument is leveled using tubular and spherical levels, adjusted with three leveling screws to ensure accurate readings.
• 😀 The theodolite allows adjustments for both vertical and horizontal angles to measure various types of sightlines (perpendicular, ascending, descending).
• 😀 Graduated scales made of wood or aluminum are used to measure distances, with markings for centimeters and meters.
• 😀 A detailed procedure is outlined for setting up the theodolite, including mounting the tripod and centering the instrument with the optical plummet.
• 😀 Proper alignment of the instrument ensures accurate readings, with adjustments made to the horizontal and vertical angles using the reticle.
• 😀 When reading distances, the vertical difference between the upper, middle, and lower wires of the reticle is used to calculate height differences.
• 😀 Horizontal distances and height differences are calculated using formulas that account for angular correction and height differences using trigonometry.
• 😀 Real-life examples are provided, showing how the measurements for horizontal distance and height can be calculated with minimal error.
• 😀 The lesson emphasizes the importance of proper calibration and attention to detail to achieve precise measurements in surveying.

Q & A

What is the purpose of the theodolite as discussed in the video?

The theodolite is used for indirect measurement of distances and differences in elevation. It is a key tool for surveying and performing precise angle measurements.

What are the key components of the theodolite mentioned in the script?

The key components include the optical plumb sight, tubular and spherical levels, leveling screws, vertical and horizontal angle locks, focus ring, battery, aiming sight, LCD display, operational keys, and the carrying handle.

How is the theodolite leveled correctly?

The theodolite is leveled using two types of levels: the spherical and tubular levels. The equipment is adjusted using three leveling screws to ensure the bubble is centered within the circles of the levels.

What are the different types of angle readings that can be made with the theodolite?

The three types of angle readings are: perpendicular (90º with horizontal), ascending (less than 90º), and descending (greater than 90º). These readings help determine different angles depending on the direction of measurement.

What is the function of the stadia lines in the reticle of the theodolite's telescope?

The stadia lines are used to help determine the difference in height (H) between the upper and lower stadia lines. They assist in making precise distance and level measurements.

What is the difference between the two types of measuring rods mentioned?

There are two types of measuring rods: wooden rods, which have small indicator balls representing meters, and aluminum rods, which have only numerical indicators for meters and centimeters, without the balls.

How is a reading made on the measuring rod?

A reading is made by aligning the stadia line with the rod’s markings, then reading the distance between the markings and noting the number of centimeters or meters indicated. The correct values are obtained by counting the spaces on the rod.

What is the process of setting up the tripod for the theodolite?

To set up the tripod, spread the legs, ensuring the equipment is centered over the marked survey point (piquete). Once the tripod is stable, the theodolite is placed on the base, and centering is done using the optical plumb sight.

How do you determine the horizontal distance and difference in elevation between two points using the theodolite?

To determine the horizontal distance, the vertical angle measured by the theodolite is used in combination with the height difference between the stadia lines. The difference in elevation is found by applying the correct formula based on the vertical angle and height measurements.

What is the significance of the angle readings in determining horizontal distance and elevation difference?

The angle readings are crucial for adjusting the measurements of distance and elevation. For instance, the horizontal distance is adjusted by multiplying the height difference (H) with the cosine of the vertical angle. The elevation difference is calculated by adjusting for the vertical angle in the formula.