Perubahan Sosial: Teori Siklus dan Teori Sistem Sosial

Summary

In this lecture, the concept of social change is explored through various theoretical lenses, including cyclical theories by Ibn Khaldun, Herbert Spencer, and Oswald Spengler, as well as Talcott Parsons' structural-functionalism. Ibn Khaldun's view on the cyclical nature of societal rise and fall contrasts with Spencer's linear progression and Spengler's four-stage developmental theory. Parsons' structural-functionalism, on the other hand, emphasizes the interdependence of societal components, suggesting that social change can be planned and managed. The lecture applies these theories to real-world examples like educational and religious institutions, offering practical insights into societal development and transformation.

Takeaways

• 😀 Social change is a key concept in sociology, and various theories provide different perspectives on how it happens.
• 😀 Ibn Khaldun's cyclical theory suggests that societies go through a repetitive cycle of rise, prosperity, and collapse.
• 😀 Herbert Spencer's linear theory of social change proposes that societies evolve in a straight line, progressing through distinct stages.
• 😀 Oswald Spengler's four-phase theory compares societal development to human life stages: childhood (growth), adolescence (moral development), adulthood (identity), and old age (decline).
• 😀 The cyclical theory implies that social changes are often unpredictable and repeat historical patterns (e.g., transportation trends going from traditional to modern and back).
• 😀 Talcott Parsons' structural-functional theory argues that social change can be planned, as societal institutions interact and maintain stability.
• 😀 Parsons' theory uses the AGIL model, where 'A' stands for Adaptation (adjusting to environmental demands), 'G' stands for Goal Attainment (achieving societal goals), 'I' stands for Integration (coordination among societal parts), and 'L' stands for Latency (maintaining cultural patterns and values).
• 😀 In cyclical theories, changes repeat in a circular manner, with societies returning to earlier forms of organization (e.g., using animals for transport, then back to bicycles or walking).
• 😀 The application of Parsons' structural-functional theory is seen in the analysis of how social institutions (e.g., education) adapt and function together, especially in times of societal challenges (e.g., pandemics).
• 😀 Research examples, such as the study of extracurricular activities like scouting, show how Parsons' theory can be applied to analyze the relationship between social activities and the development of individual values like religiosity.

Q & A

What is the cyclical theory of social change?

The cyclical theory, as discussed in the transcript, suggests that social change follows a recurring pattern. Societies evolve in cycles, where periods of growth and development are followed by decline and destruction, after which a new cycle begins.

How does Ibn Khaldun's view on cyclical theory differ from other theorists?

Ibn Khaldun's cyclical theory suggests that societal development and decline occur in a repeating cycle. He believed that human society progresses through stages of growth, peak development, and eventual collapse, often due to the actions of the society itself, leading to the start of a new cycle.

What is Herbert Spencer's perspective on the cyclical theory?

Herbert Spencer's cyclical theory differs from Ibn Khaldun's as Spencer believed social change is linear. He proposed that societies progress in a single direction, with constant development leading towards improvement, without returning to previous stages.

How does Oswald Spengler’s cyclical theory compare to the others?

Oswald Spengler's cyclical theory is similar to Ibn Khaldun's, emphasizing that societies pass through four stages: childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Once a society reaches the old age stage, it begins a decline and eventually transforms or is replaced.

Can you provide an example of cyclical change in society?

A clear example from the transcript is the shift in transportation trends. In the past, people walked or used animal-drawn vehicles. Over time, motorized transportation became common, and now there is a return to using bicycles as a more sustainable and eco-friendly option, reflecting the cyclical nature of social trends.

What are the four stages of societal development according to Spengler?

According to Spengler, the four stages of societal development are: 1) Childhood, which represents early growth and development, 2) Adolescence, where values and morals are established, 3) Adulthood, where identity is fully formed, and 4) Old age, which marks the decline and eventual transformation of the society.

How does Talcott Parsons' structural-functional theory approach social change?

Talcott Parsons' structural-functional theory suggests that social change is planned and can be managed. He views society as a system where various institutions are interrelated, and changes in one institution affect the whole system. His AGIL model (Adaptation, Goal Attainment, Integration, and Latency) explains how systems evolve to meet societal needs.

What does the AGIL model stand for in Parsons' theory?

The AGIL model in Parsons' structural-functional theory stands for: 1) Adaptation (the ability of society to adjust to external needs), 2) Goal Attainment (achieving the system's goals), 3) Integration (ensuring the system components work together), and 4) Latency (the maintenance and renewal of societal values and motivation).

What is an example of the AGIL model in practice in a school setting?

An example in a school setting is the implementation of the Pramuka extracurricular activity to instill religious values in students. The school adapts by requiring participation in Pramuka (Adaptation), sets the goal of building character (Goal Attainment), ensures coordination between teachers and students (Integration), and maintains the program's values through rewards and punishments (Latency).

How do the cyclical and structural-functional theories differ in explaining social change?

The cyclical theory sees social change as a repetitive and inevitable process, with societies moving through cycles of growth and decline. In contrast, the structural-functional theory views social change as something that can be planned and managed, with changes in one part of society influencing other parts, aiming for stability and integration.