Kompersos Modernisasi Bagian 2

Summary

This educational video discusses the concept of modernism and its associated theories, exploring the works of key thinkers such as Herbert Spencer, Talcott Parsons, and others. It covers the evolution of modern societies, the role of structural functionalism, and the stages of economic growth proposed by scholars like Rostow. The video also examines political modernization and the implications of tradition in modern development. It contrasts classical and contemporary views on modernization, highlighting critiques and proposing a more nuanced approach that integrates local contexts and values. The importance of critical analysis and the evolving nature of modernity are emphasized.

Takeaways

• 😀 Herbert Spencer's theory of evolution influenced modernisation thinking, emphasizing gradual social change through a process of selection, where societies evolve from primitive to advanced stages.
• 😀 Talcott Parsons' structural functionalism sees society as a complex structure made up of interconnected parts, each serving a unique function. This approach contributed significantly to modernisation theories.
• 😀 The concept of 'differentiation' in modernisation, as introduced by Smelser, suggests that societies evolve by dividing roles and responsibilities (e.g., schools and healthcare, previously handled by families, now specialized).
• 😀 Rostow's economic growth stages theory outlines five phases of modernisation: traditional society, transition, take-off, maturity, and high mass consumption.
• 😀 Political modernisation, as discussed by some scholars, focuses on building just and equitable political systems, ensuring that everyone has equal rights and opportunities.
• 😀 Key characteristics of modern humans include openness to new ideas, independence from traditional authorities, rational thinking, high life ambition, and active participation in political life.
• 😀 According to modernisation theorists like Inkeles and Smith, modern humans prioritize knowledge and scientific reasoning, rejecting traditional views of the universe.
• 😀 Modernisation is seen as a gradual, irreversible process, with societies inevitably advancing toward more complex and modern forms.
• 😀 Critics of classical modernisation theories argue that change can occur quickly (e.g., revolutions) and that countries in the Global South should have autonomy in choosing their developmental paths.
• 😀 New modernisation theories reject the view that traditional values are always obstacles to progress, instead suggesting that tradition and modernity can coexist and complement each other.
• 😀 The classical approach to modernisation tended to focus on Western models (particularly American), while newer theories emphasize the need for diverse paths to development, considering local contexts and histories.

Q & A

What is the primary focus of the classical modernization theory?

The classical modernization theory primarily focuses on the idea that societies evolve through a series of predetermined stages, progressing from traditional to modern states. It emphasizes the gradual change in social, political, and economic structures over time.

How does Herbert Spencer's theory relate to modernization?

Herbert Spencer's theory, influenced by Charles Darwin's evolutionary principles, suggests that societies evolve naturally in a process of adaptation. Spencer's view aligns with the idea that societies gradually move from primitive to advanced stages, similar to the theory of natural selection in biology.

What is Talcott Parsons' view on modernization?

Talcott Parsons viewed modernization through the lens of structural-functionalism, where society is likened to a human organism. Social structures, such as institutions, work together to maintain balance and stability. His AGIL framework highlights the processes that societies undergo to adapt and function effectively.

What does the AGIL framework by Talcott Parsons stand for?

The AGIL framework represents four essential functions that society must perform for stability: Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, and Latency. These functions help explain how societies adapt to both internal and external challenges.

How does modernization impact social differentiation, according to Smelser?

According to Smelser, as societies modernize, they experience an increase in social differentiation, where roles and responsibilities within institutions become more specialized. This results in greater complexity and organization in society.

What are the five stages of economic growth according to Walt Rostow?

Walt Rostow's five stages of economic growth are: 1) Traditional society, 2) Preconditions for take-off, 3) Take-off, 4) Maturity, and 5) High mass consumption. These stages describe how societies transition from traditional economies to modern, industrialized ones.

What role does political modernization play in society?

Political modernization aims to create just political systems based on equality and justice. It emphasizes the importance of political capacity, fair distribution of resources, and the inclusion of the population in political processes.

What characteristics define a modern individual according to Inkeles and Smith?

According to Inkeles and Smith, a modern individual is characterized by openness to new ideas, independence from traditional authorities, rational thinking, ambition, long-term planning, and active participation in political processes.

What are the main criticisms of classical modernization theory?

The main criticisms of classical modernization theory include its overly optimistic and linear view of societal progress, the neglect of historical and cultural contexts, and the failure to account for external factors like colonialism. Critics argue that it overlooks the coexistence of traditional and modern elements within societies.

How does new modernization theory differ from classical theory?

New modernization theory differs from classical theory by rejecting the idea that modernization is a linear, one-size-fits-all process. It acknowledges the coexistence of tradition and modernity and emphasizes the importance of understanding local history, culture, and external influences. It also highlights the need for sustainable development and environmental considerations.