Antibiotik Tetrasiklin presented by Shanu Yulianti

Summary

Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including acne, cholera, brucellosis, malaria, and syphilis. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis through binding to ribosomal subunits. Tetracycline has specific pharmacokinetics, being better absorbed on an empty stomach and primarily excreted through the kidneys. The drug is contraindicated in children under 8, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and those with certain kidney conditions. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and photosensitivity. Resistance to tetracycline can develop through efflux pumps, ribosomal protection, and enzymatic inactivation.

Takeaways

• 😀 Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by *Streptomyces*, used to treat infections such as acne, syphilis, cholera, and malaria.
• 😀 The main types of tetracycline include doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline.
• 😀 Tetracycline works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupting the bacterial cell membrane.
• 😀 Tetracycline is absorbed best when the stomach is empty and reaches peak plasma concentration within 1.5 to 4 hours.
• 😀 The drug is concentrated by the liver and excreted via the kidneys and bile, with a half-life of 6-12 hours.
• 😀 Tetracycline should be dosed based on the type of infection, with common dosages ranging from 250-500 mg every 6 hours for adults.
• 😀 It is contraindicated for children under 8 years due to risks of permanent tooth discoloration and enamel damage.
• 😀 Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid tetracycline unless the benefits outweigh the risks, as it can affect fetal development and infant health.
• 😀 Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sensitivity to sunlight, and permanent tooth discoloration in children.
• 😀 Bacterial resistance to tetracycline can develop through mechanisms such as efflux pumps, ribosomal protection, and enzymatic inactivation.
• 😀 Despite its effectiveness, tetracycline use requires careful medical supervision, especially in vulnerable populations like pregnant women and young children.

Q & A

What is tetracycline and what is it used for?

Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by the *Streptomyces* genus, commonly used to treat infections like acne, cholera, brucellosis, malaria, and syphilis.

What are the different types of tetracycline?

The different types of tetracycline include doxycycline, minocycline, tetracycline, and oxytetracycline.

How does tetracycline work as an antibiotic?

Tetracycline works by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. It also disrupts bacterial cell membranes, causing intracellular leakage.

What is the pharmacokinetics of tetracycline?

Tetracycline is absorbed better on an empty stomach and reaches peak plasma concentration in 1.5 to 4 hours. It is not metabolized but is concentrated in the liver and excreted in bile. It distributes widely in body tissues but has low concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and is excreted mainly through the kidneys.

What are the common dosages for tetracycline?

For general bacterial infections, the adult dose is 250-500 mg every 6 hours. For syphilis, it's 500 mg four times a day for 15 days. For acne, it’s 250-500 mg once daily for at least three months.

What are the indications and contraindications for tetracycline?

Tetracycline is indicated for treating bacterial infections such as acne, syphilis, gonorrhea, and cholera. It is contraindicated in people with hypersensitivity to tetracycline, children under 8 years old, those with kidney issues, and pregnant or breastfeeding women.

What side effects are associated with tetracycline?

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, throat ulcers, permanent discoloration of teeth (especially in children under 8), light sensitivity, skin rashes, and fever.

What mechanisms contribute to bacterial resistance to tetracycline?

Bacterial resistance to tetracycline can occur through mechanisms such as efflux pumps that expel the drug from bacterial cells, protection of ribosomes from tetracycline binding, and modification of the 16S rRNA of the ribosome, rendering the drug ineffective.

Is tetracycline safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding?

Tetracycline is classified as a category D drug for pregnancy, indicating potential risks to the fetus. It can also pass into breast milk and affect the baby’s bone and tooth development, so it should only be used if absolutely necessary and under medical supervision.

How should tetracycline be taken for optimal absorption?

Tetracycline should be taken on an empty stomach to maximize absorption. It is also important to avoid taking it with dairy products, calcium, and certain other minerals as they can interfere with absorption.