New Challenges to Human Adaptation and Social Change

Summary

The video from the Knowledge Catalog dives into the pressing challenges of human adaptation, focusing on global warming and climate change, as well as the impact of transnational migration and Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) on the Philippines. It discusses the unequivocal scientific evidence of climate change, highlighting the rise in global temperatures, ocean warming, shrinking ice sheets, glacial retreat, decreased snow cover, and rising sea levels. The video also touches on the socio-economic implications of transnational migration, particularly the plight of OFWs who, despite remitting money back home, often face unemployment or underemployment upon return. The presenter, a high school teacher from the Philippines, aims to provide valuable content to enhance understanding of these critical issues.

Takeaways

• 🌍 The scientific evidence for climate change is unequivocal, with a greater than 95% probability that human activity since the mid-20th century is the primary cause.
• 📈 Global temperatures have risen by about 0.9°C since the late 19th century, largely due to increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions.
• 🚗 In the Philippines, the increasing number of personal vehicles contributes to higher carbon emissions, impacting air quality and potentially exacerbating climate change.
• 🌊 Oceans have absorbed much of the increased heat, with the top 700 meters showing a warming of more than 0.4°F since 1969, affecting marine ecosystems.
• ⛰️ Ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica are losing mass, contributing to rising global sea levels, which have risen about eight inches in the last century.
• 🏔️ Glacial retreat is occurring worldwide, with glaciers in the Alps, Himalayas, and Rockies becoming thinner, and snow cover decreasing over the past five decades.
• 🌡️ The Arctic sea ice extent and thickness have rapidly declined, and there is an increase in extreme weather events, such as high temperatures and intense rainfall.
• 🌊 Ocean acidification has increased by about 30% since the industrial revolution due to higher carbon dioxide levels, impacting marine life.
• 🧳 Transnational migration involves people living and working across national borders, with dual citizenship or belonging to multiple societies simultaneously.
• 🇵🇭 The Philippines is experiencing demographic changes with urbanization, low fertility rates, and a shift towards a service-based economy, which influences the trend of Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs).
• 💰 OFWs often face unemployment or underemployment upon returning to the Philippines, despite their international work experience and financial contributions to their families back home.

Q & A

What are the two main subtopics discussed in the video regarding new challenges to human adaptation and social change?

The two main subtopics discussed are global warming and climate change, and transnational migration and overseas Filipino workers (OFWs).

What is the primary cause of the current warming trend according to the video?

The primary cause of the current warming trend is extremely likely to be the result of human activity since the mid-20th century.

How much has the Earth's average surface temperature risen since the late 19th century?

The Earth's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit or 0.9 degrees Celsius since the late 19th century.

What is one observation made in the Philippines regarding the increase in car ownership and its impact on the environment?

The increasing number of people buying cars in the Philippines is leading to more fuel consumption, contributing to smog and a decrease in the general cleanliness and clearness of the air.

How has the warming of oceans been measured?

The warming of oceans has been measured by observing that the top 700 meters beneath the surface, about 2,300 feet, has shown a warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.

What is the significance of the shrinking of ice sheets and glacial retreat in terms of climate change?

The shrinking of ice sheets and glacial retreat is significant as it indicates that the climate is changing and the globe is warming, which contributes to rising sea levels.

How has the decline in Arctic sea ice impacted the global climate?

The decline in Arctic sea ice, both in extent and thickness, has contributed to the overall warming of the planet and has been linked to more extreme weather events.

What is ocean acidification and how is it related to climate change?

Ocean acidification is the increase in the acidity of surface ocean waters by about 30 percent since the beginning of the industrial revolution, primarily due to the absorption of carbon dioxide emitted by human activities. This affects marine life and is a direct result of climate change.

What is the concept of transnational migration as discussed in the video?

Transnational migration refers to the phenomenon where individuals live their lives across multiple societies, often holding dual citizenship or belonging to more than one nation-state. It involves working, praying, and expressing political interests in several contexts rather than being confined to a single nation-state.

What are the demographic challenges faced by the Philippines in relation to transnational migration?

The Philippines is in stage three of demographic transition, experiencing changes in population urbanization, contraception use, and a low fertility rate. Despite these changes, the country still faces issues of unemployment and underemployment, which drive many middle-class Filipinos to seek opportunities abroad.

What are the potential issues faced by OFWs when they return to the Philippines?

OFWs, upon returning to the Philippines, may face the same problems of underemployment and unemployment that they tried to escape before migrating for work. They may also experience difficulties reintegrating into the local economy and society.

How does the video presenter identify themselves and what is the purpose of the Knowledge Catalog?

The video presenter identifies themselves as a high school teacher in the Philippines who enjoys developing educational content. The Knowledge Catalog is a brand being developed to provide useful and needed content to enhance instruction.

Outlines

00:00

🌍 Introduction to New Challenges: Climate Change and Transnational Migration

This paragraph introduces the video's topic, which is the new challenges to human adaptation and social change, specifically focusing on global warming and climate change, as well as transnational migration and overseas Filipino workers (OFWs). The speaker emphasizes the relevance of these issues to the Filipino audience and outlines the structure of the video. It also briefly mentions the scientific consensus on climate change and its historical context, highlighting the current warming trend as a significant human-induced phenomenon.

05:00

📈 Evidence of Climate Change and Its Impacts

The second paragraph delves into the evidence of climate change, starting with the global temperature rise, which has been largely driven by increased carbon dioxide emissions. It discusses the warming of oceans, the shrinking of ice sheets, glacial retreat, decreased snow cover, and the rising global sea levels. The paragraph also touches on the declining Arctic sea ice and the increase in extreme weather events, such as high temperatures and intense rainfall, as well as ocean acidification due to increased carbon dioxide absorption.

10:02

🌐 Transnational Migration and the Dynamics of Global Citizenship

This paragraph shifts the focus to the challenges of transnational migration, particularly in the context of the Philippines. It defines transnational migration as the movement of people who may hold dual citizenship or choose a different nationality from their birth country. The speaker discusses how this phenomenon reflects the changing nature of global citizenship and the fact that more people are belonging to multiple societies simultaneously. The paragraph also mentions the demographic transition in the Philippines and the social changes that lead to migration, including unemployment and underemployment.

15:02

💰 The Reality of OFWs and the Challenges of Reintegration

The final paragraph addresses the specific case of overseas Filipino workers (OFWs), who are expected to return to the Philippines after their work contracts or retirement. It highlights the economic challenges these individuals face upon reintegration, such as underemployment and unemployment, despite their experience abroad. The speaker concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding these new challenges to human adaptation, particularly for Filipinos, and invites viewers to support the Knowledge Catalog, a brand developed by a high school teacher in the Philippines.

Keywords

💡Global Warming

Global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities such as the emission of greenhouse gases. In the video, it is a central theme, highlighting the scientific evidence of climate system warming and its impact on human adaptation. The script mentions the rise in global temperatures and the significant role of human activity since the mid-20th century.

💡Climate Change

Climate change encompasses both global warming and its effects, such as shifts in weather patterns, ice melting, and sea level rise. The video discusses various evidences of climate change, including the shrinking of ice sheets, glacial retreat, and ocean warming, which are all directly connected to the challenges faced by humans and the environment.

💡Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)

OFWs are Filipinos working abroad, often in various countries, and are a significant part of the Philippine economy due to the remittances they send home. The video addresses the social challenges faced by OFWs, such as unemployment and underemployment upon their return to the Philippines, and how this relates to broader issues of human adaptation and social change.

💡Urbanization

Urbanization is the process where an increasing number of people live in urban areas, leading to the growth and development of cities. The script discusses the rapid urbanization in the Philippines and its environmental impact, such as increased carbon emissions from vehicles and the loss of green spaces, which contribute to climate change.

💡Carbon Emissions

Carbon emissions refer to the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, primarily from the burning of fossil fuels. The video script notes the increase in carbon emissions from vehicles in the Philippines, which is a significant factor in global warming and climate change.

💡Sea Level Rise

Sea level rise is the increase in the volume of water on Earth's surface, caused by melting ice sheets and glaciers, as well as the thermal expansion of seawater as it warms. The video mentions the rise in global sea levels, which is a direct consequence of climate change and poses a significant challenge to coastal communities and islands.

💡Ocean Acidification

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. The video script highlights that since the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent, which can have severe impacts on marine life and ecosystems.

💡Transnational Migration

Transnational migration involves people moving across national borders and often involves dual citizenship or belonging to multiple societies. The video discusses how this phenomenon reflects a shift from the traditional concept of living one's life within a single nation-state, and how it presents new challenges for human adaptation in the 21st century.

💡Demographic Transition

Demographic transition is a model that describes the transformation in a population's growth rate as it moves from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. The video places the Philippines in stage three of this transition, characterized by urbanization, lower fertility rates, and changes that lead to increased migration for work.

💡Unemployment and Underemployment

Unemployment refers to the state of willing and able people without work, while underemployment refers to individuals who are working but not in a job that fully utilizes their skills or capacity. The video script connects these issues to the challenges faced by returning OFWs and the broader economic conditions in the Philippines.

💡Extreme Weather Events

Extreme weather events are severe meteorological occurrences that can have significant impacts on human societies and the environment. The video mentions the increasing number of intense rainfall events and the decline in record low temperature events in the United States, which are linked to climate change and its effects on weather patterns.

Highlights

The video discusses new challenges to human adaptation and social change, focusing on global warming, climate change, and transnational migration, particularly in the context of the Philippines.

Scientific evidence shows that the Earth's climate has changed throughout history, with the current warming trend likely resulting from human activity since the mid-20th century.

Global temperature rise is a significant challenge to human adaptation, with the planet's average surface temperature having risen since the late 19th century.

Increased carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are a major driver of global warming, with most of the warming occurring in the past 35 years.

In the Philippines, the increasing number of personal vehicles contributes to air pollution and carbon emissions, impacting air quality.

Ocean warming is observed, with the top 700 meters of the ocean showing a significant temperature increase since 1969.

Shrinking ice sheets, particularly in Greenland and Antarctica, are indicative of global warming, with billions of tons of ice being lost annually.

Glacial retreat is occurring worldwide, affecting places like the Alps, Himalayas, and the Rockies, leading to thinner glaciers.

Decreased snow cover and earlier snowmelt are observed in the Northern Hemisphere over the past five decades.

Global sea levels have risen about eight inches in the last century, with the rate nearly doubling in the last two decades.

Declining Arctic sea ice in terms of extent and thickness is a rapid and concerning development over the last several decades.

The United States has experienced more extreme weather events, including an increase in record high temperatures and intense rainfall events.

Ocean acidification, a result of increased carbon dioxide absorption, has risen by about 30 percent since the Industrial Revolution, affecting marine life.

Transnational migration involves people living their lives across multiple societies, often maintaining ties to their homeland while belonging to a host country.

The Philippines is in an early stage of demographic transition, with changes in urbanization, contraception, and fertility rates leading to social shifts.

Despite the flexibility of Filipinos to work abroad and integrate into new societies, unemployment and underemployment remain persistent issues.

Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) often face the same economic challenges upon returning to the Philippines, such as underemployment and unemployment.

The video aims to help viewers identify new leading challenges to human adaptations, particularly for the Filipino population.

Transcripts

[Music]

welcome to another video for the

knowledge catalog

this video is under the social studies

and if you want to

have a copy of this presentation that i

used in the making of this video

you may contact me through facebook.com

forward slash knowledge catalog forward

slash

let's begin so yeah our topic for this

evening actually it's an evening while i

am recording this

are the new challenges to human

adaptation and social change

so basically it's going to be divided

into uh subtopics which is

global warming and climate change and

then transnational migration and ofws

so this one is this video is taylor fit

for

filipino audiences because yeah ofw's

mean

overseas filipino workers um we are

going to talk about the present

challenges

of these that these two are presenting

present challenges that these two are

presenting to filipinos

so yeah let's begin

we all know that the scientific evidence

for warming of the climate system

is an echivocal and that the earth's

climate has

changed throughout history so this one

is a

is already a beginning talk for the

first part of our

of this video just in just in the last

650 000 years there have been

seven cycles of glacial advance in the

retreat

with the abrupt end of the last ice age

at about 7 000 years ago marking the

beginning of the modern climate era

and of human civilization most of these

climate changes are attributed to

very small variations in earth's orbit

that change the amount of solar energy

our planet receives

the current warming trend is of

particular significance because of

it is extremely likely greater than

around 95

percent probability to be the result of

human activity

since the mid 20th century and

proceeding

at a rate that is unprecedented over the

deck

over decades to millennia so

the evidences of climate change that we

are going to talk about is going to

start with the global temperature

rise as you know a new challenge to

human adaptation

the plant's average surface temperature

has risen about

1.62 degrees fahrenheit or

0.9 degrees celsius since the late

19th century it is a change driven

largely by increased

carbon dioxide and other human-made

emissions into the atmosphere most of

the warming occurred in the past

35 years with the five warmest years on

record taking place

since 2010. in the philippines in my own

observation actually there are

there's an increasing number of people

who are venturing into buying their own

cars and thus using uh

more fuel in the process um the

emissions

of the carbon emissions coming from

these vehicles

it's contributing to uh not just

actually the smog

which is quite physical but to the

general uh

cleanliness of the air and uh yeah

general clearness of the air

um cities around bambang are actually uh

being built

um a lot of different areas are getting

highly urbanized not just angles city

and not just

san fernando um locally the

uh i mean in magalang we are we are

still having some reserves like lots of

them

but in some other places imagine a

gigging rare nalangi mayan

um well what we what can we expect the

manila

ever very highly very highly urbanized

area is going to just experience as

worse

and if i'm mistaken um

these places these areas that are far

even from mono from

[Music]

having a lot of cheese in them are going

to experience a way

more drastic and harsh temperatures

than areas that are at least having a

couple of trees

in them or around them the second

evidence is the warming of oceans

um the oceans have absorbed much of this

increased

heat with the top 700 meters

that is uh beneath the surface about 2

300 feet of ocean showing warming

of more than 0.4 degrees fahrenheit

since 1969.

um it is one of our one of our lessons

in grade nine is actually about

the absorption of uh thermal energy um

of water and then bodies of land and

that in that discussion we have

clarified

that uh bodies of land are indeed increa

are indeed absorbing thermal energy

faster than

bodies of water so um

bodies of water yeah are they may not be

fast conductors but surely they will

lose

that amount of thermal energy slower and

since

our our general temperature is getting

warmer or

the temp temperature is generally

getting higher

we can just expect oceans to be uh

to be signifying or to be

showing differences as well so in terms

of temperature they will be showing

differences as well

having that kind of characteristic being

slow to conduct and slow

to lose thermal energy

perhaps a very obvious evidence as well

is the shrinking of ice

sheets the green lantern antarctic

ice sheets have dec decreased in mass

data from

nasa's gravity recovery and climate

experiments show greenland

losing an average of 286 billion tons of

ice per year

between 1993 and 2016 while antarctica

is losing a relatively smaller amount of

ice which is 127

billion tons of ice per year during the

same time period but that still means

that you know the climate is indeed

changing the globe is indeed warming

another evidence is glacial retreat um

these

are quite connected to the first uh few

evidences

but this has a unique characteristic in

it

glaciers are treating almost everywhere

around the world

including in the alps himalayas and

these rockies

alaska and africa glaciers on top of

mountains are becoming thinner

and it is connected to the next evidence

which is a decreased snow cover

satellite observations reveal that the

amount of spring snow cover

in the northern hemisphere has decreased

over the past five decades and that snow

is

melting earlier than usual

since there is there are a lot of ice

now and we know that the planet is a

closed system

that means um despite the fact that the

water can evaporate

it's still it is still going to be

trapped in

the atmosphere the cycle the water cycle

is

just a description of how this process

goes

um water vapor becomes it will be

condensing into the atmosphere

it will be precipitating going back to

the you know to the surface of the

planet

and since ice is now adding up to the

water

na meron service on planet the sea level

of course

just going to rise global sea level rose

about eight

inches in the last century the rate in

the last

two decades however is nearly double

that of the last

century and is accelerating slightly

every year

um this is just something you can expect

because um

the temperature is indeed warming it is

indeed

rising and there are so many ice

sheets that are melting glaciers are

also melting snow cover becomes

smaller thus water liquid water is going

to be just deposited into the

small into the lowest parts of the

planet and what lower

it i mean what lower part is there

uh aside from you know season oceans

yeah so this is just uh the result of

all of those previous

evidences one more thing that we need to

take note of is the declining arctic sea

ice

we have we already mentioned the green

land and even the antarctic how about

the arctic

both the extended extent and thickness

of the arctic sea

sea ice has declined rapidly over the

last

several decades it is

it may be quite redundant but yeah that

is the case

and with decreasing temperatures uh what

happens as well as we are experiencing

more extreme events the number of record

high temperature events in the united

states have been

increasing while the number of record

low temperature events

has been decreasing since the 1950.

the united states also has also

witnessed an increased

number of intense rainfall events

these days then how i mean then the

number we experienced in the past uh

years despite the fact that the country

is

is a known um is a known country to have

a lot of

different typhoons i mean by saying

different different

uh thousand intensities or different

strengths

or signal numbers okay so the next one

is

not quite related to all of those but uh

yeah

in a way ocean acidification is also one

evidence of climate change

since the beginning of the industrial

revolution that is with the discovery of

engines uh the acidity of surface ocean

waters has increased by about 30 percent

because of its of its acidity

of course we can just expect marine life

to be affected

this increases the result of humans

emitting more carbon dioxide into the

atmosphere and hence more being absorbed

into the oceans remember let us always

remember

that the the planet is a closed system

so whatever

is present in the into the lithosphere

can actually escape into the atmosphere

or the hydrosphere and so on

uh and vice versa that's what i mean

rather

um since jung atmosphere

is a tapun and non-carbon dioxide are

non-carbon emissions different

carbon emissions

i mean carbon emissions can fly but i

mean i mean

immediately there will be coming a time

they will be deposited into the oceans

okay and that's going to make the oceans

or see water

quite more acidic than how they're

supposed to be

the next type of challenges to new

new challenges to human adaptation are

transnational migration

and the case of ofws

transnational migration is actually um

the assumption that people will live i

mean

it is the assumption no it's not

actually assumption i'm so sorry um

transnational migration is when a person

is having has

the world citizenship so to put it

simply it's having dual citizenship or

choosing to have

a different citizenship from that one he

or she was born with

the assumption that people will live

their lives in one place according to

one set of national and cultural norms

in countries with impermeable

national borders that no longer holds

rather in the 21st century more and more

people will belong to two or more

societies at the same time

this is what many researchers refer to

as transnational migration

transnational migrants work pray

and express their political interests in

several contexts

rather than in a single nation state

some people

will some will put down roots in the

host country

maintain strong homeland ties and belong

to religious and

political movements that span the globe

these allegiances are not antithetical

to one another

the population data and analysis of

migration statistics in the philippines

uh show that the philippines is early in

stage three of demographic transition

with the beginning of changes to

population

uh changes of population urbanization

contraception and a reasonably low

fertility rate overall

some of these social changes that occur

lead to transitions for many middle

class filipinos to gain in society

however due to the poverty and lack of

jobs

the population is still looking for

outlets for

workers and migrants

unemployment underemployment increased

population growth

puts pressures on society so what does

this all what do

all these mean transnational migration

is not really said to be a problem

the problem that is being seen here is

that despite the fact that

filipinos are flexible enough to go to

other countries and

assume a new nationality and you know

belong to that particular

country and express their religious

rights or

be involved in the politics of that

particular

foreign land um the countries are still

experiencing unemployment and their

employment and employment is a state in

which

a person who can work who can have a job

is not employed or doesn't have a job an

underemployed person a man is a person

who is working but yeah he or she is

working

on something or in the field

yeah underemployed ganon there is a

mismatch

uh between uh his or her job and uh the

kind of training he or she has

i know all right ofw for this discussion

are filipinos working abroad that are

expected to return permanently either

upon the expiration of a work contract

or upon retirement and often

send money to the philippines to support

their family um ofws

they are i know they are going back to

the country and

uh they are going to experience again

the kind of economy that the country has

and despite the fact that they are

already nationally migrated

they may still face uh the same old

problems that

they actually tried to escape before

which is underemployment

and unemployment those two are the kinds

of uh

evidences that are connected to uh

our topic the new challenges to human

adaptation

we know that we have focused on

the climate change problems uh more than

the transnational and meg

and ofw problems that we have in the

philippines

but i hope that this video has helped

you at least identify

some of the new leading challenges to

human adaptations especially for a

filipino

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