Garis Wallace dan Weber - Persebaran Flora & Fauna di Indonesia | Dunia Biologi
Summary
TLDRThis script discusses Indonesia's rich biodiversity and its unique positioning between two major biogeographical zones, the Oriental and Australian zones. The country is home to a wide range of endemic species, with specific fauna and flora in different regions. Western Indonesia resembles the fauna of Asia, including animals like tigers and elephants, while Eastern Indonesia shares similarities with Australia's wildlife, such as kangaroos and wallabies. The division is marked by the Wallace and Weber lines, which separate these zones. Indonesia's biodiversity is further highlighted through its endemic species, making it a globally significant area for wildlife conservation.
Takeaways
- 🌍 Indonesia has high biodiversity and is unique in terms of species distribution globally.
- 🦓 There are six major biogeographic zones worldwide, with Indonesia located between the Oriental and Australian zones.
- 🐅 The western part of Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Kalimantan) has animals resembling those found in Asia, such as tigers, rhinoceros, and elephants.
- 🦘 The eastern part (Maluku, Papua) has animals similar to those in Australia, like the wallaby, kangaroo, and possum.
- 🗺️ The Wallace Line separates the fauna of the Oriental zone from the Australian zone and was discovered by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1863.
- ✍️ Max Weber proposed the Weber Line, which further divides the transitional fauna of Sulawesi, highlighting it as a transitional zone.
- 🦏 The Oriental zone (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan) is characterized by large mammals like rhinos, elephants, and diverse primates like orangutans and proboscis monkeys.
- 🦜 The Australian zone (Papua, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) has unique species, such as marsupials, colorful birds like the bird of paradise, and small mammals.
- 🌺 Indonesia is home to many endemic species, such as the Rafflesia Arnoldii flower, orangutans, Komodo dragons, and the maleo bird.
- 🌳 The flora in different zones is diverse, with tropical rainforests in the west and unique plant species in Papua and surrounding islands, such as ironwood and ebony.
Q & A
What makes Indonesia's biodiversity unique from a global perspective?
-Indonesia's biodiversity is unique because it lies between two major biogeographical zones, the Oriental and the Australian zones. This position results in a mix of species from both regions, creating a diverse and distinctive ecosystem.
Which areas in Indonesia are part of the Oriental zone, and what are some of the species found there?
-The Oriental zone in Indonesia includes Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Kalimantan. Species found in this zone that resemble those from Asia include tigers, rhinos, gibbons, and various primates.
What areas in Indonesia are part of the Australian zone, and which species are native to this region?
-The Australian zone in Indonesia includes Maluku and Papua. Species here share similarities with Australian wildlife, such as the wallaby, cuscus, and kangaroo.
What is the Wallace Line, and why is it significant?
-The Wallace Line is an imaginary boundary discovered by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1863. It separates the Oriental zone from the Australian zone, highlighting the distinct differences in species found on either side, such as Asian-type species in the west and Australian-type species in the east.
Who was Max Weber, and what was his contribution to biogeography in Indonesia?
-Max Weber was a German zoologist who, in 1941, proposed the Weber Line, located east of Sulawesi. He suggested that Sulawesi's fauna were a mix of both Oriental and Australian species, making the region a transitional zone.
What is a key example of a transitional species found in Sulawesi?
-An example of a transitional species in Sulawesi is the opossum, which has Australian origins, and the tarsier, which has Oriental characteristics. This supports Sulawesi's role as a biogeographical transition zone.
What distinguishes fauna in the Oriental zone compared to the Australian zone?
-Fauna in the Oriental zone tend to include larger mammals like elephants, tigers, and primates, whereas the Australian zone is characterized by smaller mammals, marsupials, and species such as the cuscus and kangaroo. Additionally, the Oriental zone has colorful but less vibrantly colored birds compared to the strikingly colored birds in the Australian zone.
What flora is typical in the Oriental zone of Indonesia?
-Flora in the Oriental zone includes tropical rainforest species such as various types of meranti trees, rattan, and endemic plants like the Rafflesia arnoldii. These forests are dense and lush, resembling those found in Southeast Asia.
What are some examples of endemic species in Indonesia's eastern region?
-Examples of endemic species in Indonesia's eastern region, especially in Papua, include the cuscus, various species of marsupials, and a large diversity of birds, including the famous bird of paradise (Cendrawasih).
How does the flora in Papua differ from other regions of Indonesia?
-The flora in Papua resembles the vegetation of northern Australia, featuring lush tropical rainforests with species like ironwood, ebony, and merbau. This flora is distinct from the Asian-type vegetation seen in western Indonesia.
Outlines
🌍 Unique Biodiversity of Indonesia and Biogeographic Zones
Indonesia is known for its rich biodiversity and unique biogeographic features. The country sits between two major biogeographic zones: the Oriental and Australian regions. Western Indonesia, including Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan, shares similarities with Asian fauna like tigers and rhinos, while eastern Indonesia, such as Maluku and Papua, has fauna resembling that of Australia, like the wallaby and kangaroo. This division is due to the Wallace Line, identified by Alfred Russel Wallace, which separates Asian and Australian species. Later, Max Weber proposed the Weber Line to further highlight Sulawesi’s mix of Oriental and Australian species. Examples of transition species in the region include the possum and komodo dragon, emphasizing Indonesia's diverse fauna across three major zones: Asia, Australia, and a transitional area.
🦘 Fauna and Flora of Eastern and Western Indonesia
Eastern Indonesia, particularly Papua and Nusa Tenggara, exhibits unique biodiversity, sharing characteristics with Australia. Notable species include marsupials like kangaroos and numerous endemic species such as 320 bird species, including the famous bird of paradise. On the other hand, Western Indonesia, which includes Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan, is home to large mammals like elephants, orangutans, and tigers, along with flora like the Rafflesia Arnoldii and tropical rainforest trees. The description also highlights the endemism in these regions, such as the orangutans in Sumatra and Kalimantan, and endemic species in Java, Sulawesi, and other parts of Indonesia.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Biodiversity
💡Biogeographic Zones
💡Oriental Zone
💡Australian Zone
💡Wallace Line
💡Weber Line
💡Endemic Species
💡Transition Zone
💡Marsupials
💡Tropical Rainforests
Highlights
Indonesia is known for its high biodiversity and unique biogeographical zones.
There are six major biogeographical zones in the world, including the Paleartic, Neartic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Oriental, and Australian zones.
Indonesia's uniqueness lies in being located between two biogeographical zones: the Oriental and the Australian zones.
The western part of Indonesia, including Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Kalimantan, belongs to the Oriental zone, where the fauna shares similarities with Asian species like tigers, rhinos, and elephants.
The eastern part of Indonesia, including Maluku and Papua, belongs to the Australian zone, with species resembling those found in Australia, such as the wallaby, cuscus, and kangaroo.
The distinction between the Oriental and Australian zones is marked by Wallace's Line, discovered by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1863, which separates Asian fauna from Australian fauna.
Max Weber, a German zoologist, introduced Weber's Line in 1941, identifying Sulawesi as a transitional zone with both Oriental and Australian characteristics.
Sulawesi and the Nusa Tenggara islands are part of the transitional zone, home to species like the babirusa, anoa, Komodo dragon, and maleo bird.
Indonesia is divided into three faunal zones: the Oriental, Australian, and Transitional zones.
Fauna in the Oriental zone (Sumatra, Java, and Kalimantan) includes large mammals like elephants, rhinos, and primates such as orangutans and proboscis monkeys.
Bird species in the Oriental zone are noted for their song but lack the vibrant colors of birds in the Australian zone.
Papua is home to marsupials like the kangaroo and over 320 species of birds, half of which are endemic, including the famous bird of paradise.
The flora of the Australian zone in Papua is similar to that of northern Australia, characterized by dense, evergreen forests with valuable timber species like ironwood and merbau.
Indonesia is one of the most biodiverse countries with a high level of endemism, including iconic species like the Rafflesia arnoldii flower, orangutans in Sumatra and Kalimantan, and the Komodo dragon.
Sulawesi is notable for its endemic species, including the anoa, babirusa, and the black orchid, while Nusa Tenggara is known for sandalwood and Komodo Island's Komodo dragon.
Transcripts
Hai disamping memiliki keanekaragaman
hayati yang tinggi Indonesia juga
dikenal sebagai wilayah yang memiliki
keunikan keanekaragaman hayati dilihat
dari pola persebarannya di dunia
terdapat enam wilayah atau zona utama
persebaran makhluk hidup atau
biogeografi yaitu Zona paleartik zona
neartik zona neotropik zona Ethiopian
zona oriental atau Asia dan zona
Australia Indonesia memiliki keunikan
karena terletak diantara dua zona
biogeografi yaitu zontal danzon
Australia zona oriental meliputi wilayah
barat Indonesia yaitu Sumatera Jawa Bali
dan Kalimantan di wilayah barat
Indonesia terdapat hewan-hewan yang
memiliki kemiripan dengan hewan-hewan
yang terdapat di benua Asia misalnya
harimau badak Dajjal
dan tank dan keras Adapun zona Australia
meliputi wilayah timur Indonesia yaitu
Maluku dan Papua hewan-hewan di wilayah
ini memiliki kemiripan dengan
hewan-hewan yang ada di Benua Australia
contohnya kuskus walabi platypus dan
kanguru pembagian fauna menjadi dua
kelompok tersebut didasarkan pada adanya
paparan Sunda dan paparan Sahul di
antara paparan Sunda dan paparan Sahul
dapat ditarik garis pemisah yang
dinamakan garis wallace garis Woles
merupakan Garis khayal yang ditemukan
oleh seorang naturalis Inggris bernama
Alfred Russel Wallace pada tahun 1863 Ia
menemukan garis Woles setelah ia
menyadari adanya perbedaan antara fauna
bagian barat dan fauna bagian timur
garis ini membelah Selat Makassar menuju
ke selatan hingga ke Selat Lombok jadi
garis wallace memisahkan wilayah
oriental dengan wilayah Australia
Hai namun selanjutnya pada tahun 1941
orang zoologist dari Jerman bernama Max
Weber berpendapat bahwa hewan-hewan yang
ada di Sulawesi tidak semuanya tergolong
kelompok hewan Australia menurut Weber
di Sulawesi ada juga hewan-hewan yang
memiliki sifat-sifat oriental sehingga
ia berkesimpulan bahwa hewan-hewan
Sulawesi merupakan hewan peralihan
selanjutnya Weber membuat garis pembatas
yang berada di sebelah timur Sulawesi
memanjang ke utara menuju Kepulauan Aru
garis ini kemudian dikenal sebagai garis
Weber sebagai bukti Sulawesi merupakan
zona peralihan contohnya adalah di
Sulawesi terdapat oposum dari Australia
dan keramah Kakah dari oriental selain
Sulawesi Nusa Tenggara juga termasuk
kedalam zona peralihan hewan-hewan yang
terdapat di zona peralihan antara lain
babirusa kuskus anoa komodo dan burung
maleo
Hai dengan adanya garis Weber Indonesia
terbagi menjadi 3 zona pembagian fauna
australia Asia dan peralihan
Hai fauna daerah oriental yang meliputi
Sumatera Jawa dan Kalimantan serta
pulau-pulau disekitarnya memiliki
ciri-ciri sebagai berikut yang pertama
banyak spesies mamalia berukuran besar
seperti badak gajah banteng dan harimau
yang kedua terdapat berbagai macam jenis
kera terutama di Kalimantan yang paling
banyak memiliki primata misalnya
orangtua kukang dan bekantan yang ketiga
burung-burung dapat berkicau tetapi
warnanya tidak seindah burung yang
berada di zona ostralia misalnya jalak
bali murai ayam hutan dan ayam pegar
flora di zona oriental memiliki
ciri-ciri yang mirip dengan ciri-ciri
tumbuhan Asia contohnya tumbuhan jenis
meranti-merantian berbagai jenis rotan
dan berbagai jenis nangka hutan hujan
tropis terdapat di bagian tengah dan
barat Pulau Sumatera serta sebagian
besar wilayah Kalimantan Hal ini
disebabkan sejarah geologi bahwa dulu
dataran Sunda
dengan benua Asia di dataran Sunda
banyak dijumpai tumbuhan endemis yaitu
tumbuhan yang hanya terdapat di tempat
tertentu dengan batas wilayah yang
relatif sempit dan tidak terdapat di
wilayah lain contohnya adalah bunga
raflesia arnoldi hanya terdapat di
perbatasan Bengkulu Jambi dan Sumatera
Selatan serta Anggrek Tien Soeharto yang
hanya tumbuh di Tapanuli Utara Sumatera
Utara fauna daerah Indonesia bagian
timur yaitu Papua Maluku dan Nusa
Tenggara relatif sama dengan Australia
ciri-ciri yang dimilikinya adalah
sebagai berikut yang pertama mamalia
berukuran kecil di Papua terdapat kurang
lebih 110 spesies mamalia misalnya
kuskus dan oposum di Papua juga terdapat
27 hewan pengerat atau rodensia dan 17
diantaranya merupakan spesies endemis
yang kedua adalah Hewan berkantung di
Papua banyak ditemukan Hewan berkantung
atau Mars
Elia Contohnya seperti kanguru ciri
selanjutnya tidak terdapat spesies keras
spesies kera tidak ditemukan di daerah
Australia tetapi di Sulawesi ditemukan
banyak hewan endemis misalnya primata
primitif tarsius spectrum musang babi
rusa anoa Maleo dan beberapa jenis
kupu-kupu selanjutnya adalah jenis
burung jadi seburuk berwarna indah dan
beragam Papua memiliki koleksi burung
terbanyak dibandingkan pulau-pulau lain
di Indonesia kira-kira 320 jenis dan
setengah di antaranya merupakan spesies
endemis Misalnya burung cendrawasih
flora yang ada di zona ostralia memiliki
kemiripan dengan flora di Benua
Australia hutan-hutan di Papua dan
pulau-pulau kecil yang ada disekitarnya
memiliki corak hutan hujan tropis tipe
Australia Utara dengan ciri-ciri sangat
lebat dan selalu hijau sepanjang tahun
beberapa jenis kayu yang punya nilai
ekonomis tinggi tumbuh dengan baik
seperti kayu besi Cemara able
enam kenari hitam dan kayu Merbau
Indonesia memiliki banyak sekali hewan
dan tumbuhan endemik sehingga tergolong
negara yang memiliki tingkat endemisme
tinggi di dunia sebagai contoh di
Sumatera terdapat siamang bunga bangkai
bunga raflesia arnoldi dan orangutan
Sumatera dan orangtua Tapanuli
Hai selain di Sumatera orangutan juga
terbitan yaitu orangutan Kalimantan
hewan endemis di Jawa antara lain adalah
macan tutul badak bercula satu dan
banteng
Hai jenis endemis di Kalimantan
contohnya adalah bekantan burung
rangkong dan anggrek hitam anoa babi
rusa burung maleo dan kayu Eboni
merupakan beberapa contoh jenis endemik
di Pulau Sulawesi di wilayah Nusa
Tenggara terdapat kayu cendana dan di
Pulau Komodo terdapat Komodo Adapun di
Papua terdapat tanaman Matoa Sagu dan
burung cendrawasih sekian pembahasan
kita kali ini tentang keanekaragaman
hayati di Indonesia sampai jumpa di
pembahasan selanjutnya terima kasih
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