AP World History UNIT 3 REVIEW—1450-1750
Summary
TLDRIn this video, Heimler explores how land-based empires from 1450 to 1750 gained and maintained control. Key empires like the Ming, Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid centralized power through bureaucracy, taxation, military structures, and religious legitimization. Examples include the Chinese civil service exam, the Ottoman devshirme system, and the Aztec tribute system. Empires also legitimized their rule through art, architecture, and religion, using titles like 'caliph' and building monumental structures like the Taj Mahal and Versailles. The video offers key insights to help students excel in their AP World History exams.
Takeaways
- 🛡️ The major theme of Unit 3 is how land-based empires from 1450 to 1750 gained and maintained power through consolidating and legitimizing their authority.
- 🏛️ Empires like the Manchu (Qing), Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid used centralized bureaucracies to consolidate power by controlling the government through appointed officials.
- 📜 In China, the Qing dynasty reinstated the Civil Service examination to ensure bureaucrats shared the same beliefs, aiding in power consolidation.
- ⚔️ The Ottomans used the devshirme system to enslave Christian boys, train them in various fields, and employ them in military and bureaucratic roles, making them fiercely loyal to the Sultan.
- 👑 The Aztecs ruled a vast empire through a tribute system rather than centralized bureaucracy, demanding goods and people from conquered states.
- 💰 Land-based empires collected taxes to fund their military, bureaucracy, and grandiose projects. The Mughals used zamindars to collect land taxes, while the Ottomans relied on tax farmers.
- 🎖️ Empires maintained military power with elite troops like the Ottoman Janissaries and Safavid Guls, both made up of enslaved individuals loyal to their rulers.
- ⛪ Religion was key to legitimizing power: Islamic rulers took the title of caliph, European kings used the divine right of kings, and African rulers in Songhai converted to Islam to solidify authority.
- 🎨 Empires used art and monumental architecture to legitimize their power, such as the Mughal Taj Mahal or portraits of Chinese emperors and high officials.
- 🏰 Monumental architecture, like the Palace of Versailles, was a way for rulers to showcase their authority and keep nobility close, preventing rebellions.
Q & A
What is the central theme of Unit 3 in AP World History?
-The central theme of Unit 3 is how land-based empires gained and maintained control over large territories from 1450 to 1750 by consolidating and legitimizing their power.
Which major empires are covered in this unit and why are they important?
-The major empires covered include the Manchu (Qing Dynasty), Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid Empires. These are important because they exemplify key strategies for consolidating and legitimizing power during this period.
How did the Qing Dynasty consolidate power after its establishment?
-The Qing Dynasty consolidated power by reintroducing the Civil Service examination, which ensured that bureaucratic leaders thought and believed in similar ways, legitimizing the foreign Manchu rule.
What role did the Devshirme system play in consolidating power for the Ottoman Empire?
-The Devshirme system involved enslaving poor Christian boys, educating them in philosophy, politics, and art, and placing them into military or bureaucratic roles, creating fierce loyalty to the sultan and consolidating Ottoman power.
How did the Songhai Empire maintain power differently compared to the Qing and Ottoman Empires?
-The Songhai Empire consolidated power through control of trade routes, military expansion, and alliances, rather than a centralized bureaucracy. Their kings also used court rituals to demonstrate their power.
What was the tribute system in the Aztec Empire, and how did it differ from centralized bureaucratic control?
-The Aztec Empire used a tribute system where conquered peoples had to provide goods, services, or even people for human sacrifice. This allowed the Aztecs to rule a diverse empire without centralized, direct control.
How did the Mughal and Ottoman Empires collect taxes, and how were their systems different?
-The Mughal Empire used zamindars, bureaucrats who collected taxes based on land holdings or production. The Ottomans, on the other hand, used tax farmers who collected taxes for the government but could also profit by collecting extra.
What role did military might play in consolidating power for these empires?
-Land-based empires consolidated power by building strong militaries, often using elite groups of soldiers such as the Ottoman Janissaries, the Safavid Ghulams, and the Aztec warriors, many of whom were enslaved or tribute members.
How did religion serve to legitimize the power of rulers during this period?
-Rulers used religion to legitimize their power. For example, Islamic emperors took on the title of caliph, claiming to be successors to Muhammad, while European rulers embraced the divine right of kings, claiming to rule by God’s will.
What role did monumental architecture play in legitimizing the rule of emperors?
-Monumental architecture, such as the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan's Taj Mahal or Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles, was built to symbolize the power and grandeur of the ruler, helping to legitimize their authority.
Outlines
📚 Introduction to Unit 3: Overview of Land-Based Empires (1450-1750)
The video introduces Unit 3 of AP World History, focusing on how land-based empires from 1450 to 1750 gained and maintained control over large territories. The key theme revolves around consolidating and legitimizing power. Major empires discussed include the Qing (China), Mughal (South and Central Asia), Ottoman (Europe and the Middle East), and Safavid (Middle East). These empires centralized power by creating bureaucracies, and legitimized it through various methods. The introduction sets the stage for an in-depth exploration of these empires' strategies for governance.
🏛️ Centralizing Power Through Bureaucracy
This section details how empires consolidated power by centralizing their bureaucracy. The Qing Dynasty in China reinstated the civil service examination, allowing the state to promote unity and loyalty within its administration. The Ottomans employed the devshirme system, where enslaved Christian boys were educated and trained to serve in the military or bureaucracy, eventually becoming fiercely loyal to the Sultan. The Songhai Empire in West Africa consolidated power by controlling trade routes and performing elaborate court rituals. An exception was the Aztec Empire, which used a tribute system instead of centralized power to maintain control over its vast territories.
💰 The Role of Bureaucracy in Tax Collection
Empires also used their bureaucracies to collect taxes, essential for funding their expansion and grandeur. The Mughal Empire employed zamindars to collect taxes based on land production, while the Ottoman Empire used tax farming, where collectors could profit by demanding extra. The Aztec Empire, instead of taxes, used a tribute system where conquered states regularly supplied goods or people, which were sometimes used for religious sacrifices. All these methods helped fund military expansions and impressive infrastructure.
⚔️ Military Might and Gunpowder Empires
This section discusses how military forces were a key to consolidating power. Land-based empires like the Ottomans and Safavids relied heavily on gunpowder weapons. Each empire had elite military units, such as the Ottoman janissaries and Safavid gholams, both made up of enslaved people loyal to their rulers. Although the Americas lacked gunpowder, the Aztecs inspired fear through religious practices like human sacrifice, maintaining control through intimidation.
🌍 Using Religion to Legitimize Power
Empires legitimized their rule through religion. Islamic rulers adopted the title of 'Caliph' to assert their authority as Muhammad’s successors, while European rulers invoked the divine right of kings. In the Songhai Empire, elites embraced Islam as a unifying force. However, religion could also divide empires, as seen in the Protestant Reformation, which split Christian Europe and forced rulers to take sides. The Ottoman-Safavid rivalry also highlights how religious differences, between Sunni and Shia Islam, fueled long-standing conflicts.
🎨 Art, Architecture, and the Display of Power
Rulers used art and monumental architecture to further legitimize their authority. The Qing Dynasty in China commissioned portraits of rulers and officials, reinforcing their image of power. In Europe, kings patronized artists to glorify their reigns. Monumental architecture, like the Taj Mahal, commissioned by Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, and Louis XIV’s extravagant Palace of Versailles, symbolized the greatness and absolute control of the rulers. These grand structures were built not just for practical reasons but to send a clear message of the ruler’s dominance and grandeur.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Consolidation of Power
💡Bureaucracy
💡Devshirme System
💡Tribute System
💡Tax Farming
💡Gunpowder Empires
💡Monumental Architecture
💡Divine Right of Kings
💡Religious Legitimacy
💡Janissaries
Highlights
Introduction to how land-based empires from 1450 to 1750 gained and maintained power through consolidation and legitimization.
The major empires considered in this unit include the Qing Dynasty, Mughal Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Safavid Empire.
Land-based empires centralized bureaucracy to consolidate power, with examples from China’s Qing Dynasty and its civil service examination system.
The Ottomans used the devshirme system, where enslaved Christian boys were educated and trained to serve in the military and bureaucracy, ensuring loyalty to the Sultan.
The Songhai Empire consolidated power by controlling trade routes, forming alliances, and expanding militarily, while showcasing their power through court rituals.
The Aztec Empire used a tribute system instead of a centralized bureaucracy to maintain control over conquered peoples and collect goods.
Bureaucracies were essential for tax collection across empires, with the Mughal zamindar system and the Ottoman tax farming system as key examples.
The Aztecs demanded tributes from their states in goods and sometimes people, using human sacrifice as part of religious rituals.
Land-based empires, especially Eurasian ones, relied on gunpowder weapons to consolidate power, while American empires like the Aztecs used other forms of intimidation.
Elite soldiers were important for consolidating power, like the Ottoman janissaries, Safavid guls, and Aztec elite warriors.
Rulers legitimized their power through religion, with Islamic rulers taking the title of caliph, and European rulers using the divine right of kings.
Religious conflicts, such as the Protestant Reformation in Europe and the Sunni-Shia divide between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires, also shaped power dynamics.
Art and monumental architecture, like the portraits of Chinese emperors and the Taj Mahal commissioned by Shah Jahan, were used to display and legitimize imperial power.
Louis XIV of France legitimized his power by building the Palace of Versailles and keeping nobility close to control them.
Unit 3 of AP World History emphasizes the central theme of how land-based empires consolidated and legitimized power during 1450-1750, covering topics from military tactics to cultural symbols.
Transcripts
hi and welcome back to heimler's history
in this video we're going to look at all
you need to know about unit 3 of AP
World History so if you're ready buckle
up let's get to
[Music]
it now a major theme in unit 3 is this
how is it that landbased Empires gain
and maintain control over such large
Empires from 1450 to 1750 and the short
answer is this they did it by
consolidating power and legitimizing
their power and that just means that
rulers were basically concerned to
communicate the following message I'm in
charge and let me show you how I'm in
charge so first let me list the major
Empires that we'll be considering during
this period we're going to look at the
Manu in their establishment of the Chin
Dynasty in Central and Southeast Asia
the mugal in South and Central Asia the
ottoman in southern Europe the Middle
East and North Africa and the safavid in
the Middle East now these aren't the
only Empires I'll mention but they're
among the most important when we're
considering these themes so let's start
with how these Empires Consolidated
power the first way they did so was by
centralizing a bureaucracy the
bureaucracy is just a group of people
employed by the government who carry out
the will of the emperor let me start by
giving you some examples in China the
Manu people established the Chin Dynasty
in 1644 and one of the ways they
Consolidated power is by reintroducing
the Civil Service examination anyone who
wanted to work in the bureaucracy had to
pass this examination and therefore it
provided the means by which the
leadership in China would both think the
same things and believe the same things
this is important to know because the
Ming Dynasty which preceded it was the
last native Chinese dynasty when the
Manu came in to establish the Chin
Dynasty they had a lot of incentive to
legitimize their power because they were
essentially foreigners the Ottomans
Consolidated power through the dev Sher
system and this was a system in which
the Ottomans enslaved poor Christian
boys from southern Europe and the
Balkans and made them to serve in their
military and their bureaucracy these
enslaved boys received a thorough
education and philosophy and politics
and art and once they were educated some
of them joined the janissaries which was
an Elite Force in the army or they
became bureaucratic workers and some of
them even Rose to the highest ranks of
government either way these folks ended
up being fierce loyal to the sultan okay
let's go over to the songi Empire the S
rulers Consolidated their power
essentially in three ways by controlling
trade routes alliances and Military
expansion additionally their kings put
their power on display through Court
rituals if you had been there you would
have seen a king on a platform
surrounded by 700 Unix and if you wanted
to approach you had to do so face down
on the ground and that is a way of
convincing you who's in charge now there
is an exception to this centralizing of
power through bureaucracy and that's our
friends in the Aztec empire now their
empire was still pretty massive but they
relied Less on centralized power the way
they Consolidated power was through
something called a tribute system this
manner of ruling meant that the
conquered peoples or tribute States owed
certain Goods to the conquerors on a
regular basis and the result of this is
that the Aztecs could rule a diverse
Empire without being directly present
okay the Aztec being accepted it was
pretty common for Empires during this
period to consolidate Power by creating
a bureaucracy okay I've already
mentioned some uses of the bureaucracy
what else is a bureaucracy good for you
know what it is collecting taxes I mean
come on Border expansion and ens slaving
form peoples giant palaces full of
Emperor swag it Ain going to pay for
itself so land-based Empires relied on
collecting taxes from their respective
subjects and this review would not be
complete unless we talked about how they
did it in the mugal Empire the emperor
appointed a group of bureaucrats called
zamindar and they went out to various
places in the Empire to collect taxes
based on land Holdings or production the
Ottomans had a system called tax farming
rather than having government
bureaucrats go out and collect taxes
they had a group of folks called tax
Farmers that went out and did it for
them now tax farmers were told the
amount that they needed to collect but
that didn't keep them from collecting a
little more to pad their own Pockets if
we go across the world and look at the
Aztecs they didn't exactly collect taxes
but they did something similar for each
of their tribute States they made up
different tribute lists which outlined
the kinds of goods they wanted from
those places depending on where those
states were located those items could
include food or Goods or sometimes
people oh they needed people cuz they
needed slaves right uh no they needed
people because they had religious
rituals that required Human Sacrifice
all right everyone quiet down quiet down
we just got our trib list from the Aztec
here and it looks like they're going to
need some maze some grain and Kevin what
do they need me
for okay one other thing that taxes are
good for is supporting giant military
complexes and that's another thing that
land-based Emperors did to consolidate
power during this time Eurasian Empires
relied on gunpowder based weapons to
blow people up and secure a healthy
amount of intimidation over in the
Americas they didn't have gunpowder but
those Empires were Fierce nonetheless
and caused a healthy amount of
intimidation without it see previous
statement on human sacrifice now one of
the common features in the militaries of
these land-based Empires was that they
each had an elite group of soldiers the
Ottomans had the janissaries who were
enslaved Christians but who through lots
of Education and Training became
fiercely loyal to the sultan and the
safavids had the guls who were fiercely
loyal to the Sha and that was true even
though they were taken from Minority
enslave populations like the Armenians
and the circassians and the Aztecs also
had an Elite Squad of soldiers made up
of enslaved people and this was part of
what they called the blood tax to their
tribute States okay we've talked about
two ways that landbased rulers can
Consolidated their power during this
period and now let's talk about how they
legitimized their power I mentioned
before that these Empires were huge and
covered lots of territory and included
lots of diverse populations and in
general sheer military might is not
enough to help the people see the power
and submit to and that's where religion
art and Monumental architecture come in
and let's start with religion how did
these Emperors use religion to show that
they were the ones in charge well
Islamic Emperors took on the title
caleff which indicated that they were
legitimate successors to Muhammad in
Europe Kings and rulers embraced the
doctrine of the divine right of kings
and that just means that the king is
God's man on Earth and is therefore
necessarily carrying out God's will in
his actions in the saai empire in Africa
the rulers and Nobles all converted to
Islam now all things being equal
religion in an Empire can be a real
unifying force and can really put the
legitimacy of the power of the emperor
on display but sometimes religion can
crack the whole thing apart over in
Europe the Protestant Reformation
challenged the Corrupt Practices of the
Catholic church and led to a lasting
split between Catholics and Protestants
so now European rulers had to decide
whether their kingdom was going to be
Catholic or Protestant and as you can
imagine that led to some bitter disputes
even so the split actually contributed
to the growth of Christianity because as
it turns out when Christians live in
different houses they can actually think
about something other than fighting
another example of religious conflict is
the ottoman safavid conflict both of
these neighboring Empires were Muslim
but not the same kind of Muslims the
Ottomans were sunnis and the safavids
were Shia each considered the other
Heretics and although they had many
disputes over border territory these
conflicts were deeply religious too
another way rulers legitimized their
power was through ART officials in
China's Chin Dynasty commissioned
portraits of their Emperors and high
officials and if you pass by those
portraits enough you're likely to start
thinking to yourself I think that guy's
in charge and in Europe rulers took care
to patronize artists as well and a third
way that rulers legitimize their power
was through Monumental architecture now
what does that even mean well Monumental
architecture basically refers to these
giant structures built by these Emperors
whose features far outstrip their
functionality for example in the mugal
Empire Sha Jan commissioned the Taj
Mahal to be built as a tomb for his wife
now what do you need to bury someone
basically you just need a box and a hole
in the ground so what's with all the
extra here well it sends a message what
message is that well Shah Jahan wanted
everyone to know who saw it that he was
great and that he was in charge Louis
the 14th also did this in France when he
built a palace at Versailles again
nobody needs this size of Palace and
nobody needs this degree of beauty and
ornamentation to live but such a
structure sends a message to the people
it has a way of legit legitimizing the
power of the guy who lives there not to
mention Lou had all the nobility living
right there with him so he could keep
tabs on exactly what they were doing you
can imagine how difficult it would be
for any of the Nobles to challenge him
under those conditions all right I
reckon if you can cram all that into
your brain folds you got what you need
for unit 3 I'm here to help you get an A
in your class and a five on your exam so
if that's something you're into then
subscribe and come along and hey if you
liked this video then like it I'm L out
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