Transportation in humans & plants | Life processes | Class 10 Biology | Khan Academy

Summary

The video explores the transportation systems in humans and plants. In humans, the heart pumps blood, delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing waste. The circulatory system uses veins, arteries, and the heart's chambers to maintain blood flow. In plants, transportation occurs via xylem and phloem. Xylem carries water upward through transpiration, while phloem moves food bi-directionally. The xylem is passive, while the phloem actively transports nutrients with the help of companion cells. Both systems play crucial roles in maintaining life processes in humans and plants.

Takeaways

• ❤️ The human heart is the main organ for transportation, pumping blood to carry oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove waste products.
• 💧 In plants, xylem transports water, and phloem transports food. These are the primary transport systems.
• 🫀 The top chambers of the heart are called atria, while the bottom chambers are ventricles.
• 🔴 Blood enters the heart through veins, goes into the atria, then moves to the ventricles, and exits via arteries.
• 🌬️ Deoxygenated blood travels to the lungs to receive oxygen and then re-enters the heart to be circulated throughout the body.
• 🧬 The lymphatic system collects excess fluid (lymph) from tissues and returns it to the bloodstream, while lymph nodes filter out unwanted substances.
• 💪 The left ventricle works harder than the right, as it pumps blood to the entire body, so it has thicker muscular walls.
• 🌱 Xylem facilitates one-way upward water transport, while phloem allows bi-directional food transport depending on need.
• 🌞 Water moves up in xylem due to transpiration from leaves, creating a suction force; this process is passive and does not require energy.
• 🔋 Phloem transport is an active process requiring energy. Companion cells keep phloem cells alive, enabling the movement of nutrients.

Q & A

What is the main organ for transportation in humans?

The main organ for transportation in humans is the heart, which pumps blood to various parts of the body.

What is the role of blood in human transportation?

Blood carries oxygen and essential nutrients to cells, and removes waste products like carbon dioxide from the cells.

How does transportation occur in plants?

In plants, transportation is carried out by the xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water, while phloem transports food.

What is the difference between xylem and phloem in plants?

Xylem transports water in one upward direction, whereas phloem transports food in both upward and downward directions.

What are the chambers of the heart called, and how are they positioned?

The heart has two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles. The right atrium and ventricle are on the right side, and the left atrium and ventricle are on the left side.

Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle?

The left ventricle is more muscular because it needs to pump blood to the entire body, whereas the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs.

How does blood flow through the heart and body?

Blood enters the heart through veins into the atria, flows into the ventricles, and is then pumped out through arteries. Oxygenated blood goes to the body's cells, while deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs for oxygenation.

What is the function of the lymphatic system in human transportation?

The lymphatic system collects lymph fluid, which is plasma that has leaked from blood capillaries, and returns it to the circulatory system. It also filters out unwanted materials through lymph nodes.

What role do lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes contain white blood cells (WBCs) that act like 'police,' filtering out unwanted substances before lymph is returned to the circulatory system.

How does water move through the xylem in plants?

Water moves through the xylem mainly due to the suction created by transpiration in the leaves, where water evaporates, pulling the water column upward.

Why is the xylem considered a passive transport system?

The xylem is a passive transport system because water is moved through the plant without the need for energy, relying instead on physical forces like suction from transpiration.

How does food move through the phloem in plants?

Food moves through the phloem actively, requiring energy (ATP). It is loaded into sieve tubes, increasing pressure, and moves to areas of lower pressure where it is needed.

Why are companion cells important in the phloem?

Companion cells are necessary to keep the sieve tube cells alive because food transport in the phloem is an active process that requires energy, and the sieve tube cells alone are not fully capable of sustaining life.

Outlines

00:00

🫀 Human Circulatory System Overview

This paragraph introduces the transportation systems in humans and plants, focusing on the human heart. The heart pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and essential nutrients to cells while removing waste products like carbon dioxide. The circulatory system consists of atria (upper chambers) and ventricles (lower chambers), which handle blood flow. The right atrium and ventricle deal with deoxygenated blood, while the left side handles oxygenated blood. Blood enters the heart via veins and exits through arteries. The paragraph also explains the concept of double circulation, where deoxygenated blood goes to the lungs for oxygenation and returns to the heart before being pumped to body cells. The importance of blood pressure and lymph circulation, along with the role of lymph nodes in filtering unwanted substances, is also discussed.

05:00

🌿 Plant Vascular System

This paragraph explains the transportation systems in plants, particularly focusing on xylem and phloem tissues. Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves, driven by a passive process called transpiration, where water evaporates from the leaves creating suction. Xylem tissues are dead as the transport does not require energy. In contrast, phloem actively transports food (sap) in a bi-directional flow depending on where it's needed. Phloem cells are alive, as they require energy (ATP) to load food into sieve tubes, with companion cells helping to maintain the viability of the phloem cells. The active transport process in phloem helps distribute food to different parts of the plant.

Keywords

💡Heart

The heart is the main organ responsible for pumping blood in humans. It ensures the transportation of oxygen and nutrients to the cells while removing waste products like carbon dioxide. In the video, the heart's chambers, atrium, and ventricles, are discussed in detail, highlighting its role in the circulatory system.

💡Atrium

The atrium is one of the two upper chambers of the heart. Blood enters the heart through the atria before moving to the ventricles. The video specifies the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the veins, and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

💡Ventricle

The ventricle is one of the two lower chambers of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart. In the video, it is explained that the right ventricle sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. The left ventricle has thicker walls to handle higher pressure.

💡Double Circulation

Double circulation refers to the separate pathways of blood flow in the heart—one circuit sends blood to the lungs for oxygenation, and the other pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. This is a key feature of the human circulatory system, as explained in the video.

💡Xylem

Xylem is a tissue in plants responsible for the transportation of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. The video describes how xylem supports a one-way upward flow, with the process driven by transpiration from the leaves, which creates suction.

💡Phloem

Phloem is a tissue in plants that transports food produced during photosynthesis to various parts of the plant. It allows for bidirectional flow depending on the plant's needs. The video emphasizes how phloem uses active transport, requiring energy (ATP) to move food.

💡Transpiration

Transpiration is the process by which water is lost from the leaves of a plant through evaporation. The video highlights transpiration as the driving force behind the movement of water through the xylem, creating a suction that pulls water upward.

💡Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is responsible for returning excess tissue fluid (lymph) to the blood circulation. It includes a network of vessels and lymph nodes, which filter unwanted materials. The video explains how the lymphatic system prevents blood from thickening by returning lost fluid to circulation.

💡Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes are structures within the lymphatic system that contain white blood cells (WBCs) and help filter out harmful substances. The video describes their role as 'police,' ensuring that no unwanted materials are present in the lymph before it is returned to the circulatory system.

💡Companion Cells

Companion cells are specialized cells found alongside the sieve tubes in phloem. They help maintain the function of the sieve tubes, which transport food in plants. The video explains that companion cells are necessary because they provide the energy required for active transport in the phloem.

Highlights

The heart is the main organ for transportation in humans, pumping blood to various parts of the body.

Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, while also removing waste products like carbon dioxide.

In plants, the transportation system consists of the xylem and phloem, where the xylem carries water and the phloem transports food.

The heart has two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles.

The right side of the heart handles deoxygenated blood, while the left side deals with oxygenated blood.

The circulatory system is called a 'double circulation' system because blood is pumped through two separate circuits: one to the lungs and one to the rest of the body.

Blood always enters the heart via veins, moves through the atria and ventricles, and exits through arteries.

Deoxygenated blood is sent to the lungs for oxygenation, then returns to the heart before being sent to the rest of the body.

The lymphatic system returns tissue fluid (lymph) into the circulatory system to prevent blood from thickening.

Lymph nodes in the lymphatic system act as filters, removing unwanted substances before lymph re-enters the bloodstream.

The left ventricle has thicker muscular walls because it must pump blood throughout the entire body, unlike the right ventricle, which only pumps blood to the lungs.

Xylem primarily transports water and minerals upward from the roots, driven by transpiration from the leaves.

Phloem transports food bi-directionally (both up and down) in plants, depending on where nutrients are needed.

Xylem transport is passive, driven by natural processes like evaporation, while phloem transport is active and requires energy (ATP).

Phloem cells are kept alive by companion cells, which provide the necessary energy and support for active transport.

Transcripts

let's explore transportation in humans

and in plants in humans the main organ

for transportation is the heart it pumps

the blood to various parts of the body

it's the blood that carries the oxygen

and the essential nutrients to the cell

and then takes away all the unnecessary

stuff like carbon dioxide and waste

products from the cell

and in Plants the transmission system is

the xylem and the phloem the xylem

carries the water whereas the phloem

carries the food let's first look at the

transportation of the humans let's look

at how the blood is pumped in the heart

let's get some Basics right the top

chambers of the heart is called The

Atrium so this is the atrium this is the

atrium

and the bottom Chambers are called the

ventricles this is The ventricle this is

The ventricle don't confuse your left

and right this is the right side so this

is the right atrium and this is the

right wind trigger and this is the left

side because that person is facing you

that's why this is the left then the

blue represents the deoxygenated blood

but of course blood is never blue in

color all blood is always red in color

it's just a way to represent that and of

course the red over here represents the

oxygenated blood finally these two pumps

are separate from each other that's why

this is called a double pump and we say

we have a double circulation all right

so let's look at the flow now remember

that the blood always enters into your

heart via the veins

some basic stuff we should always be

careful about so even here the blood

always enters the heart

through the veins

then from the veins the blood always

enters into the atrium the blood always

enters into the atrium from The Atrium

the blood always goes into the

ventricles the blood always goes into

the ventricles from The ventricle The

ventricle pushes the blood it always

exits the heart from The ventricle

through the arteries similarly as The

ventricle pushes the blood the blood

always exits the heart

through the arteries

of course you can see there are multiple

arteries over here I'm not showing all

of them now let's complete this whole

circle from the artery where does this

Blood go well this is blue so I know

it's deoxygenated blood deoxygenated

blood always goes into the lungs to get

oxygenated the lungs oxygenate the blood

and then it has to re-enter the heart

remember blood always enters the heart

through the veins so I know it has to go

here now then from here the blood exists

the artery where does it go well

oxygenated blood from the heart goes to

our cells so it goes to

all the cells the cells use up the

oxygen and deoxygenate the blood and now

this deoxinated blood has to re-enter

the heart remember blood always enters

the heart through the veins so it enters

over here and that completes our cycle

finally from the blood capillaries due

to the pressure the plasma of the blood

oozes out

and

this particular fluid that oozes out and

stays in between the tissues is called

the tissue fluid or lymph lymph does not

contain rbcs that's why they are not

read in color because rbcs are two big

to ooze out from the capillaries

but they do contain some digested fat

now it's important to put them back into

the circulation otherwise if the blood

keeps on losing its liquid it gets

thicker and it becomes harder to

circulate so to put it back into the

circuit we have a separate Network

called the lymph Network or the

lymphatic system so the lymphatic system

suck all of these lymph fluid and put it

back into the circulation they connect

it back to these veins now it's also

possible that they might have picked up

some unwanted stuff and therefore we

have these things called as lymph nodes

in between there there are wbcs there's

something that you can think of it as

police that keeps a check of it so that

by the time the lymph enters into the

circulatory system there are no unwanted

stuff they're all killed in the lymph

nodes one last thing I forgot to mention

is that it's the ventricles that push

the blood out of the heart so it's the

ventricles that are doing all the hard

work but which of the two ventricle must

do more work can you pause and think

about it well notice this ventricle only

has to pump the blood into the lungs and

then put take it back so you don't need

to do that much of compressing whereas

this ventricle has to pump the blood

such that the blood goes through all

this health and then come back which

means this ventricle has to pump with a

much higher pressure so the left

ventricles have the thickest muscular

walls once you draw this diagram you can

see everything makes logical sense now

let's look at the transport in the

plants the transport in the plants is

mostly done by vascular bundles or

vascular tissues which is made of xylem

and phloem let's look at each one of

them xylem mostly transports water and

minerals and it's a one-way upward

Direction whereas phloem transports food

and it's a bi-directional flow both up

and down depending on where it needs to

go xylem contains tracheaads which are

these cells which have tapering ends and

it contains these vessels which are

shorter but they are more broader

compared to the tracheots it's a single

Hollow tube over here and so the always

much easier over here how does the water

go up well well one way is that the

roots suck up water from the soil so

that creates some pressure but this is

not enough the biggest pressure is

Created from the leaves where they lose

water the water evaporates from this

tomato will leaves which we call

transpiration

this loss of water creates a suction and

that sort of pulls the whole water

column up now this process is a passive

process meaning you don't have to spend

energy Transportation happens

automatically due to the Sun and so the

xylem is mostly a passive transport

that's why the xylem cells the trachades

and the vessels they are dead you don't

need them to be alive because they don't

really have to do any work

foam contains these tubes called as

sieve tubes sieves refers to the tiny

holes that you can see over here which

are there in the ends of the cells why

is it like this and not completely

Hollow because these cells are alive to

keep them alive you need some cytoplasm

you need some boundaries and therefore

you have perforations why do you need

these cells to be alive because over

here food is transported actively so the

way it works is wherever there is excess

food that gets actively loaded using ATP

using energy it's actively loaded into

the sieve tubes now because of the

increase in the concentration of the

food over there hit sucks up water from

the xylem and that increases the

pressure over here now automatically it

will tend to move the whole sap tends to

move towards the region of lower

pressure and if that low pressure is say

upwards then it'll move up if that low

pressure is downwards then it'll move

down if the lower pressure is upwards in

this example let's say it moves up

and then wherever the food is needed it

gets unloaded

and then the water

goes back

so notice this is an active process and

therefore the cells need to be alive for

that but these cells are barely alive so

to keep them alive they have these thing

called companion cells

the companion cells have everything that

a normal cell has and it's these cells

that keep these cells alive and that's

why they are called companions

and so this is how the xylem and the

phloem transports stuff in plants