Life processes Full chapter | class 10 Animated video | 10th BIOLOGY | ncert #science | Chapter 6

Summary

This educational script delves into life processes essential for the survival of organisms, focusing on nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion. It explains autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition, detailing plant photosynthesis and the human digestive system. The script further explores aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the human respiratory and circulatory systems, and plant transportation mechanisms. It concludes with an overview of excretion in both humans and plants, highlighting the importance of eliminating waste for maintaining life.

Takeaways

• 🌿 Life processes are essential for the survival of organisms, including nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.
• 🍃 Autotrophic nutrition, such as photosynthesis in plants, involves the production of glucose and oxygen using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
• 🌱 Heterotrophic nutrition is the consumption of other organisms for energy, including holozoic, saprophytic, and parasitic nutrition.
• 🌞 The process of photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts and is divided into light-dependent reactions in the thylakoid membranes and light-independent reactions in the stroma.
• 🌬 Respiration is the process of energy release from nutrients, with aerobic respiration requiring oxygen and anaerobic respiration not needing it.
• 💨 The human respiratory system involves the intake of oxygen through the nose and mouth, and the exchange of gases in the alveoli of the lungs.
• 🚀 The human circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, and waste materials throughout the body via the heart, blood, and blood vessels.
• 🌊 Plant transport systems, including xylem and phloem, facilitate the movement of water and nutrients throughout the plant.
• 💦 Transpiration in plants helps in the uptake and movement of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
• 🚰 Excretion is the elimination of waste products from organisms, with humans using a complex excretory system involving kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
• 🌳 Plants excrete waste through various means, including releasing gases like oxygen, shedding leaves, and storing waste in cellular vacuoles or excreting it into the soil.

Q & A

What is the primary reason for the continuous movement of molecules in and out of a cell?

The continuous movement of molecules in and out of a cell is required for the cell to survive, as it allows the cell to get energy and build new complex molecules while also sending out waste molecules generated during metabolic activities.

How do plants obtain carbon dioxide for photosynthesis?

Plants obtain carbon dioxide through tiny pores called stomata located on the surface of leaves. The opening and closing of stomatal pores are regulated by specialized cells called guard cells to prevent excessive water loss.

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis in plants?

The chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 12 H2O, which gives rise to C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (oxygen) + 6 H2O (water), taking place in the presence of sunlight and with the help of chlorophyll.

How do plants acquire water necessary for photosynthesis?

Plants acquire water from the soil through their roots. The process involves the active transport of ions, which creates a concentration difference that allows water to enter the roots.

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll is the green pigment present in the chloroplasts of plant cells that absorbs sunlight and gets activated. It plays a crucial role in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where it splits water molecules and uses the hydrogen to form glucose.

What are the different types of nutrition in living organisms?

The different types of nutrition are autotrophic nutrition, where organisms make their own food using inorganic substances, and heterotrophic nutrition, where organisms obtain readymade organic food by consuming other organisms.

How does heterotrophic nutrition differ from autotrophic nutrition?

Heterotrophic nutrition involves obtaining food by consuming other organisms, whereas autotrophic nutrition is the process by which organisms like green plants, algae, and some bacteria make their own food using simple inorganic substances with sunlight as the energy source.

What is the role of the digestive system in human beings?

The human digestive system is responsible for the ingestion, digestion, absorption, and excretion of food. It begins with the mouth and ends with the anus, with accessory glands like the liver, pancreas, and salivary glands aiding in the digestion process.

How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration in terms of energy release and oxygen requirement?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and releases more energy compared to anaerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, producing ATP. Anaerobic respiration, on the other hand, does not require oxygen and results in less ATP production, often leading to the production of lactic acid or ethanol.

What is the function of the lymphatic system in the human body?

The lymphatic system functions to absorb digested fats in the intestines, collect extracellular fluid, and return it to the bloodstream. It also plays a role in immune response by transporting white blood cells and removing waste products from tissues.

How do plants transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body?

Plants transport water and nutrients through two types of tissues: xylem, which transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves, and phloem, which transports food materials like glucose throughout the plant for growth and energy.

What is the process of excretion in plants, and how does it differ from that in animals?

In plants, excretion involves releasing waste products such as oxygen through stomata, shedding old leaves to get rid of stored waste, and excreting substances like resins and gums for defense. In contrast, animals have specialized organs for excretion, such as kidneys in humans, which filter waste from the blood and excrete it as urine.

Outlines

00:00

🌿 Cellular Life Processes and Nutrition

This paragraph introduces the fundamental life processes that occur within cells, emphasizing the necessity for a continuous exchange of molecules for energy and waste management. It explains that organisms, composed of millions of cells, rely on these processes for survival. The paragraph delves into the concept of nutrition, which is vital for life, and distinguishes between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition. Autotrophic organisms, such as plants and certain bacteria, produce their own food through photosynthesis, utilizing inorganic substances and sunlight. The process is described in detail, including the chemical equation and the role of chlorophyll. The paragraph also explains how plants acquire raw materials for photosynthesis, including the function of stomata and guard cells in gas exchange regulation.

05:00

🌱 Photosynthesis and its Mechanism

This section explores the process of photosynthesis in greater depth, discussing the experiments that demonstrate the necessity of chlorophyll and carbon dioxide for this process. It describes the variegated leaf experiment, which shows that photosynthesis occurs in the green areas of leaves due to the presence of chlorophyll. Another experiment illustrates the importance of carbon dioxide, using potassium hydroxide to absorb it and comparing starch production in plants. The paragraph further explains the location and mechanism of photosynthesis, occurring in chloroplasts within the leaves. It details the structure of chloroplasts, including the thylakoids and stroma, and outlines the steps of photosynthesis, from the absorption of light by chlorophyll to the production of glucose and oxygen.

10:01

🍽️ Heterotrophic Nutrition and Digestion

The paragraph discusses heterotrophic nutrition, where organisms obtain food by consuming other organisms. It outlines the different types of heterotrophic nutrition: holozoic, saprophytic, and parasitic. Holozoic nutrition is described as the ingestion and digestion of solid organic material, common in most animals, including humans. Saprophytic nutrition involves breaking down dead organic matter with enzymes, exhibited by fungi and certain bacteria. Parasitic nutrition is characterized by deriving nutrients from a host organism. The paragraph also explains the process of digestion in humans, starting from the mouth and ending at the anus, with a focus on the role of different digestive organs and enzymes in breaking down food into simpler substances for absorption.

15:03

🔁 Respiration and Energy Production

This paragraph delves into the concept of respiration, a chemical reaction within cells that releases energy from nutrients like glucose. It differentiates between aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and occurs in organisms such as animals and plants, and anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen and is found in some bacteria and yeast. The paragraph explains the process of aerobic respiration, detailing how glucose is broken down into pyruvate, which then enters the mitochondria to be further converted into water and carbon dioxide, releasing energy to form ATP. It also discusses anaerobic respiration, where pyruvate is converted into lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide, depending on the organism. The importance of oxygen supply for aerobic respiration is highlighted, with a brief mention of how different organisms obtain oxygen.

20:04

💨 Breathing and the Human Respiratory System

The paragraph focuses on the human respiratory system, detailing its structure and function in the process of breathing. It describes the journey of air from the nostrils through the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, to the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. The paragraph explains how oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide is expelled. It also discusses the transportation of oxygen by hemoglobin in red blood cells and carbon dioxide in a dissolved state. The respiratory system's adaptation to different environments, such as terrestrial and aquatic, is briefly mentioned, along with the rate of breathing in relation to the availability of dissolved oxygen.

25:04

🚀 The Human Circulatory System

This section provides an in-depth look at the human circulatory system, which is responsible for transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste materials throughout the body. It explains the composition of blood, the function of the heart as a pumping organ, and the types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. The paragraph details the process of blood circulation, distinguishing between single-circuit and double-circuit circulation found in different animals. It also discusses blood pressure, the role of blood platelets in clotting, and the lymphatic system's function in returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream and absorbing digested fats.

30:07

🌳 Plant Transportation and Support

The paragraph discusses the unique transportation systems in plants, which include the xylem for water transport and the phloem for food transport. It explains how water is absorbed by roots and moved up the plant through a combination of root pressure, transpiration, and the continuous column of water in the xylem. The role of transpiration in creating a suction effect that aids in water movement is highlighted. The paragraph also describes how food materials, such as glucose, are transported through the phloem in response to the plant's needs, utilizing energy from ATP to create osmotic pressure that drives the movement of substances.

35:07

🚰 Excretion in Animals and Plants

This paragraph explores the process of excretion, which is essential for eliminating waste products from metabolic activities in living organisms. It describes the excretory system in humans, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, and how they filter and remove waste through the formation of urine. The paragraph also discusses the different methods plants use to excrete waste, such as releasing oxygen and excess water through stomata, shedding leaves, storing waste in dead cells, and excreting substances like resins and gums for defense and waste management.

📚 Conclusion and Call to Action

The final paragraph serves as a conclusion to the video, summarizing the main points covered in the chapter on life processes. It encourages viewers to like, share, and subscribe to the channel for more informative content. It also prompts viewers to press the Bell icon to receive updates and to check the description for links to other useful videos and the end screens for new video releases.

Keywords

💡Life Processes

Life processes refer to the essential biological activities that occur within organisms to maintain life. These include nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion. In the video, life processes are the central theme, explaining how organisms sustain themselves through these activities. For example, the script discusses how cells need a continuous inward and outward movement of molecules for survival, which is part of the life processes.

💡Cells

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. The script mentions observing cells to understand the movement of molecules, which is vital for their energy needs and waste removal. Cells are the site where life processes occur, making them a fundamental concept in the video.

💡Nutrition

Nutrition encompasses the processes by which organisms obtain and utilize food for energy and growth. The video script describes two types of nutrition: autotrophic, where organisms produce their food, and heterotrophic, where they consume other organisms for energy. This concept is integral to understanding how different life forms sustain themselves.

💡Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. The script provides a chemical equation for photosynthesis and explains the importance of chlorophyll and sunlight in this process. It's a key example of autotrophic nutrition in the video.

💡Respiration

Respiration is the process by which organisms release energy from nutrients like glucose, requiring oxygen in the case of aerobic respiration. The video script explains both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, highlighting how ATP is produced and used as a source of energy within cells.

💡ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell, storing and releasing energy for various cellular functions. The script describes how ATP is created during respiration and how its terminal phosphate bond, when broken, releases energy. ATP is crucial to the video's explanation of cellular energy processes.

💡Transportation

Transportation in the context of biology refers to the movement of substances within organisms. The video discusses the human circulatory system and the plant vascular system, emphasizing how nutrients, water, and other substances are transported to where they are needed. This concept is essential for understanding how organisms maintain homeostasis.

💡Excretion

Excretion is the process by which organisms eliminate waste products from their bodies. The script explains how unicellular and multicellular organisms excrete waste differently, with humans using a complex excretory system involving kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and urethra. This concept is key to understanding how organisms rid themselves of harmful byproducts of metabolism.

💡Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants that plays a crucial role in photosynthesis by absorbing sunlight. The video script describes an experiment involving variegated leaves to demonstrate the necessity of chlorophyll for photosynthesis, emphasizing its role in the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.

💡Stomata

Stomata are tiny pores found on the surface of leaves that facilitate gas exchange in plants. The script explains how plants regulate the opening and closing of stomata to manage the intake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and the release of oxygen and water vapor. This term is central to the video's discussion of plant respiration and transpiration.

💡Transpiration

Transpiration is the process by which plants lose water vapor through stomata. The video script describes how transpiration creates a suction effect that aids in the upward movement of water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. It is a key concept in the video's explanation of water transport in plants.

Highlights

Life processes are essential for the survival of all living organisms and involve continuous movement of molecules into and out of cells.

Nutrition is a critical life process that involves how organisms obtain and utilize food for energy and growth.

Autotrophic nutrition, such as photosynthesis in plants, allows organisms to produce their own food using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.

Heterotrophic nutrition involves organisms consuming other organisms for energy, highlighting the diversity of life processes.

The process of photosynthesis is detailed, explaining the chemical equation and the role of chlorophyll in plants.

Stomata are identified as the pores in plant leaves that facilitate gas exchange, crucial for photosynthesis.

Experiments such as the variegated leaf experiment demonstrate the necessity of chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

The location and mechanism of photosynthesis within chloroplasts are described, emphasizing the complexity of the process.

Respiration is highlighted as a vital process for energy release in cells, with aerobic and anaerobic respiration explained.

The role of ATP in cellular energy transfer is explained, highlighting its importance as the 'currency' of cellular energy.

Breathing and the human respiratory system are discussed, detailing the process of oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release.

The structure and function of the human heart, as a central organ in the transport of oxygen and nutrients, are described.

Blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries, are explained in the context of their roles in the circulatory system.

Blood pressure and its measurement are discussed, along with the implications of high blood pressure on health.

The lymphatic system is introduced as a secondary transport system in the body, with its functions explained.

Plant transport systems, including xylem and phloem, are detailed, showing how plants move water and nutrients.

Excretion is discussed as a necessary process for waste removal in organisms, with examples from both plants and animals.

The human excretory system, including the kidneys and urinary bladder, is described, outlining the process of urine formation and elimination.

Plants' methods of waste disposal, such as transpiration and shedding of leaves, are highlighted as unique to their stationary nature.

Transcripts

[Music]

life processes all living things are

made up of cells if we observe the cells

of an organism we can find that there is

a continuous movement of molecules into

the cell and out of the

cell cells need molecules to get energy

and to build new complex

molecules in the same way cells need to

send out the waste molecules that are

generated during their metabolic

activities so a continuous Inward and

outward movement of molecules is

required for a cell to survive organisms

like plants and animals are made up of

millions of cells then how do supply of

new molecules to these cells and removal

of waste molecules from these cells

takes place which processes help the

organisms to do this difficult

job life processes are a set of

processes that help the organisms to do

this job the processes that help the

organisms to maintain and repair their

bodies are called life

processes nutrition respiration

transportation and excretion are the

four important life processes that help

the organisms in their

survival

nutrition all living organism Ms need

food to live but the way by which they

obtain their food is different in

different animals the way of obtaining

food digestion and absorption of food

comes under nutrition so nutrition is

the first and most important life

process types of

nutrition one autotrophic nutrition two

heterotropic

nutrition let us see autotrophic

nutrition autotrophic nutrition is the

process by which green Plants algae and

some bacteria make their own food using

simple inorganic substances like carbon

dioxide and water with sunlight as the

energy

source autotrophic nutrition in plants

plants make glucose by using simple

inorganic materials like water carbon

dioxide in presence of sunlight and with

the help of chlorophyll this process is

called

photosynthesis during this process

organisms also produce oxygen which is

very important for the survival of the

organisms here we can see the chemical

equation of

photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 12 H2O gives rise

to C6 h126 that is glucose plus 6 O2

that is oxygen plus 6 H2O that is water

so this reaction takes place in presence

of sunlight and with the help of

chlorophyll plants use this glucose for

their energy requirements the remaining

glucose is converted into starch and

stored in different parts for future use

oxygen is released out into the

atmosphere so from this equation we can

understand that the raw materials or

reactants of this reaction are carbon

dioxide and water the products are gluc

and oxygen and the conditions and

apparatus required are sunlight and

chlorophyll let us see how plants

acquire their raw materials plants

obtain carbon dioxide through tiny pores

called stomata located on the surface of

leaves Leaves play a major role in

exchange of gases in Plants however gas

exchange also occurs across the surface

of stems roots and other parts of the

plant to prevent excessive water loss

plants regulate the opening and closing

of stomatal pores when carbon dioxide is

not needed for photosynthesis the plant

closes these

pores this regulation is controlled by

specialized cells called God cells

present in this stomato when God cells

absorb water this swell causing the

stomatal P to open in the same way when

they lose water they get shrink and the

pore closes this mechanism helps helps

the plants to efficiently manage gas

exchange and Water

Conservation this is how plants get

carbon dioxide let us see how do they

get the other

materials plants get water from the soil

through Roots plants get the light

through the surface of the leaf water

carbon dioxide chlorophyll and sunlight

if any one of the components is missing

plants cannot carry out

photosynthesis let us verify it with

some

activities variegated Leaf experiment by

this experiment we can prove that

chlorophyll is important for

photosynthesis for this take a potted

plant with variegated leaves such as

money plant or croton plant place the

plant in dock room for 3 Days To deplete

all the stored starch after 3 days

expose the plant to sunlight for

approximately 6 hours PLU a leaf from

the plant and ident y the green areas on

it Trace these green areas onto a sheet

of paper boil the leaf in water for few

minutes to soften it transfer the boiled

Leaf into Beaker filled with alcohol set

up a water bath and place the beaker

containing the leaf and alcohol into it

heat until the alcohol begins to

boil now take out the leaf and submerge

the leaf in a dilute solution of iodin

for a few

minutes now remove the leaf from the

iodin solution and rinse it off the

green areas of the leaf turns dark blue

iodin when reacts with starch it

produces dark blue color that means in

the green areas of leaf photosynthesis

took place due to the presence of

chlorophyll and in the non- green areas

of the leaf there is no photosynthesis

due to the absence of

chlorophyll similarly we have another

activity to show that c dioxide is

necessary for

photosynthesis for this select two

healthy potted plants of similar size

Place both the plants in dark room for 3

days now place a watch glass containing

potassium hydroxide to absorb the carbon

dioxide next to one

plant cover both the plants with

separate Bell jars and use vaselin to

seal the bottom to ensure an a tight

setup expose both plants to sunlight for

about 2 hours pluck a leaf from each

plant and perform a starch test as

described earlier now compare the

presence and amount of starch in both

the leaves the plant kept with potassium

hydroxide has very less starch as

compared to the plant without potassium

hydroxide this shows that carbon dioxide

is necessary for

photosynthesis location and mechanism of

photosynthesis photosynthesis takes

place in the special organel called

chloroplast present inside the green

leaves let us find their exact location

inside the leaf this is the

cross-section of the leaf here we can

observe some cells with green dot-like

structures these green dot-like

structures are the

chloroplasts a chloroplast has two

membranes the outer membrane and the

inner membrane the inner membrane is

called Grana it is folded and forms

stacks of sacks like structures called

thids chlorophyll is the green color

pigment present in this

thids the space between the Grana and

the outer membrane is called

stroma photosynthesis is very complex

process and it involves so many

reactions in it some reactions of

photosynthesis takes place in the Grana

and some reactions takes place in the

stroma

mechanism of

photosynthesis let us try to understand

the mechanism of photosynthesis in three

major Steps step one the chlorophyll

molecule present in the chloroplast

absorbs the sunlight and gets

activated step two the light activated

chlorophyll splits the water

molecule we know that water molecule is

made up of hydrogen and oxygen now these

two are separated by this light activat

chlorophyll this reaction is called

photolysis step three the hydrogen

produced in step two reacts with carbon

dioxide and forms glucose this is how

glucose is made by the plants but do

plants make only glucose in their bodies

no apart from glucose plants also make

proteins in their bodies plants need

nitrogen to make new protein molecules

plants get this nitrogen from the soil

nitrogen is present in the soil in the

form of nitrites and

nitrates but from where do these

nitrites and nitrates reach the soil the

nitrogen fixing bacteria present in the

soil converts the atmospheric nitrogen

into nitrites and

nitrates this is all about nutrition in

Plants now let us see the heterotropic

nutrition heterotropic nutrition

heterotrophic nutrition involves

obtaining readymade organic food by

consuming other

organisms heterotrophic organisms cannot

synthesize their own food and depend on

the organic matter produced by

autotrophs or other

heterotroph Tropic nutrition One

holozoic Nutrition two saprophytic

nutrition and three parasitic nutrition

Hol OIC nutrition this type of nutrition

involves the ingestion of solid organic

material which is then broken down and

absorbed by the

organism most animals including humans

exhibit holic nutrition holic nutrition

involves ingestion digestion absorption

assimilation and digestion of food

saprophytic

nutrition organisms that obtain their

nutrients from dead and decaying organic

matter are called

saprophytes they secrete enzymes onto

the dead matter to break it down into

simpler substances which they can absorb

fungi and certain bacteria exhibit

saprophytic

nutrition parasitic

nutrition parasites are organisms that

live in or on other organism and they

derive their nutrients from their host

parasitic nutrition is commonly observed

in various species of plants animals and

in

microorganisms holoid nutrition in

single celled organism

amiba amiba has no fixed shape so it

takes in food from any point on its body

surface amiba grabs food using

fingerlike extensions and forms a food

vacu inside this vacu the food breaks

down into into simpler substances that

go into the cell anything left

undigested is pushed out of the cell in

other single cell organisms like in

parami it has a specific shape and the

food is taken at one particular spot

tiny hairlike structures called Celia

helps in moving the food to this spot

for inje nutrition in human beings food

enters our body through mouth our

digestive system begins with mouth and

ends with anus different parts of the

digestive tract are arranged like a long

coil tube this tube is called Elementary

Canal accessory glands like liver

pancreas and salivary glands are

attached to the elementary canol and

forms the digestive

system the food inside the mouth is made

into a soft paste by the action of teeth

and

saliva saliva is a fluid that makes the

food soft and wet saliva has an enzyme

called as salivary amage it digests the

starch partially the food is well chewed

in the mouth and it passes down into the

stomach through

esophagus the rhythmic contractions of

the esophagus help the downward movement

of the

food these rhythmic contractions are

called peristaltic

movements this is stomach it is a hollow

muscular

organ gastric glands present in the

walls of the stomach produce gastric

juice this gastric juice has different

compounds in it these compounds help the

stomach to digest the food let us see

the different components of this gastric

juice gastric juice has pepsin

hydrochloric acid and mucous in it

pepsin is a protein digesting enzyme the

medium of the stomach should should be

acidic for the proper action of this

pepsin so the medium of the stomach is

made acidic by hydrochloric

acid hydrochloric acid is a strong acid

it can cause damage to the stomach walls

a thick layer of mucus protects the

walls of the stomach from the action of

HCL at the end of this stomach there is

a muscular spinter called as pyloric

spinter this spinter releases the partly

digested food slowly into the small

intestine small intestine is the longest

part of the elementary Canal it is

highly coiled to fit in less

space pancreas secretes the pancreatic

juice intestinal gland secrete

intestinal juice and liver secretes bile

juice into the small intestine

pancreatic juice and intestinal juice

have enzymes like Trin lipase pancreatic

amas peptidases and nucleas es these

enzymes help in the digestion of

carbohydrates fats and proteins the bile

juice that comes from liver does two

important jobs one emulsification of

fats means converting the bigger fat

droplets into smaller fat droplets by

doing this the surface area of the fat

droplets increases due to the increased

surface area enzymes can digest these

fat droplets more efficient L the second

job of bile is to make the intestinal pH

alkaline in the small intestine alkaline

medium is required for the digestion of

carbohydrates the digestion of food gets

completed in the small

intestine in the complete process of

digestion carbohydrates are converted to

sugars proteins are converted to amino

acids fats are converted to fatty acid

and

glycerol absorption of nutrients the

nutrients that are formed in the process

of digestion are absorbed into the blood

circulatory system the absorption of

nutrients takes place in the small

intestine the wall of this small

intestine has numerous finger-like

projections on its inner

surface these finger-like projections

are called vli blood vessels and lymph

vessels are present inside these

vli nutrients get absorbed into these

vessels and enters the blood bloodstream

undigested food enters into the large

intestine the water present in this

undigested food is absorbed into the

blood the remaining undigested waste is

excreted out through

anus this is all about nutrition

respiration respiration is a kind of

chemical reaction that takes place

inside the cells to release energy from

nutrients like glucose aerobic

respiration in some organisms oxygen is

needed for the process of

respiration this kind of respiration is

called aerobic

respiration so the respiration that

takes place in the presence of the

oxygen is called aerobic respiration in

aerobic respiration one glucose molecule

splits into two pyic acid

molecules this step takes place in the

cytoplasm of the cell now this pyic acid

molecules enter the

mitochondria inside the mitoch Andria

these pyic acid molecules turn into

water and carbon

dioxide in this step energy is

released the energy released during the

process of respiration is used to make

ATP

molecules ATP means adenosin

triphosphate let's see how an ATP

molecule is

made this is adenosin diphosphate that

means it is ADP it has has two

phosphates in its chain and this is an

inorganic phosphate the energy released

during respiration reaction is utilized

here to join the inorganic phosphate to

ADP and forms the

ATP it has three

phosphates that means the energy derived

from the respiration is stored in the

chemical bond of terminal phosphate of

ATP when the terminal phosphate linkage

in ATP is broken using water the energy

equivalent to 30.5 KJ per mole is

released this ATP molecule serves as the

primary source of energy for various

cellular

activities ATP can be used in the cells

for the contraction of musles protein

synthesis conduction of nerve impulses

and for many other activities for this

reason the atps are called as cell

currency an airobic respiration

in some organisms oxygen is not needed

for

respiration this type of respiration is

called anerobic

respiration in anerobic respiration less

ATP are released compared to aerobic

respiration an airobic respiration is

absorbed in organisms like in bacteria

and in

East sometimes even in our bodies anic

respiration takes place while doing

vigorous exercise the oxygen levels

decrease in our muzzle cells this leads

to oxygen deprivation and leads to

anerobic

respiration in an arobic respiration

pyic acid molecules turns into lactic

acid by releasing energy the build of

this lactic acid in the muzzle tissue

due to anerobic respiration leads to

muzzle soreness or muzzle pain alcoholic

fermentation in organisms like East

during an airobic respiration pyic acid

molecules are converted into ethanol and

carbon dioxide this process is called as

alcoholic fermentation we can absorb

alcoholic fermentation with the help of

an activity take some fruit juice or

sugar solution and add some EAS to it

take this mixture in a test tube fitted

with one whole COA fit the with a

bent glass tube dip the free end of the

glass tube into a test tube containing

freshly prepared lime water fermentation

takes place and the carbon dioxide gas

is produced it turns the lime water

milky aerobic respiration an aerobic

respiration and alcoholic fermentation

among these three processes the energy

that is released in aerobic respiration

is higher but for the process of aerobic

respiration a continuous supply of

oxygen is

needed then how do aerobic organisms get

the continuous supply of oxygen it is

done by breathing breathing brething

plants have small pores on their leaves

called stomata for the exchange of gases

animals need special respiratory organs

for the exchange of gases we know that

animals live on both land and in water

terrestrial animals breath the oxygen

present in the air aquatic animals get

the dissolved oxygen present in the

water aquatic organisms have a faster

breathing rate compared to terrestrial

organisms because the amount of

dissolved oxygen in water is relatively

low fishes for example draw water into

their mouths and then push it over their

gills here the blood absorbs the

dissolved oxygen from the water then how

do terrestrial animals like humans get

the oxygen let us see human respiratory

system structure and function human

respiratory system is well designed to

breathe oxygen from the

atmosphere human respiratory system

begins with a pair of nostrils air

enters the nose through this nostrils

thin hairs present in the nasal passage

filters the dust particles that we

breathe in the nasal cavity is lined by

mucus and it makes the air moist and

humid now this moist air enters the

windpipe windpipe is also called as

trachea it is supported by c-shaped

cartilaginous rings

these Rings support the tracha and helps

to keep it open position all the time

wind pipe divides into two branches

these branches are called broni they are

further divided into fine branches

called

bronchioles finally these bronchioles

are attached to small balloon-like

structures these balloon-like structures

are called

alveoli exchange of gases the wall of

the alv II is only one cell thick and it

has a network of blood

capillaries here the exchange of gases

takes place between the blood and

alveoli the blood that comes from the

body parts has more carbon dioxide in it

the air that enters the alveoli has more

oxygen in it due to this difference of

concentration the exchange of gases

takes place between the blood and the

alveoli the oxygen that is collected

into the blood is transported by a

pigment called as hemoglobin which is

present in the RBC of blood carbon

dioxide is transported by blood in

dissolved State

Transportation now let us look at the

human transport system transportation is

an important life process our transport

system is composed of one blood to

transport different materials two h

to pump the blood and three blood

vessels to supply the blood to different

body parts and four blood platelets to

repair the damaged blood

vessels blood acts as a transporter of

food oxygen and waste materials within

our bodies blood is a type of fluid

connective tissue it is composed of

plasma and blood cells plasma carries

nutrients carbon dioxide salts and

nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form

whereas oxygen is transported by red

blood

cells the pumping organ that we have in

our body is heart just like how an

electric motor pumps water in the pipes

heart pumps the blood into the blood

vessels a heart is a muscular organ it

is in the size of our fist heart does

two important jobs the first job is to

collect deoxygenated blood from the

different parts of the body and send it

to the lungs for

oxygenation this task is done by the

right side chambers of the heart the

second job is to collect the oxygenated

blood from the lungs and Supply it to

the different parts of the body this

task is done by the left side chambers

of the heart but these two tasks are

performed at the same

time at first left atrium and right

atrium gets relaxed are

dilated then left atrium gets the

oxygenated blood from the lungs right

atrium gets the deoxygenated blood from

the body parts now both these Chambers

get contracted and pump the blood into

the bottom

Chambers now the left ventricle get

contracted and sends the oxygenated

blood to the body parts at the same time

right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated

blood to

lungs ventricles possesses thicker

muscle ular walls compared to Atria

because they need to pump blood to

various

organs valves prevent the backward flow

of blood during the contraction of Atria

or

ventricles hot structure in animals with

different energy needs birds and mammals

have a four chambered heart with

complete separation between the

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood the

separation of this right and left sides

of the heart prevents oxygen ated and

deoxygenated blood from mixing if the

mixed blood is supplied to the body the

amount of oxygen supply decreases and

the energy production also

decreases this separation allows for

efficient oxygen delivery to meet their

high energy

demands amphibians and

reptiles they have three chambered

Hearts allowing some mixing of

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood fishes

they have two chambered Hearts blood is

pumped to the gills for oxygenation and

then directly to the rest of the body

this type of circulation is called

single circuit circulation because in a

complete cycle of circulation the blood

flows through the heart only once double

circuit circulation in mammals the blood

travels through the heart twice in one

complete cycle of blood

circulation one time between heart and

lungs and the second time between heart

and body parts so this type of

circulation is called double circuit

circulation or double

circulation now we will study about the

blood and blood

vessels in our bodies we have three

different types of blood vessels named

as arteries veins and

capillaries arteries carry the

oxygenated blood from heart to different

parts of the body heart pumps the blood

into arteries with great pressure so

arteries have thick and elastic walls to

resist this blood pressure veins collect

the deoxygenated blood from body parts

and carry it to the heart veins do not

have thick walls since the pressure of

blood is low in veins but veins have

valves in them due to these valves the

flow of blood takes place only in one

direction to supply the materials to

cells arteries split into thin fine

tubules called

capillaries the other ends of these

capillaries join together again to form

the

veins blood pressure blood pressure

refers to the force exerted by Blood

against the walls of blood vessels

arteries typically experience high blood

pressure compared to

veins systolic pressure denotes the

pressure in arteries during ventricular

contraction while diastolic pressure

indicates the pressure during

ventricular

relaxation normal blood pressure is

around 120 mmh systolic and 80 mm HG

diastolic a spigo manometer is used to

measure blood pressure any obstruction

or blocks formed in the arteries leads

to high blood pressure or

hypertension if this is not treated it

may lead to rupture of blood vessels and

leads to serious problems repair of

damaged blood vessels if our blood

vessels are cut in any accident blood

flows out through these blood vessels

this leads to one loss of blood and two

decrease of pressure in the circulatory

system to stop the bleeding blood

platelets move to the site of leakage

and plug the cut

temporarily permanent clotting of blood

takes by the help of various clotting

factors present in the plasma of the

blood here is a question for you if the

plasma contains blood clotting factors

why don't they clot the blood in the

blood vessels if you know the answer

please write it in the comments

lymphatic system just like blood

circulatory system we have another

system in our body called as lymphatic

system lymph flows in this system lymph

is a colorless fluid the plasma proteins

and some blood cells escapes out through

the small pores present in the walls of

the capillaries they gets accumulated in

the intercellular spaces of different

tissues later this fluid becomes the

lymph it it is similar to the plasma of

blood but colorless and contains less

protein this lymph enters the lymphatic

vessels through the lymph

capillaries finally these lymph vessels

are open into the large veins lymphatic

system does two important jobs the first

job of lymph is to absorb the digested

fats in the intestines we can see the

lymph vessels in the Willi of the small

intestine where the absorption of

nutrients takes place the second task is

to collect the extracellular fluid and

deposits it into the bloodstream this is

all about human transport system now let

us study the transport system in Plants

transportation in plants plants do not

move and plant bodies have a large

proportion of dead cells in many of

their tissues because of these reasons

plants require very less energy and have

a slow transport system in Plants the

transport of food and water takes place

by two different types of tissues they

are xylm and

flum transport of

water xylm tissue in Plants consists of

interconnected vessels and TrackID found

in roots stems and leaves forming

channels for water

transport now we will see how the water

enters into the

roots the cells of the roots that come

in contact with the soil actively takes

the ions from the soil into them

due to this kind of active transport of

ions the concentration difference of

ions develops between soil and root

cells to balance this difference water

enters the

roots this study inflow of water into

the root xylm creates a continuous

column of water pushing it upwards

however this pressure alone may not be

enough to move water up to Great Heights

in plants plants use transpiration the

loss of water vapor through stomata in

leaves to pull water from the xylm in

Roots transpiration creates a suction

effect aiding in the absorption and

upward movement of water and dissolved

minerals from Roots to

leaves transpiration also helps in

regulating plant

temperature root pressure is more

significant in water transport at night

while during the day transpiration

becomes the primary driving force for

water movement in the the

xylm transport of food and other

substances the food that is prepared in

the leaves of the plants during

photosynthesis has to be supplied to

different parts of the plants this

process is called

translocation the translocation of food

materials like glucose takes place

through flim tissue in Plants this

translocation takes place in both

upwards and in downwards

Direction energy is required for the

process of transl ation cells get this

energy from ATP at first with the use of

energy from ATP sucrose enters the flum

tissue then the osmotic pressure inside

the flum tissue

increases now due to this osmotic

pressure water enters the flim tissues

now with this pressure food materials

are taken to different tissues of the

plant flu transports the food as per the

requirements of the plants for example

in Spring season buds need more food

material for flowering then the flum

supplies the food from stem or root

excretion in the bodies of living things

metabolic activities produce nitrogenous

waste materials these waste materials

must be eliminated from the bodies of

the organisms this elimination process

is known as excretion unicellular

organisms release these wastes through

simple diffusion from their body surface

into into the surrounding water whereas

complex multicellular organisms they

have specialized organs to carry out

excretion excretion in human beings

cells while carrying out their metabolic

activities they produce toxic

nitrogenous substances like ammonia Ura

and uric acid these compounds are to be

eliminated from our body humans have a

well-developed excretory system to

dispose these wastes blood collects

these toxic materials from the cells and

carries them to the excretory system for

filtration human excretory system has

two kidneys two ureters one urinary

bladder and one urra kidneys have tiny

filtering units called as nephrons

nephrons are the structural and

functional units of the kidney they

filter the wastes from the blood each

nefron has a TFT of capillaries called

as glomerulus and a cuplike structure

called bman capsule nephrons filter the

blood and removes the wastes like Ura

uric acid and creatinin useful materials

like glucose amino acids and salts also

get filtered into the bourman capsule

but later they get reabsorbed back into

the blood circulatory system filtered

waste along with water is called as

urine it enters the urinary bladder

through Urus once the bladder is full it

triggers the sensation of urination

when we relaxes the muzzles of our

urinary bladder then the urine flows out

through the

uretra excretion in plants plants have

different ways of getting rid of waste

compared to animals during

photosynthesis plants produce oxygen

which can be considered as a waste

product it is released out through

stomata plants get rid of excess water

through stomata by a process called

transpiration some waste products are

stored in dead cells and in Old leaves

by shedding these leaves they get rid of

the Wast some plants excrete waste

substances into the soil which in turn

increases the soil fertility plants also

store certain wastes in cellular vaces

satin plants excrete waste materials in

the form of resins and gums as a means

of Defense protection and waste

management this is all about the chapter

life processes thanks for watching

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