Relasi Islam dan Barat Setelah 2001

Summary

This script discusses the rise of terrorism as a global political issue, particularly post-9/11. It explores terrorism's place in the global order, its relation to religious ideology, and how it contrasts with modern and postmodern eras. The talk highlights that while modern conflicts were resolved through war, postmodern international law and institutions aim for peace. Terrorism emerges as a non-state actor defying these norms, often with political motives, targeting symbols of state or political power, and sometimes civilians. Factors contributing to terrorism include external influences like Western perceptions and internal ideological extremism within certain religious groups, exemplified by groups like ISIS.

Takeaways

• 🗣️ The term 'terrorism' became widely used after the 9/11 attacks in 2001, where Al-Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden, was held responsible for the destruction of the Twin Towers in New York.
• 🌍 The 9/11 attacks triggered a new relationship between the Islamic world and the West, shifting the global political landscape.
• 💥 Terrorism in the postmodern era is characterized by non-state actors using violence, often against political or state symbols, rejecting international law.
• ⚔️ Pre-modern society was marked by feudalism and absolute state power, with wars being a primary way to resolve disputes.
• 🏰 The modern era, starting from the French Revolution to the end of World War II, saw the rise of strong nation-states, often competing for colonial domination.
• 🤝 In the postmodern world, countries prioritize diplomacy over warfare, with multilateral discussions and institutions like the UN enforcing international law.
• 🔫 Terrorism is seen as a form of political violence that rejects the global legal order established in the postmodern era, operating outside of international law.
• 🎯 Terrorist groups target symbols of state power like military or government figures, as well as multinational offices like embassies, to achieve political goals.
• ⚖️ Terrorism often arises from the belief that international law is a tool for domination, which some groups refuse to acknowledge, leading them to violent methods.
• 🕌 Radical ideologies, often linked to extremist religious interpretations, are internal factors driving terrorism, with groups like ISIS representing extreme examples.

Q & A

What is the focus of the discussion in the transcript?

The discussion focuses on terrorism, specifically its place in the global political context, its relationship with religious ideology, and the evolution of terrorism, especially after the 9/11 attacks.

When did the term 'terrorism' gain widespread public attention according to the transcript?

The term 'terrorism' gained widespread public attention after the 9/11 attacks on September 11, 2001, when planes were hijacked and crashed into the World Trade Center in New York.

What impact did 9/11 have on global relations between the Islamic world and the West?

9/11 created a new dynamic in global relations, particularly between the Islamic world and the West, reinforcing the theory of a 'Clash of Civilizations' as proposed by Samuel Huntington.

How does the transcript describe the pre-modern world order?

The pre-modern world is described as an era marked by feudalism, absolute power held by rulers, and conflict resolution mainly through war, rather than diplomacy.

What characterizes the modern period according to the transcript?

The modern period, from the French Revolution to the end of World War II, is characterized by the rise of nation-states, technological advancements, and frequent wars driven by colonial and political interests.

How is the postmodern world described in the transcript?

The postmodern world is described as one where countries move away from politics of power and war, focusing instead on multilateral negotiations and international laws, with institutions like the UN governing international relations.

Why did the term 'terrorism' emerge in the postmodern context?

The term 'terrorism' emerged in the postmodern context as it describes actions that disrupt the international order, where non-state actors use violence, rejecting international laws and governance.

Who are considered the primary actors in terrorist activities?

The primary actors in terrorist activities are non-state groups, not governments, with ISIS being a prominent example of a modern terrorist organization.

What external factors contribute to the rise of terrorism?

External factors include negative perceptions of Western countries, especially the U.S., after events like the invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, which fueled animosity in the Muslim world.

What internal ideological factors contribute to terrorism?

Internal ideological factors include extremist religious beliefs, such as those held by groups like the Khawarij in early Islamic history, which are reflected in modern radical movements like ISIS.