Apa Bedanya Krismon 98, Krisis 2008, dan Resesi 2020

Summary

In this video, Luna from 'Ngomongin Uang' explores three major crises Indonesia faced in the last 30 years: the 1998 Asian Monetary Crisis, the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, and the 2020 Global Recession due to COVID-19. She explains the causes and impacts of each, starting with the 2020 recession triggered by pandemic-induced economic slowdowns, then the 2008 crisis originating from the U.S. subprime mortgage bubble burst, and finally the 1998 crisis, which began in Thailand due to unsustainable currency pegs and high-interest rates, leading to a regional financial panic.

Takeaways

• 🌐 Indonesia has experienced several economic crises, including the 1998 Asian Monetary Crisis, the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, and the 2020 Global Recession due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
• 📉 The 2020 recession was primarily caused by lockdowns and activity restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely impacted global health, economies, and trade.
• 🏠 The 2008 financial crisis originated in the financial sector, triggered by a surge in subprime mortgages in the United States, leading to a global liquidity crisis.
• 📈 The 1998 Asian Monetary Crisis began with a significant difference in interest rates between Thailand and Japan, leading to speculative business practices and a subsequent currency crisis.
• 💸 The U.S. housing market's rapid price increases and lax lending practices contributed to the 2008 crisis, with many unsuitable borrowers defaulting on their mortgages.
• 📉 The 1998 crisis saw a sharp devaluation of the Thai baht, which spread panic across Asia and led to a massive sell-off of the Indonesian rupiah and other regional currencies.
• 🏦 The 1998 crisis resulted in many Indonesian banks and companies going bankrupt due to the rupiah's devaluation, which increased the value of dollar-denominated debts exponentially.
• 🌐 The crises had systemic impacts, affecting various sectors such as tourism, transportation, hospitality, and entertainment, leading to a significant economic downturn.
• 💹 The 2008 crisis led to a global stock market crash as investors panicked, further exacerbating the economic downturn.
• 💡 The video aims to provide insights into these crises to increase viewers' financial literacy and understanding of economic events.

Q & A

What are the three financial crises discussed in the script?

The script discusses the Asian Monetary Crisis of 1998, the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, and the Global Recession of 2020 caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

How did the COVID-19 pandemic lead to a global recession in 2020?

The pandemic led to a global recession in 2020 by causing lockdowns and activity restrictions, which disrupted the activities of billions of people worldwide, leading to a significant decline in various industries, especially tourism and related sectors.

What was the main cause of the 2008 financial crisis according to the script?

The 2008 financial crisis was primarily caused by the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States, where many people were unable to pay their mortgage loans, leading to a global financial liquidity crisis.

How did the housing market in the United States contribute to the 2008 crisis?

The housing market contributed to the 2008 crisis by allowing easy access to subprime mortgages, which were then bundled and sold as mortgage-backed securities. The increase in housing prices and the expectation that this would continue led to high-risk investments that eventually defaulted.

What was the role of insurance companies in the 2008 financial crisis?

Insurance companies played a role in the 2008 crisis by providing insurance on mortgage-backed securities. When the value of these securities plummeted, many insurance companies were unable to cover the claims, leading to further financial instability.

How did the Asian Monetary Crisis of 1998 start?

The Asian Monetary Crisis of 1998 started with a crisis in Thailand due to a high interest rate differential between Thailand and Japan, leading to speculative investments and unsustainable debt levels, which eventually led to a devaluation of the Thai Baht.

What was the impact of the Thai Baht devaluation on other Asian currencies?

The devaluation of the Thai Baht led to a chain reaction among investors, causing panic and a sell-off in other Asian currencies, including the Indonesian Rupiah, which resulted in significant devaluations and financial instability across the region.

How did the Indonesian Rupiah fare during the 1998 crisis?

The Indonesian Rupiah experienced a dramatic devaluation during the 1998 crisis, dropping from around 2000 Rupiah per US Dollar to over 16,000 Rupiah per US Dollar, leading to systemic impacts on companies and financial institutions with dollar-denominated debts.

What measures did the Indonesian government take to stabilize the Rupiah during the 1998 crisis?

The Indonesian government eventually allowed the Rupiah to float freely after exhausting its foreign exchange reserves in attempts to stabilize the currency. This decision led to a significant devaluation of the Rupiah.

What was the 'American Dream' mentioned in the script, and how did it contribute to the 2008 crisis?

The 'American Dream' refers to the aspiration of owning a home, which led many Americans to take out mortgages to buy houses. This contributed to the 2008 crisis by increasing demand for subprime mortgages, which were then bundled into risky financial products that defaulted en masse.

What is the significance of the 'subprime mortgage' mentioned in the script?

Subprime mortgages are high-risk home loans given to borrowers with poor credit histories. The widespread issuance of these loans and their subsequent default was a key factor in the 2008 financial crisis.

Outlines

00:00

🌐 Economic Impact of the 2020 Global Recession

The script discusses the economic crises Indonesia has faced, including the 1998 Asian financial crisis, the 2008 global financial crisis, and the 2020 global recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2020 recession is highlighted as being easier to understand due to its direct impact on health, economy, and trade worldwide. The pandemic disrupted billions of people's activities due to lockdowns and other restrictions, leading to a severe decline in various industries, especially tourism and related sectors. This economic slowdown is reflected in the sharp decline in GDP across the world, causing many countries, including Indonesia, to enter a recession phase. The video also mentions previous discussions on the impact of COVID-19 on the economy and the concept of recession.

05:04

🏦 The 2008 Financial Crisis: Causes and Ripple Effects

The script explains the 2008 financial crisis, which originated from the financial sector, unlike the 2020 recession that started from the real economy. The crisis was triggered by a surge in subprime mortgages in the United States, where many people could not afford their mortgage payments. This led to a global financial liquidity crisis, with credit, securities, and insurance in disarray. The script provides an illustration of how the American Dream of homeownership and lax lending practices contributed to the crisis. The housing market's continuous rise in prices led to an increase in demand for mortgage-backed securities, which were considered a good investment due to the rising house prices. However, the crisis escalated when these securities defaulted, affecting the global financial industry and leading to a stock market crash.

10:09

📉 The 1997 Asian Financial Crisis: Origins and Consequences

The script discusses the 1997 Asian financial crisis, also known as the Indonesian monetary crisis, which started in Thailand due to a difference in interest rates between Thailand and Japan. This led to a business model where Thai companies borrowed money from Japan at low interest rates and lent it out in Thailand at high rates. Initially, this seemed positive for the Thai economy, but competition from China and a decline in exports led to difficulties in repaying these loans. The Thai government attempted to stabilize the Baht's value against the US dollar by using its foreign exchange reserves. However, when reserves were depleted, the government had to allow the Baht to float freely, leading to a significant devaluation. This triggered a chain reaction across Asia, affecting currencies like the Indonesian Rupiah. The crisis led to many companies and financial institutions going bankrupt due to the inability to repay dollar-denominated debts, which had ballooned in size due to the devaluation.

Keywords

💡Crisis

A crisis is a time of intense difficulty, trouble, or danger. In the context of the video, it refers to the economic downturns or financial disruptions that occurred in different years. The script discusses multiple crises, including the Asian financial crisis of 1998 and the global financial crisis of 2008, illustrating how each had profound impacts on economies and financial markets.

💡Monetary Crisis

A monetary crisis specifically refers to a situation where there is a sudden change in the value of a country's money, often leading to a rapid devaluation. The video script mentions the 'krisis moneter' or monetary crisis of 1998 in Indonesia, which was characterized by the sharp devaluation of the Indonesian rupiah against the US dollar.

💡Financial Crisis

A financial crisis is a situation where financial markets are unstable, causing a widespread loss of wealth. The video discusses the global financial crisis of 2008, which originated in the United States and spread globally, affecting banks and financial institutions, leading to a liquidity crisis and a significant downturn in economic activity.

💡Pandemic

A pandemic is an outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population. The video refers to the COVID-19 pandemic, which began in 2020 and led to a global recession by disrupting trade, production, and causing widespread lockdowns.

💡Recession

A recession is a period of negative economic growth that lasts for at least two consecutive quarters. The video discusses the global recession in 2020, which was characterized by a sharp decline in GDP across various regions of the world due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

💡Subprime Mortgage

A subprime mortgage is a type of mortgage loan granted to borrowers who do not qualify for prime lending. In the video, it is mentioned as a key factor leading to the 2008 financial crisis, as many subprime mortgages were given to people who could not afford to repay them, leading to a wave of defaults.

💡Liquidity Crisis

A liquidity crisis occurs when a bank or other financial institution is unable to meet its short-term obligations. The video script discusses how the 2008 financial crisis led to a liquidity crisis in the banking sector due to the high number of defaulted subprime mortgages.

💡Depreciation

Depreciation refers to a decrease in the value of a currency. In the context of the video, the depreciation of the Indonesian rupiah is highlighted as a key aspect of the 1998 monetary crisis, where the value of the rupiah fell dramatically against the US dollar.

💡Bankruptcy

Bankruptcy is a legal process that involves a person or organization being declared insolvent, and thus unable to pay their debts. The video mentions that many banks and companies went bankrupt during the 1998 crisis in Indonesia due to the sharp depreciation of the rupiah and the resulting increase in the value of their dollar-denominated debts.

💡Forex

Forex stands for foreign exchange, which is the conversion of one currency into another. The video script mentions the use of forex companies in Thailand to borrow money at low-interest rates in Japan and lend it out at higher rates in Thailand, which contributed to the 1998 Asian financial crisis.

💡Interest Rates

Interest rates are the cost of borrowing money and the return on investment. The video discusses the difference in interest rates between Thailand and Japan in the 1990s, which led to the Thai business model of borrowing in yen at low Japanese interest rates and lending in Thai baht at higher Thai interest rates.

Highlights

Indonesia has experienced several crises, including the 1998 Asian financial crisis and the 2008 global financial crisis.

The 2020 global recession was caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting health, economy, and trade worldwide.

The 2020 recession led to a significant downturn in various industries, especially tourism, transportation, hospitality, and entertainment.

The economic slowdown was reflected in the sharp decline of GDP in many parts of the world in 2020.

The 2008 financial crisis began in the financial sector with a housing bubble and subprime mortgage crisis in the United States.

Lax lending practices and a focus on sales bonuses contributed to the 2008 crisis.

The 2008 crisis led to a liquidity crisis in the banking sector and a systemic collapse of investment products.

The Asian financial crisis of 1997-98, also known as the 'Asian Contagion,' started in Thailand.

The crisis was triggered by a difference in interest rates between Thailand and Japan, leading to a speculative scheme.

Thailand's export industry faced competition from China, leading to a decrease in export profits.

The Thai government used foreign exchange reserves to stabilize the Baht's value, but this was unsustainable.

On July 2, 1997, Thailand abandoned its currency peg, leading to a 20% devaluation of the Baht.

The devaluation of the Baht caused a panic in Asia, affecting currencies in Indonesia, Malaysia, and other developing Asian countries.

The Indonesian Rupiah faced extreme selling pressure, leading to a significant devaluation.

The devaluation of the Rupiah had a systemic impact on companies and financial institutions with dollar-denominated debts.

Many companies and banks in Indonesia went bankrupt due to the drastic increase in their debt burden.

The video aims to provide insights and knowledge about the three crises experienced over the last 30 years.

Transcripts

Haii semua ketemu lagi sm aku Luna, selamat datang di channel Ngomongin Uang

Mungkin sebagian dari kamu udah pernah dengar, kalo Indonesia pernah mengalami beberapa kali krisis

mulai dari krisis moneter atau krisis finansial asia di tahun 98

Ada juga krisis finansial global yang terjadi di tahun 2008.

Terakhir adalah resesi global akibat pandemi covid-19 yang terjadi di tahun 2020 ini.

kalau resesi global di tahun 2020 ini

mungkin kita bisa lebih mudah ngerti penyebab dan dampaknya ya.

Tapi bagaimana dengan krisis moneter Asia di tahun 98

dan krisis finansial global di tahun 2008?

Kan waktu tahun 98 dan 2008 tidak ada wabah pandemi yaa

yang menyebabkan perdagangan dan produksi terhambat ya

kok bisa krisis sih

Nah, pada video kali ini aku akan membahas tentang krisis2 yang pernah kita alami

aku akan mengupas penyebab, dampak, juga perbedaan dari krisis moneter tahun 98

krisis finansial tahun 2008

dan resesi global di tahun 2020 sekarang ini

Yuk kita mulai pembahasannya

Oke

kita mulai dulu dengan ngebahas resesi yang kita alami bersama di tahun 2020 ini

kita sama2 tau, kalo tahun 2020 menjadi kejutan yang luar biasa

bukan hanya bagi dunia kesehatan

tapi juga bagi dunia ekonomi dan perdagangan di sluruh dunia

Karena nyatanya

pandemi ini gak cuma menyerang kesehatan doang

tapi juga menyerang ekonomi

karena miliaran orang di dunia tiba-tiba saja terganggu aktivitasnya

akibat kebijakan lockdown dan pembatasan aktivitas lainnya.

Hal ini menyebabkan banyak sektor industri dan perdagangan mengalami penurunan luar biasa parah

khususnya industri pariwisata dan turunannya

misalnya bisnis transportasi, penginapan, restoran, tempat hiburan,

serta segala bentuk bisnis yang membutuhkan kehadiran orang secara fisik dalam jumlah banyak.

Perlambatan aktivitas ekonomi seperti perdagangan dan konsumsi ini terpotret dari tingkat GDP kuartal sepanjang tahun 2020 ini

yang mengalami penurunan tajam di berbagai belahan dunia

sampai akhirnya menyebabkan banyak negara mencapai fase resesi ekonomi, termasuk Indonesia

Buat kamu yang mungkin baru kenal sama channel ini

sebetulnya kami sudah pernah nih membahas beberapa video terkait dengan dampak Covid-19 terhadap ekonomi

dan juga penjelasan tentang resesi ekonomi yang lagi kita jalanin

buat kamu yang belum nonton, bisa tonton 2 video itu ya

sekarang, kita lanjut bahas tentang krisis finansial tahun 2008 yuk

penyebabnya apaan sih?

Beda nih sama resesi tahun 2020

yang bermula dari tekanan ekonomi di sektor riil atau industri perdagangan

krisis di tahun 2008 itu bermula dari sektor finansial

Gimana sih ceritanya?

Jadi gini

Krisis 2008 itu pada dasarnya dipicu sama kredit KPR di Amerika yang membengkak sangat besar

dan banyak masyarakat di Amerika tuh yang gak sanggup

buat bayar tagihan KPR mereka

Hal itu bikin aliran dana di institusi keuangan seluruh dunia macet

dengan status utang, jaminan, dan asuransi

yang kacau banget

sampai-sampai banyak pihak di industri keuangan tuh saling tunjuk

dan saling menyalahkan satu sama lain

Aku coba ceritain deh ya ilustrasi masalahnya secara sederhana, biar kamu bisa lebih kebayang

Di Amerika itu semua orang mimpi bisa punya rumah sendiri

bahkan sampai ada istilahnya nih yaitu American Dream

jadi wajar aja kalau banyak masyarakat di Amerika tuh mengajukan KPR

supaya bisa beli rumah dengan cara mencicil

Masalahnya, industri kredit perbankan di Amerika di tahun-tahun itu tuh gak terlalu ketat gitu

buat mengawasi kelayakan kredit dari masyarakatnya

sistem seleksi dari perbankan pun gak berjalan dengan baik

masyarakat yang pekerjaannya gak jelas

orang yang kerjanya serabutan

, bahkan imigran yang belum punya pekerjaan tetap aja tuh bisa mengajukan KPR dengan gampang

apalagi nih para sales kredit rumah tuh cuma fokus mengejar bonus penjualan doang

yang mereka dapatkan jika berhasil menjual rumah dengan basis KPR.

Ironisnya, kredit KPR yang tidak sehat ini dirasionalisasiin

sama harga perumahan yang terus melonjak tinggi selama bertahun-tahun di Amerika

. Hal itu menyebabkan banyak masyarakat semakin ingin cepat-cepat mengambil KPR

sebelum harga rumah semakin mahal

Bahkan nih saking drastisnya kenaikan harga perumahan di Amerika

kalo ada keluarga yang tidak sanggup melanjutkan pembayaran KPR

penjualan rumahnya itu sudah lebih dari cukup

untuk melunasi utang kreditnya

Dengan logika kaya gitu

semakin banyak aja masyarakat yang terus pengen membeli rumah dengan sistem KPR

termasuk dari golongan masyarakat yang seharusnya tuh belum layak buat dapetin hak kredit tersebut.

Ditambah lagi, kenaikan harga rumah di Amerika tuh dianggep sebagai sesuatu yang bakalan terus terjadi

Hal itu bikin banyak institusi keuangan di Amerika

yang menjaminkan surat utang kredit rumah sebagai bagian dari portfolio investasi

yang dijual ke nasabah ritel. Karena harga rumah terus semakin naik

maka harga surat berharga yang berisi jaminan utang kredit itu juga makin diminati investor

dan harganya juga terus bertumbuh naik

Belum lagi, risiko kredit macet di Amerika ini tuh juga dijaminkan kepada banyak institusi asuransi raksasa

bahkan dijamin juga oleh negara Amerika

masalah ini tuh jadi makin berat karena aturan baru presiden clinton

yang memungkinkan bank tabungan untuk turut berpartisipasi dalam investasi berisiko tinggi

(kayak kpr berisiko tinggi, atau subprime mortgage)

yang sebelumnya terbatas cuma buat bank investasi doang

di mana nih, uang tabungan rakyat amerika tuh juga turut dipertaruhin

Dari semua gejala tadi, mungkin kamu bisa nebak sendiri

bakalan banyak utang kredit yang gak sanggup dilunasi

khususnya dari golongan masyarakat yang emang harusnya belum layak mengajukan kredit

dan ketika kredit utang yang macet itu semakin banyak, industri perbankan di Amerika mengalami krisis likuiditas

dengan status jutaan utang kredit yang macet

Hal ini tuh berdampak secara sistemik kepada hancurnya produk-produk investasi

kaya reksadana yang isi tuh adalah jaminan utang kredit KPR.

Belum lagi banyak perusahaan asuransi di seluruh dunia yang gak sanggup

menanggung klaim asuransi yang bertumpuk sangat banyak melampaui kemampuan likuiditasnya

Semua kekacauan di industri keuangan ini tuh juga berdampak pada kepanikan para investor di bursa saham yang narik dana mereka

sampe akhirnya menyebabkan kejatuhan harga saham di seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia

dan yang terakhir, kita bakalan bahas krisis finansial Asia di tahun 97-98

atau kalo di Indonesia tuh lebih populer dengan nama Krisis moneter atau krismon tahun 98

Mungkin kamu masih ingat waktu masih kecil di tahun 98

banyak berita mencekam baik dari sisi politik, demonstrasi mahasiswa, sampai nilai tukar rupiah yang sangat anjlok

dari yang tadinya tuh 1 dollar setara dengan 2000 rupiah, nilainya menyusut sampai-sampai 1 dollar tuh sama dengan 16 ribu rupiah

Gara-gara kejatuhan nilai rupiah itu, ada banyak banget bank dan perusahaan yang bangkrut di Indonesia

Sebetulnya, pemicunya apa sih? Yuk kita bahas

oya, sebelum aku bahas lebih lanjut, aku mau disklaimer dulu nih dikit.

Di video ini, aku cuma bakalan bahas krismon dari sisi krisis keuangannya saja ya

jadi aku gak akan terlalu bahas dari sisi politik ataupun krisis sosial yang terjadi di Indonesia.

Nah, mungkin banyak di antara kamu yang masih belum tahu nih, kalau krisis moneter tahun 98 itu awal mulanya dipicu dari krisis negara tetangga kita yaitu Thailand.

Wah gimana ceritanya nih Thailand tuh bisa penyebab krisis finansial di asia, termasuk di indonesia?

Jadi gini ceritanya

Di awal tahun 90an, ada ketimpangan antara suku bunga bank di Thailand dengan negara-negara lain

khususnya sama negara Jepang. Jadi saat itu, suku bunga di Thailand tuh sangat tinggi

sampe 10% an

sementara suku bunga di negara Jepang sangat rendah ada di level 2% an per tahun.

Kondisi itu tuh bikin beberapa pengusaha di Thailand pengen coba buat skema bisnis

yang memanfaatin ketimpangan suku bunga antar 2 negara tersebut.

Caranya gimana tuh?

Sederhananya nih

dengan bikin perusahaan valas atau forex

terus perusahaan tersebut tuh pinjam uang dalam jumlah besar ke Jepang

yang bunga pengembalian yang rendah

terus dana tersebut didistribusikan menjadi utang kredit di Thailand

yang punya pengembalian bunga yang tinggi.

Awalnya nih, aliran dana segar buat para UMKM dan masyarakat Thailand tuh terlihat positif

karena pertumbuhan ekonomi di Thailand tumbuh di atas 8% di awal tahun 1990an

khususnya di industri expor nih

Thailand tuh semakin produktif menjual hasil produksi dalam negerinya ke pasar luar negeri.

Di sisi lain, pertumbuhan ekonomi di Thailand tuh juga bikin masyarakatnya mulai gencar belanja barang-barang impor dari luar negeri

yang artinya meningkatin permintaan mata uang asing dalam perdagangan negara Thailand

Sampai akhirnya di tahun 95, Thailand tuh mengalami persaingan bisnis expor sama China

Artinya apa?

Keuntungan bisnis expor Thailand tuh mengalami penurunan

dan perusahaan yang minjam uang Yen Jepang lewat perusahaan forex tersebut tuh semakin kesulitan

buat membayar utang-utangnya yang berbunga cukup tinggi

Dengan semakin menurunnya industri export dan kredit utang macet yang semakin membengkak

pemerintah Thailand tuh akhirnya mengambil kebijakan buat membantu pelunasan kredit macet tersebut

dengan memakai cadangan devisa mata uang asing milik pemerintah Thailand.

Di sisi lain nih, Thailand tuh pada saat itu memberlakukan kebijakan moneter

dengan mematok nilai tukar mata uang Baht dengan USD pada level yang stabil

Wah kok bisa sih bikin nilai tukar mata uang jadi stabil?

Secara teknis, hal itu bisa dilakuin dengan ngorbanin cadangan devisa negara.

Jadi gini, pemerintah tuh pakai cadangan devisa negara buat mengintervensi tingkat fluktuasi permintaan Baht terhadap USD.

Artinya nih Pemerintah thailand tuh ngeluarin cadangan devisa dolarnya dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak

dan memenuhi bursa perdagangan mata uang buat nguatin Baht.

Masalahnya cadangan devisa negara Thailand tentu ada batasnya

dan gak mungkin selamanya tuh bisa menahan kredit macet dan menstabilkan nilai mata uang Baht

Akhirnya apa yang terjadi? Tanggal 2 Juli 1997

pemerintah thailand tuh mencabut kebijakan buat menstabilkan nilai tukar Baht

jadi nilai tukarnya dibiarkan berfluktuasi berdasarkan permintaan dan penawaran di bursa perdagangan mata uang.

Akibatnya nih, nilai Baht turun 20% hari itu juga

Hal itu tuh buat seluruh dunia investasi sangat kaget dan mengakibatkan kepanikan besar di Asia

Amblesnya nilai mata uang Thailand sedrastis itu dalam waktu singkat buat reaksi berantai di kalangan investor

termasuk yang nanemin uangnya di Indonesia, Malaysia, dan negara-negara berkembang di Asia

Nilai tukar Rupiah tuh langsung menghadapi tekanan jual yang sangat tinggi di pasar keuangan

Bank sentral di banyak negara asia tuh harus menguras cadangan devisanya

kalau mau menstabilkan nilai mata uang negaranya. Tapi gimanapun

cadangan devisa negara tuh tentu punya batas kemampuannya. Dalam Rupiah, Bank Indonesia terpaksa membuat nilai Rupiah mengambang bebas

tanggal 14 Agustus 1997

Nilai rupiah pun terjun bebas dari yang tadinya Rp. 2000 per Dollar AS

sampai akhirnya sempat tembus Rp. 16.000 per Dollar AS

Anjloknya nilai tukar Rupiah di tahun 97-98 ini bikin dampak sistemik yang luar biasa

buat banyak perusahaan dan institusi finansial yang punya utang dalam bentuk dollar

Bayangin aja

perusahaan yang tadinya cuma punya utang sebesar 2 Miliar, tiba-tiba saja

Perusahaan tersebut tuh jadi punya utang sebesar 16 Miliar Rupiah!

Hal itulah yang menyebabkan perusahaan jatuh bangkrut

termasuk banyak lembaga perbankan di Indonesia

nah, itulah cerita singkat tentang 3 krisis yang pernah kita alami bersama selama 30 tahun terakhir

semoga bisa nambah wawasan dan pengetahuan kamu

oya, buat kamu yang pernah melewati ketiga krisis tersebut

ceritain pengalaman kamu yuk di kolom komentar

Sampai ketemu lagi di video selanjutnya, tetep di channel ngomongin uang

karena ngomongin uang, gak ada abisnya!