Ojos de Fuego. El Neolítico Final en Iberia
Summary
TLDREste video explora la cultura de la Edad del Neolítico en la península ibérica, destacando la importancia de la fertilidad y su simbolismo en la diosa Venus de Gavá. Se narra la transición de los primeros agricultores que enfrentaron el agotamiento del suelo, la aparición de nuevas culturas como los mineros de Gavá y la expansión del símbolo de los 'ojos de fuego'. Además, se aborda la llegada de las culturas del este y su impacto en la península, cambiando para siempre el destino de sus habitantes y sus tradiciones.
Takeaways
- 🌏 Se encontró una diosa en las entrañas de la tierra, en galerías mineras antiguas, buscando un fuego verde.
- 🔍 La diosa no es una persona, sino una deidad que simboliza la fertilidad y acompañó a los primeros agricultores de la Península Ibérica.
- ⏳ La cultura de la fosa, conocida por sus tumbas profundas, apareció en Cataluña alrededor de 4000 a.C. y se relaciona estrechamente con la tierra.
- 💚 El complejo minero neolítico de Gavá, cerca de Barcelona, estaba dedicado a la extracción de variscite, una piedra de color verde usado para hacer cuentas y en intercambios comerciales.
- 🗿 La Venus de Gavá, encontrada en el complejo minero, es una figura de barro que representa a una mujer desnuda, posible diosa de la fertilidad.
- 🌾 La importancia de la fertilidad para los primeros agricultores se debía al agotamiento de las tierras por el cultivo intensivo y la erosión.
- 🌿 Los rituales de fertilidad, como los bailes, eran comunes en la Península Ibérica desde tiempos neolíticos, como se muestra en pinturas rupestres.
- 🔄 A partir de 4800 a.C., las culturas neolíticas de la Península Ibérica se vieron afectadas por el agotamiento de las tierras y tuvieron que adaptarse o cambiar.
- 🌌 El símbolo de los ojos de fuego se extendió por toda la costa mediterránea y se asocia con conceptos de fertilidad, vida y muerte.
- 🏺 En el sureste de la Península Ibérica, los primeros megalitos se construyeron y se extendieron por el arco atlántico, llegando a Bretaña e Irlanda.
- 🛠 Los avances culturales en el sureste de la Península Ibérica incluyeron el uso de la metralla y la entrada en la Edad del Cobre, dejando atrás la Edad del Neolítico.
Q & A
¿Dónde se encontró la diosa que se menciona en el guion?
-La diosa se encontró en las entrañas de la tierra, en galerías de minas antiguas ubicadas en la región de lo que hoy es Cataluña.
¿Qué material se usaba para abrir las minas mencionadas?
-Se usaban piedra, madera y asta de ciervo para abrir las minas.
¿Cuál es el nombre de la cultura que se asocia con las minas y por qué se llama así?
-La cultura se conoce como la cultura de las fosa de entierro debido a que sus tumbas se excavaban muy profundas.
¿En qué lugar específico se encontró el símbolo de los 'ojos de fuego' y qué representa?
-El símbolo de los 'ojos de fuego' se encontró en el complejo minero de Gavá, en la pieza clave conocida como la Venus de Gavá, que representa a una mujer desnuda con la mano en su vientre ligeramente hinchado.
¿Qué tipo de joyas se elaboraban con la piedra variscite y para qué se usaban?
-Se elaboraban collares con la piedra variscite, que se encontraban en sus tumbas y con los cuales también comerciaban con culturas cercanas.
¿Cuál fue la preocupación principal de los primeros agricultores neolíticos en Iberia?
-La principal preocupación de los primeros agricultores neolíticos era asegurar que la tierra siguiera siendo fértil y continuar proporcionando alimentos.
¿Cómo se relacionaba la figura de la Venus de Gavá con la fertilidad?
-La Venus de Gavá, encontrada en las profundidades de una mina, se asocia con la fertilidad, ya que este concepto abarcaba no solo la proyección sobre la tierra sino también los minerales encontrados dentro de ella.
¿Cuál fue el impacto del agotamiento de las tierras en las comunidades neolíticas?
-El agotamiento de las tierras llevó a un patrón de crecimiento explosivo y posterior crisis, lo que resultó en la disminución de las cosechas y la eventual decisión de mudarse o abandonar la agricultura en algunas comunidades.
¿Cómo se relaciona el símbolo de los 'ojos de fuego' con la divinidad y la fertilidad?
-El símbolo de los 'ojos de fuego' se interpreta como un símbolo de una divinidad femenina asociada con el ciclo de fertilidad, vida y muerte, con la lechuza y los soles como símbolos adicionales.
¿Qué cambios culturales y genéticos se produjeron en la expansión de la cultura del 'Cuerno de Bell' y cómo afectaron a las poblaciones de la isla británica?
-La expansión de la cultura del 'Cuerno de Bell' se asocia con un cambio genético casi total, con la aparente sustitución de más del 90% de la población de las islas británicas.
¿Qué consecuencias tuvo la llegada de las culturas del este de Europa a Iberia?
-La llegada de las culturas del este de Europa a Iberia provocó una profunda perturbación en todas las culturas que se habían visto hasta entonces, desafiando a las comunidades que habían centrado su vida en la fertilidad de la tierra.
Outlines
🌏 La Vena de Fertilidad: La Diosa de Gavá
Este primer párrafo nos presenta la figura de una diosa prehistórica hallada en las minas de Gavá, en Cataluña. Esta cultura, conocida como la cultura de fosos sepulcrales, se estableció alrededor de 4000 a.C. y tenía una relación muy estrecha con la tierra, como se evidencia en sus tumbas excavadas a gran profundidad. La Venus de Gavá, una figura de barro que representa a una mujer desnuda con la mano sobre su vientre, es un símbolo de fertilidad que se asocia con la agricultura y la minería de la época. La narrativa también explora cómo la fertilidad de la tierra era crucial para los primeros agricultores neolíticos, quienes enfrentaron el agotamiento del suelo a lo largo de los siglos.
🌾 El Desafío de la Fertilidad y las Redes Culturales
El segundo párrafo aborda el desafío de mantener la fertilidad de la tierra tras milenios de uso intensivo. La narrativa habla sobre cómo las comunidades se vieron obligadas a cambiar su estilo de vida o migrar a otras áreas más fértiles. Se describe la formación de nuevas culturas y redes comerciales a lo largo de la costa mediterránea y el sureste de la Península Ibérica. El símbolo de los 'ojos de fuego', asociado a la Venus de Gavá, se difunde por toda la región, sugiriendo una influencia religiosa y cultural común entre las diferentes culturas de la época.
🔮 La Interpretación Óptica y la Divinidad Oculada
Este tercer párrafo explora la interpretación de las visiones alucinógenas asociadas con los estados alterados de conciencia, como se perciben en las prácticas shamánicas. Se sugiere que los dibujos rupestres y los símbolos de los 'ojos de fuego' podrían ser representaciones de estas visiones, vinculadas a divinidades femeninas relacionadas con el ciclo de la fertilidad y la vida después de la muerte. La narrativa también describe la avanzada organización social y económica de las comunidades de la época, con ejemplos de grandes asentamientos y la especialización en actividades como el trabajo del marfil.
🛠️ La Edad del Cobre y la Transición a una Nueva Era
El cuarto y último párrafo habla sobre la transición de la Edad del Neolítico a la Edad del Cobre en la Península Ibérica, marcada por el desarrollo de la metalurgia del cobre y la expansión de rutas comerciales a lo largo de Europa Occidental. Se describe cómo la cultura de la 'vasija campaniforme' se expandió y se relaciona con el surgimiento de nuevas culturas y cambios genéticos en la región. La narrativa termina con la llegada de nuevas poblaciones procedentes de las estepas del Mar Negro, que traen consigo un cambio radical en la cultura y la genética de la península, desencadenando el colapso de las culturas neolíticas y la desaparición de símbolos como los 'ojos de fuego'.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Neolítico
💡Venus de Gavá
💡Cultura de la fosa
💡Variscita
💡Fertilidad
💡Edad del Cobre
💡Cerámica
💡Megalitos
💡Ocultación
💡Cultura de los Millares
Highlights
Encontraron a una diosa en las entrañas de la tierra, en galerías de minas más antiguas que la Gran Pirámide.
La diosa no es una persona, sino la primera de estas tierras, y su símbolo sagrado acompañará a los primeros agricultores de la Península Ibérica durante milenios.
Las minas mencionadas fueron creadas por una cultura única que apareció en la zona de Cataluña alrededor de 4000 a.C.
Esta cultura, conocida como la cultura de las fosa sepulcrales, tenía una relación estrecha con la tierra, como se evidencia en sus tumbas profundas.
El mayor centro de producción de esta cultura estaba cerca de Barcelona, específicamente en Gavá, donde se extraía variscita para hacer cuentas y comerciar con culturas cercanas.
En el complejo minero de Gavá se encontró la Venus de Gavá, una figura de barro que representa a una mujer desnuda con la mano sobre su vientre ligeramente hinchado.
Estas figuras femeninas, que a veces están embarazadas y a veces asociadas con aves nocturnas o símbolos vegetales, son comunes en la primera neolítica.
La Venus de Gavá es una de las pocas encontradas en toda la neolítica ibérica, y su iconografía pronto sería reemplazada por otra en la región.
La importancia de la fertilidad para estos primeros agricultores se debe a que eran supervivientes del colapso de un sistema anterior.
Sus ancestros llegaron a la Península Ibérica alrededor de 5500 a.C., y durante generaciones cultivaron la misma tierra, agotando y erosionando el suelo.
La fertilidad de la tierra era una preocupación diaria y espiritual para estas personas, lo que llevó a la centralidad de la idea de fertilidad en las primeras culturas neolíticas.
La cultura de los mineros de Gavá y otras del sureste de la Península Ibérica estaban en contacto con el norte de África, lo que les permitió ser innovadoras y construir los primeros megalitos.
El símbolo de los ojos de fuego se extendió por toda la costa mediterránea, y más tarde por el sudeste y la costa atlántica.
El símbolo de los ojos de fuego se interpreta como un símbolo religioso relacionado con la fertilidad, la vida y la muerte, y está asociado con la lechuza y el sol.
En la Península Ibérica, la cultura de los ojos de fuego alcanzó un alto nivel de desarrollo con la aparición de grandes asentamientos como Valencina de la Concepción.
Valencina de la Concepción y Morroquíes Bajos son claves para la historia del Calcolítico europeo, pero no reciben el respeto que merecen.
Los avances de la frontera del este, con la domesticación del caballo y el expansionismo de culturas del este de Europa, llevaron a cambios drásticos en la Península Ibérica.
La expansión de la cultura del vaso campaniforme, o Bell Beaker, se asocia con un cambio genético en el sureste de la Península Ibérica y en las islas británicas.
La llegada de las culturas del este de Europa a la Península Ibérica marcó el fin de las culturas neolíticas y el inicio de un periodo de cambios profundos.
Transcripts
We found her in the bowels of the earth. In mining galleries older than
the Great Pyramid, opened with stone, wood and antler by people looking for a green fire.
But here there is no grave, there are no bones. Because she is not a person. She is a goddess.
the first of these lands. Its sacred symbol will accompany the first farmers of Iberia for millennia.
From its moment of greatest despair to a golden age almost forgotten today.
Today in 5 minutes of history: Eyes of fire. The final Neolithic in Iberia.
The mines we just saw were created by a unique culture. They appeared in the area of present-day
Catalonia around 4000 BC. We know that they developed a close relationship with the
earth, since even their tombs are dug very deep, some reaching 10 meters.
Because of this very particular characteristic, they are known as the pit tomb culture.
Their largest production center was very close to present-day Barcelona, in Gavá
or more precisely below, an incredible Neolithic mining complex dedicated above all to the extraction of variscite.
With this stone, of a beautiful green color, they made beads that we have found in their tombs
and with which they also traded with nearby cultures. It was in shaft 16 of the
Gavá mining complex where we first found the symbol in question, the eyes of fire, in a key piece
in the Mediterranean Neolithic: The Venus of Gavá. It is a burnished ceramic figurine
that represents a naked woman, placing her hand on her slightly bulging belly. What looks like the beginning of a spike is preserved
in the genital area. This type of female figurines, sometimes
pregnant, sometimes associated with nocturnal or prey birds or plant symbols, are very common
throughout the area of the first Neolithic with examples from the vulture goddess of catal huyuk to the idols
of the Aegean and the Balkans or figurines from Italy, Sardinia and southern France. They are usually interpreted
as goddesses of fertility and the Venus of Gavá is one of the few found in all of
Neolithic Iberia, probably because here they were going to adopt another iconography very soon. This concept
of fertility goes beyond that projected on the earth, it also reaches the minerals found
within it, hence the Venus of Gavá appeared at the bottom of a mine. But... why
was this idea of fertility so important to these early farmers? The truth is that the
Miners of Gavá were survivors of the collapse of a previous system. Their ancestors had
arrived in Iberia around 5500 BC, with the Neolithic wave that we saw in the last
episode. At first everything was going relatively well: they settled in the best lands, assimilated the
hunter-gatherers and founded settlements that grew, finding places like La
Draga in Catalonia or Mas d'Is in Alicante. We can assume that they had converted their arrival routes
into trade routes, because at this time in Western Europe we appreciate a relative
cultural unity that we can detect by the decoration of their ceramics, very similar in all the sites.
It is what we know as the Cardial Horizon, due to its use of cockle shells to make this
decoration. These first farmers, however, faced a threat that they did not know about and
that in the long run was going to destroy many of their settlements. And normally the soil is
renewed through natural processes in a cycle of decomposition and rebirth.
However, by cultivating the same soil with the same crop for generations, the land is
depleted and eroded. In a small enclave this effect is not so noticeable, but as
the population grows the same practices end up devastating the soil. Each harvest smaller
than the last. This ends up creating a pattern of explosive growth and subsequent crisis, common to
the entire early European Neolithic. And so ensuring that the land was fertile and continued to provide
food was a real and daily concern for these people, with a spiritual dimension.
We know that in Neolithic Iberia rituals with fertility dances were carried out from
very early times, because there are cave paintings that are quite explicit about it.
In this way the idea of fertility became central to the first Neolithic cultures.
But no ritual could bring life back to the land exhausted after 1,000 years of intensive use...
settlements in less fertile areas or with more fragile soils fail, their inhabitants
forced to choose between settling elsewhere or abandoning agriculture to
become in transhumant ranchers. Around 4800 this will happen in the lower area of the Ebro,
a key node in the cardial commercial network. Around them the ancient cultures of this Horizon
are forced to change, creating new networks and differentiating themselves in the process.
And starting in 4000 BC, new cultural groups will crystallize in Iberia. We have already seen
the Miners of Gavá, who develop close relations with Sardinia and the south of France. In their
pit tombs we find the very characteristic honeyed flint of the Alps and Basalt from
Sardinia. Following the Mediterranean coast, in the current Andalusia and Murcia, the culture of Almería will be formed
, which will later flourish in the extraordinary culture of Los Millares.
The southeast quadrant, for its part, had always had a very marked personality, with its
own types of ceramics since the early Neolithic. Possibly due to contact with North
Africa, this area is very innovative. The first large megaliths were going to be built here
and elements of this culture were going to spread throughout the Atlantic arc, reaching Brittany and
Ireland. The relationships between these places will be so important that even today there are
species of animals and plants native to Iberia that are found only along this route,
brought by accident or on purpose. The plateau, for its part, does not seem to be able to support
farmers for now and we find populations of transhumant livestock farmers.
In these different areas of different cultures we will find a common symbol: the eyes of fire that
appear for the first time in the Venus of Gavá and that serve as a key to interpret
the rest of the series. Because soon this symbol spread throughout the Mediterranean coast, with
examples engraved on bone in burials in the Levant. Later it appears in the culture of
Almería, which has left us many copies. We then found it throughout the southeast
in plaque idols, ceramics and cave paintings. Two routes of penetration will take it in two
new directions: towards the plateau, appearing in ceramics and rock engravings, and along the entire
Atlantic coast, also in different formats. The northernmost oculate that we know of appeared
in Galicia in the last decade, although there are some isolated examples on the northern coast of France.
Towards the end of the Neolithic the eyepiece will become omnipresent in the southern half
of Iberia with a multitude of examples in different supports. Certain features are stable in all
representations, which allows us to identify that we are dealing with the same idea. In addition to
eyes, eyebrows and facial tattoos, there are several concepts that are usually associated:
geometric motifs, used to represent hair and other details, solar or soliform symbols,
schematic female bodies and owls or owls, the oculates will appear in the
domestic environment. , always in the funerary, as a form of personal adornment, drawn on the walls of the
caves and as part of their constructions. In human societies, especially in
premodern ones, this omnipresence is reserved for religious or ethnic symbols and seeing that
the oculating occurs in an extension that encompasses different cultures, the most economical conclusion
is that it is a religious symbol. In some cave paintings, like these from northern
Portugal, all the elements associated with this figure are combined: we see a silhouette, let's assume it's
female, that seems to have feathers and has a classic oculata with sun eyes. And here we can
take one more step to try to understand what is hidden behind this symbology. Since the 1980s,
a so-called organic interpretation has been making way for many cave paintings, led
by Professor Lewis Williams of the University of Johannesburg. Basically after studying the
Aboriginal San people in South Africa, one of the oldest peoples on earth, realized that their
rock art was closely related to the perceptions their shamans had during
altered states of consciousness. This triggered a series of comparative studies to map
these perceptions following the idea that they must have an organic basis, associated with the
functioning of the optical and nervous systems. In other words: all human beings would see
similar things in these altered states, but they give it a different meaning depending on their culture.
In a very superficial state of altered consciousness, which can be triggered
among other means by dances and rhythmic music, drug use or very strong pain,
humans perceive bright sparks or lines of light. It is what in Spanish we call seeing the
stars. As the altered state deepens, these patterns become more complex,
appearing spirals, groups of points and geometric designs that will continue to be present
from now on. Here the person experiencing the altered state tends to
give meaning to these forms with the cultural elements at their disposal.
Visions of eyes and the sensation of being able to perceive everything are also described. In a
second phase, the testimonies collected speak of a feeling of weightlessness, of the notion of
going through a tunnel. These types of descriptions are classic near-death experiences,
but they are also found in many shamanic stories from around the world. Finally,
visions of animals, people or human beings with animal parts are collected, closely associated
with the beliefs of each person. Is this what paintings like those from
northern Portugal were trying to convey to us? the idea of an owl goddess who guards the footsteps of Beyond Death a
divinity with roots in the mother goddesses of the first Mediterranean farmers. Of course
it is absolutely impossible to prove this conclusively, but the interpretation of the oculados
as the symbol of a feminine divinity associated with the cycle of fertility, of life and death
, with the owl and the suns as symbols is gone. making headway in the last decade.
In southern Iberia, the ocular cultures reached a high level of development, with
large settlements appearing throughout the area around 3200 BC. In the lower Guadalquivir valley, the mega
site of Valencina de la Concepción covers 40 square km. It also presents impressive megaliths
such as the Liria dolmen. In its surroundings there are a series of minor settlements that cover the entire valley
and that would depend hierarchically on Valencina. At this time Valencina was already the nerve center
of long-range commercial networks and even had workshops specialized in ivory.
Under the current Jaén, the Moroccans Bajos site now becomes a macrovillage,
with six concentric rings of walls and a huge water moat with a diameter
of 1,500 meters that allowed this community of farmers to manage their water resources effectively.
Unfortunately, and although Valencina is receiving more attention in the last decade,
Morroquíes Bajos is in a state of shameful neglect. Both sites are key
to European Chalcolithic history, and are not receiving the respect they deserve. And in the absence of these places being investigated
in more depth, the most notable site from this time is the thousands, in present-day Almería.
Its central settlement, which stands on a stone spur between the Ándrax River and the
Huéchar River Rambla, almost reached the status of a city at this time, with four lines of walls, a necropolis
of large collective tombs and a series of defensive forts. dominating the valley. To put
the importance of these places into perspective, we can compare them to the most advanced cultures
of the time. In the lands of the Nile, the first pharaoh Narmer has just unified upper and lower Egypt,
to found the first Dynasty. In the ancient city of Uruk the Sumerians are experimenting
with the first known writing and in Crete the Minoan culture is in an embryonic state,
with the occupation of the first levels of Knossos. In this era there is nothing comparable to Valencina or to
Los Millares throughout Western Europe, with southern Andalusia acting as a pole of
cultural dissemination throughout the area. In the collective tombs of thousands we once again find the eyepiece.
Because their burials, in which the bodies are oriented towards the dawn, are accompanied by
funerary trousseau in which they are always included oculados, perhaps in a function similar to that of the
Egyptian scarab: a tool to facilitate the transition to the afterlife. These cultures from southern Iberia were so advanced
that they even mastered copper metallurgy,
leaving the Neolithic behind to enter the Chalcolithic or Copper Age. Soon
, explorers and traders in search of this metal will establish trade routes along the coasts of Western Europe
. We can recognize these contacts by the expansion of certain
ceramic styles from Iberia. The Bell Beaker, in particular, first appears in the Tagus estuary
to spread discontinuously throughout Western Europe. This first expansion of the Bell Beaker
represents a reinforcement of contacts between different communities and is not accompanied by
large population movements nor does it define a single homogeneous culture. We find here that the
first wave of farmers, who had arrived from Anatolia at the dawn of the Neolithic
, has diversified, flourishing into hundreds of different cultures that come back into
contact through long-range trade routes. This is the high point of these
human groups that will build Immortal monuments such as the Menga dolmen in Spain, the
New Grange monument in Ireland and Stonehenge in the United Kingdom. But it is possible that this extraordinary strength
sowed the seeds of its downfall. Because the Chalcolithic trade routes reach eastern Europe, where
the consequences of a radical change taking place in the Black Sea steppes were being experienced. In this area
since 3500 BC, several cultures, such as the Sredni stog first and the Yamna, later, had
domesticated horses and learned to ride them and very soon they had begun to expand in
several pulses over eastern Europe. The cultures of this area, such as that of the Globular Amphora, are going to
disappear, being replaced by the Corded Ceramic Horizon, whose first specimens are
found, precisely, in the area of the Sredni Stog culture. And the change is not only cultural, it is also
genetic, with a marked discontinuity that indicates the replacement of a large part of the
population, especially the male lineages. There are archaeologists who speak directly of groups
of horsemen exterminating the men and capturing the women... although it is quite likely that
the mechanisms behind this great change were much more complex and varied than that. Around
2500 BC the steppe advance front has already reached the Elbe area, putting them in
contact with the Western societies that we have been following. Here they will adopt the
bell-shaped glass, incorporating it into their grave goods to create the
classic bell-shaped package. Then they seem to use the old copper trade routes in reverse. This
second expansion of the Bell Beaker, the classical Bell Beaker, allows us to follow them to the lands
of present-day France and the British Isles. And this time the Bell Beaker will be accompanied by
an almost total genetic change, with the apparent replacement of more than 90% of the population of the
Islands. And of course they are not going to stop there in the next episode we will see how they arrive
in Iberia to cause a profound disruption in all the cultures we have seen. The people who
descended from the last hunter-gatherers and the first farmers, those who placed
the fertility of the land at the center of their lives, were going to face a challenge that they could not
overcome. What will be the fate of the people we have treated? What would become of the miners of
Gavá or the megalith builders of Andalusia? Will the oculado survive, the symbol
that had dominated the spiritual life of Iberia for more than 2,500 years?
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