Vitamin B7 (Biotin) - Sources - Symptoms of Deficiency vs Excess - Diet and Nutrition Series
Summary
TLDRThis educational video delves into the importance of Vitamin B7, also known as biotin. It explains how biotin acts as a cofactor for carboxylation reactions, crucial for protein synthesis, cell replication, and energy production. The video highlights the rarity of biotin deficiency and its symptoms, such as dermatitis and enteritis. It also addresses the impact of consuming raw egg whites, which contain avidin that binds biotin and inhibits its absorption. Furthermore, it covers the role of biotin in various biochemical pathways, including fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis, and the potential issues arising from its deficiency.
Takeaways
- 🥚 The enzyme sphingomyelinase is deficient in Niemann-Pick disease, one of the lysosomal storage diseases.
- 💊 Vitamins are essential nutrients that must be obtained through diet and act as cofactors for enzymes.
- 🅱️ Biotin (Vitamin B7) is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a cofactor for carboxylation reactions, adding CO2 to molecules.
- 🥚 Egg whites contain avidin, which binds to biotin and can inhibit its absorption, but egg yolks do not have this issue.
- 🍳 Cooking deactivates avidin, so consuming cooked eggs is essential for biotin absorption.
- 🥬 Biotin is found in various foods, including vegetables, egg yolks, milk, and some fortified foods.
- 🔄 Biotin plays a crucial role in multiple carboxylase enzymes, affecting processes like gluconeogenesis and fatty acid synthesis.
- 🚫 Biotin deficiency is rare but can lead to dermatitis, alopecia, and enteritis.
- 💊 High doses of biotin can interfere with thyroid function tests, potentially mimicking Graves' disease.
- 🌐 The script is part of a biochemistry playlist aiming to educate on the importance and functions of vitamins in the body.
Q & A
What is the disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme sphingomyelinase?
-The disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme sphingomyelinase is called Niemann-Pick disease, which is one of the sphingolipid storage diseases and a type of lysosomal storage disease.
What is the role of vitamin B7 (biotin) in the body?
-Vitamin B7, also known as biotin, is a water-soluble vitamin that acts as a cofactor for carboxylation reactions, helping to add CO2 to various substrates. It is essential for protein synthesis, cell replication, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and fatty acid oxidation.
Why is biotin deficiency rare?
-Biotin deficiency is rare because it is widely available in food, and the body requires only small amounts of it. Additionally, the avidin protein in raw egg whites, which binds biotin and inhibits its absorption, must be consumed in large quantities to cause a deficiency.
How does cooking affect the bioavailability of biotin in eggs?
-Cooking deactivates the avidin protein in egg whites, which is responsible for binding and inhibiting the absorption of biotin. Therefore, cooked eggs do not pose a risk of biotin deficiency.
What are the direct and indirect benefits of biotin?
-Direct benefits of biotin include treating biotin deficiency and multiple carboxylase deficiency, a genetic disease. Indirect benefits come from its role as a cofactor in carboxylation reactions, which are essential for various metabolic processes like protein synthesis and fatty acid metabolism.
What are the sources of biotin?
-Biotin can be found in vegetables, egg yolks, milk, and some food products that are fortified with it. It is also available in vitamin B-complex supplements.
What are the enzymes that require biotin as a cofactor?
-The enzymes that require biotin as a cofactor include pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. These enzymes are involved in carboxylation reactions.
How does biotin participate in the TCA cycle?
-Biotin, as part of the enzyme succinyl-CoA carboxylase, helps in the conversion of succinyl-CoA to malate in the TCA cycle, which is essential for energy production.
What is the role of biotin in fatty acid synthesis?
-Biotin is necessary for the carboxylation step in fatty acid synthesis, where it helps convert acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, a key substrate for the fatty acid synthase complex.
What happens in the body during biotin deficiency?
-During biotin deficiency, there is a decreased function of carboxylase enzymes, leading to decreased gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and other metabolic processes. Symptoms can include dermatitis, alopecia, and enteritis.
How can biotin deficiency be diagnosed and treated?
-Biotin deficiency can be diagnosed through blood and urine tests that measure decreased levels of vitamin B7. Treatment involves administering biotin supplements to the patient.
Outlines
🥚 Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Basics
The script introduces Vitamin B7, also known as Biotin, emphasizing its rarity in deficiency and importance as a cofactor for carboxylation reactions. Biotin helps in adding CO2 to the reactions. It's highlighted that egg whites contain avidin, which binds to biotin and inhibits its absorption, but this is only a concern with excessive raw egg white consumption. The narrative also touches on the historical context of biotin consumption in Egypt and the importance of cooking eggs to deactivate avidin. The paragraph concludes with a discussion of biotin's role in various biochemical processes like protein synthesis, cell replication, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis.
🔄 Biotin in Metabolic Pathways
This section delves deeper into biotin's role in specific metabolic pathways. It explains how pyruvate carboxylase, an enzyme requiring biotin, converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, which feeds into the TCA cycle. The script also discusses the synthesis of fatty acids, detailing the steps from citrate to acetyl CoA and how biotin is necessary for this process. The importance of biotin in the breakdown of fats and the generation of energy through beta-oxidation is also highlighted. The unique ability of odd-chain fatty acids to contribute to gluconeogenesis is explored, emphasizing the interconnectedness of metabolic processes.
💊 Biotin Deficiency and Clinical Relevance
The final paragraph addresses the clinical aspects of biotin, including causes of deficiency, symptoms, and treatment. It mentions that biotin deficiency is rare but can occur due to excessive consumption of raw eggs or a genetic inability to release biotin from proteins. The paragraph also cautions against prolonged use of antibiotics, which can lead to biotin deficiency. Symptoms such as dermatitis, alopecia, and enteritis are linked to biotin deficiency. The treatment involves administering biotin supplements. The script concludes with a caution about the potential interference of high biotin intake with thyroid function tests, mimicking Graves' disease.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Biotin
💡Carboxylation
💡Avidin
💡Coenzyme
💡Lysosomal Storage Diseases
💡Pyruvate Carboxylase
💡Gluconeogenesis
💡Fatty Acid Synthesis
💡Multiple Carboxylase Deficiency
💡Vitamin B-Complex
💡Glucagon
Highlights
Vitamin B7, also known as biotin, is essential for carboxylation reactions.
Biotin deficiency is rare, while toxicity is less likely.
Egg whites can interfere with biotin absorption due to a protein called avidin.
Biotin is also known as vitamin H, coenzyme R, and anti-egg-white injury factor.
Biotin is a cofactor for enzymes involved in carboxylation reactions, adding CO2.
Biotin helps in protein synthesis, cell replication, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid synthesis.
Sources of biotin include vegetables, egg yolk, milk, and some fortified foods.
Biotin functions as a carrier and donor of CO2 in carboxylation reactions.
Pyruvate carboxylase is an enzyme that requires biotin for converting pyruvate to oxaloacetate.
Biotin is necessary for the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis.
Biotin deficiency can lead to dermatitis, alopecia, and enteritis.
Treatment for biotin deficiency involves administering biotin supplements.
High doses of biotin can interfere with thyroid function tests, mimicking Graves' disease.
Biotin is required for the release of protein-bound biotin, making it bioavailable.
Prolonged use of antibiotics can lead to biotin deficiency.
Biotin deficiency can decrease the function of key carboxylase enzymes.
Methylmalonyl CoA mutase, an enzyme requiring vitamin B12, is involved in odd-chain fatty acid metabolism.
Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to neurological symptoms due to impaired fatty acid metabolism.
Biotin is crucial for the synthesis of hemoglobin and the TCA cycle.
Transcripts
hates MIDI kosis perfection arrows ro
medicine makes perfect sense let's
continue our biochemistry playlist in
the previous video if talked about
vitamin b6 pyridoxine today we'll talk
about vitamin b7 biotin baby with that
being said now let's get started let me
answer the question of the previous
video what's the name of the disease
that has deficiency of the enzyme called
sphingomyelin ace
it's called niemann-pick disease one of
the sphingolipid o C's it's also one of
the lysosomal storage diseases if you
are a medical student and you actually
enjoy studying the lysosomal storage
diseases you're weird
vitamins are essential therefore you
have to eat them in the diet vitamins
are cofactor for enzymes and today's
topic mister biotin is a cofactor for
carboxylation reactions because it adds
co2 biotin is b7 therefore it's
water-soluble vitamin deficiency is more
likely toxicity is less likely
relatively speaking but luckily biotin
deficiency is really rare fight is the
same thing as b7 is the same thing as
bios vitamin H or coenzyme r or you can
call it anti egg-white injury factor
because egg whites actually interfere
with b7 bio availability because egg
whites contain evidence which avidly
binds biotin we have discussed anti
vitamin C's before in this plane is
called biochemistry definition chemical
kabobs with inhibits absorption of
vitamins such as evident protein in a
raw egg whites not egg yolk egg yolk is
fine egg white is a disaster when it
comes to biotin inhibits the absorption
of vitamin b7 which is biotin it's
deactivated by cooking so when it come
to eggs turn on the stove baby a story
from the Egyptian countryside I've
talked about this before in my video
about riboflavin basically back in the
good old days in the Egyptian builders
especially very poor areas they used to
eat raw eggs with yeast first thing in
the morning they'd mix them together and
drink them before breakfast what was the
reason for that they have some vitamins
which is true vitamin b2 for instance
which is riboflavin however when you eat
egg white
has avidin which will decrease the
absorption of vitamin b7 which is Biden
but technically to be honest you need to
eat lots of raw eggs like 20 or 30 per
day in order to develop vitamin b7
deficiency the main problem with eating
raw eggs is Salmonella infection baby
why do we need 5 min for dehydrogenase
enzymes why we need to ripe a flavor for
redox reactions nice and is the same
thing
Panasonic acid for Co a pie reduction
for trans emanation and decarboxylation
what is decarboxylation to remove the
co2 what is b7 is for carboxylation to
actually add a co2 because vitamin b7 is
a carrier and a donor of co2 b9 to
transfer one carbon unit what are the
benefits of biotin we have direct
benefits and indirect and direct Memphis
you can trade vitamin b7 deficiency
which is extremely rare and you can
treat something called multiple
carboxylase deficiency that's a genetic
diseases and it can be treated using
bite like lots of it indirect cofactor
for carboxylation reactions co2 fixation
because by it is a carrier as well as a
donor of co2 biotin okay it has to
acquire and to carry soot first and then
it can donate it you have to have some
money first before you can donate it
vitamin b7 is the same thing it has to
carry co2 first before it can donate it
so let let's make biotin carry co2 you
add hco3 because hco3 I haven't I don't
know if you have noticed it contains co2
so now we have carboxy biotin which is
biotin plus co2 now biotin can go
everywhere and give the co2 to many
substrates and the enzyme is responsible
for that it's gonna be carboxylase and
this is very good for protein synthesis
and cell replication as well as a
gluconeogenesis fatty acid synthesis
fatty acid oxidation etc what are the
sources of biotin you have vegetables we
have media VST have egg yolk but not egg
white and milk as fine art of
e-resources
enriched food and vitamin b-complex
supplements that you get in the pharmacy
functions of vitamin b7 again
carboxylation look at this this is
biotin and when we want to add co2 to
the biotin it is gonna bind to this
nitrogen let's talk about the enzymes
that need biotin as a cofactor there's
an enzyme called pyruvate carboxylase
but in order to understand what is
pyruvate carboxylase let's first talk
about pyruvate where do I get fired from
from glucose this is called glycolysis
you eat carbohydrate they have glucose
glycolysis glucose becomes pyruvate and
then by pyruvate dehydrogenase it
becomes s okay there is another path
there is another option for pyruvate
it's called pyruvate carboxylase here is
pyruvate here is oxaloacetate ok the
enzyme is a carboxylate it needs co2
whenever you need co2 you can count on
biotin because it comes carrying co2
water give the co2 from from hco3 and
ATP
it also requires manganese so here is
mr. pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase
we can get Estill Co a but by pyruvate
carboxylase we can get oxaloacetate and
this one needs biotin because it's a
carboxylate its co2 let's go back to the
TCA cycle you know it's a 3-2 citrate of
a keto good rate of smoke way successful
rate malate oxaloacetate back to acetyl
co a this is a carboxylase it requires
biotin because whenever you need co2 ask
biotin because it has co2
however pyruvate dehydrogenase needs 5
cofactors you remember the teflon
company TfL n curl what does the teeth
fireman what's the F F ad what's the L
lipoic acid was the end and AD was the
co coenzyme a or co ash let's talk about
fatty acid synthesis it requires three
steps citrate shuttle a Sudoku a car
buck sleaze and fatty acid synthesis
what is fatty acid synthesis we're
trying to build up fat let's do it baby
okay TCA cycle has citrate the citrate
look at the show it's leaving the
mitochondria and go into the cytosol
look at the so beautiful and then
citrate by citrate lyase
acetyl co a acetyl co a thanks to an
enzyme called acid of CO a carboxylate
which needs biotin is a Co
we'll give you a melon elico a melon
elko a plus a Satoko a will give you
palmetto elko a which is a fatty acid
job well done you have built up fat the
fatty acid synthase complex requires
vitamin b5 as we have discussed before
but the acid SELCO a carboxyl is
requires vitamin b7 whenever you see a
co a you can think vitamin b5 whenever
you see a carboxylate you can thank
vitamin b7 building up fat is the job of
insulin breaking down fat is the
function of glucagon and your lovely
pancreas can influence either now we
have talked about building of fat now
let's break down the fat triglycerides
into cholesterol and free fatty acid go
through will become whatever Callisto
6-phosphate gluconeogenesis thank you so
much now let's metabolize fatty acid to
get some energy baby
beta oxidation will give you assets of
kuwait is a cycle ATP and you will get
ketone bodies which can lead to high
anion gap metabolic acidosis and
acidosis can interfere with your nerve
endings with your synapses and synaptic
nerve transmission that's why many
people who are on the keto diet are
tired there are no solutions in life
there are trade-offs
anyone who rolls up on you until you oh
this dot is the best in the world
nonsense anything has pros and cons
we're still breaking down the fat fatty
oxidation we three steps activation
quarantine salt and beta oxidation of
this even seeps in saturated fatty acid
so fatty acid fatty acyl Co a fatty acyl
CoA will leave the cytoplasm to the
mitochondria in a shuttle and then beta
oxidation s local a TCA cycle n ketone
bodies and glucagon and approved this
message
now this was the story of the even chain
fatty acids now let's turn our attention
to the odd chain fatty acid there is
something odd about the odd chain fatty
acids this is the only example of a
fatty acid that can give you glucose and
this will never happen anywhere else
fatty acids cannot give you glucose
except mr. Perlmutter Wilco a giving you
glucose
because it's an odd chain fatty acid so
let's start with a fatty acid with five
carbons I don't know where did you go to
school but five is an odd number okay
beta oxidation will give the acetyl co a
and propionyl coa by an enzyme called
protein L Co a carboxylate whenever you
heard the word carboxylase you will need
co2 and you can count and biotin it will
give you methylmalonyl coenzyme on Co a
by an enzyme called a methyl Milano Co
will give you sucks in Elko and then
sucks in Ocoee has to pass it can help
you make ham and it's called the heme
synthesis pathway which we have
discussed before in this glorious
biochemistry playlist and
succinylcholine enter into the TCA cycle
succinylcholine aid from a rate malate
oxaloacetate back to SLE co 8 and then
acyl Co a can become glucose and this
process called gluconeogenesis look at
this here's a sloka glucose from glucose
to s Luka a this is a glycolysis but
from acetyl co a back to glucose this is
gluconeogenesis I love this word I just
love it it's awesome
look at this Genesis which is formation
knew you knew no glucose formation yes
indeed because you have made glucose
from fatty acids and this is new the old
way is to make glucose from carbohydrate
but to make glucose from fatty acid this
is neo Genesis baby now let's talk about
this enzyme methylmalonic a mutase it
requires vitamin b12 so if there is a
patient who has vitamin b12 deficiency
they will accumulate the methylmalonic
Oh
but they will have deficiency of the
saxon Elco
when he have no succinylcholine there is
no TCA cycle no TCA cycle no energy no
energy in my nerve fibers I will get
demyelination
and that's why patients with vitamin b12
deficiency can suffer from neurological
symptoms medicine makes so much sense
once you understand what the flip you're
talking about so here are the three
carboxylase enzymes that require biotin
ethical
factor and here's the ham synthesis
pathway which requires succinylcholine
sup in protoporphyrin proportion plus
iron equals hame hame plus globin equals
hemoglobin let's talk about vibes and
efficiency
it is rare causes primary causes
secondary causes primary increased
consumption of frogs it has to be lots
of eggs not just one raw egg dana has to
be lots of them but please don't eat raw
eggs because of salmonella infection
there is a risk eviden will avidly bind
by you 10 decreasing its absorption many
interesting can cause the biotin
deficiency was very rare because biotin
is widely available in food secondary
due to deficiency of by you today's
biotin days who name these things
what is biotin in days it's like an
enzyme required for a release of the
protein bound biotin so to release the
biotin from the proteins so that the
biotin becomes free and bio available
patients who have deficiency of this
enzyme can suffer from biotin deficiency
also prolonged use of antibiotics it has
to be rarely prolonged like really
prolonged so if you are a doctor and you
prescribe antivirus for a very long
period of time it's a very good idea to
add vitamins to the patient's regimen
what's gonna happen in vitamin
deficiency decreased function of
pyruvate carboxylase which will lead to
decrease gluconeogenesis decrease
function of prop único a carboxylase
which will decrease gluconeogenesis
decrease function of acetyl co a car
boxes which will decrease fatty acid
synthesis also when you have no glucose
and no energy
dermatitis alopecia color scientist
enteritis diagnosis decreased vitamin b7
in blood and urine treatment if the
patient has no biotin give the patient
biotin some pearls for the pros
pharmacological doses of vitamin b7 can
actually interfere with essays that
measure the T SH and therefore it can
mimic Graves disease the patient doesn't
have Graves but you are fooled
why because you knew give vitamin b7
they can give you a result that's
similar to Graves disease even though
the patient doesn't have Graves disease
question of the day this is question
number 6 the previous five questions are
in
this glorious playlist what enzyme or
enzymes are deficient in cases of
multiple carboxylase deficiency let me
know the answer in the comment section
it will be available in the next video
don't forget that Roger discovered
evidence which avidly inhibits the
absorption of biotin let's summarize a
vitamin b7 in an eggshell egg yolk fine
egg white a key because it has evident
which avidly binds biotin button is very
important for carboxylation when you
want to add co2 whenever you need co2
you can count and biotin so these are
the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase acid
Ocoee carboxylase and prop Anelka a
carboxylate they require Viton as a
cofactor deficiency of vitamin b7
dermatitis of a particular site is
enteritis the treatment gives the
patient biotin myocardial form ecology
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medicine makes perfect sense
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