Atomic Structure And Electrons - Structure Of An Atom - What Are Atoms - Neutrons Protons Electrons
Summary
TLDRThis video simplifies atomic structure, explaining that atoms, the basic units of elements, consist of protons, neutrons in the nucleus, and electrons in surrounding shells. Protons are positively charged, neutrons neutral, and electrons negatively charged, balancing to make atoms neutral. Electrons in the outermost shell participate in chemical reactions. Atoms strive for stability with 2 electrons in one shell or 8 in multiple shells, exemplified by stable helium and reactive hydrogen and oxygen. The octet rule, with exceptions like helium, governs electron sharing for stability.
Takeaways
- 🔬 Atoms are the fundamental units of chemical elements, consisting of subatomic particles.
- 💥 The nucleus contains protons (positively charged) and neutrons (uncharged), while electrons (negatively charged) orbit in a cloud around it.
- ⚖️ Protons and electrons are equal in number, making atoms electrically neutral.
- 📊 Electrons are arranged in shells or energy levels around the nucleus, with each shell holding a specific maximum number of electrons.
- 🔋 Chemical reactions primarily involve the electrons in the outermost shell.
- 💿 Atoms with one energy level require 2 electrons for stability, exemplified by helium.
- ⚛️ Hydrogen, with one electron, is chemically reactive due to its incomplete outer shell.
- 🔮 Atoms with more than one energy level aim for 8 electrons in their outermost shell for stability, as seen in neon.
- 🌀 Oxygen, with 6 electrons in its outermost shell, is reactive as it seeks to complete the octet.
- 🔄 Atoms not having 8 electrons in their outermost shell will share, gain, or lose electrons to achieve stability, following the octet rule.
- ⚠️ There are exceptions to the octet rule, such as hydrogen and helium, which only have one energy level.
Q & A
What is an atom?
-An atom is the basic unit of chemical elements, consisting of subatomic particles in its nucleus and an electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.
What are the subatomic particles found in an atom?
-Subatomic particles include protons and neutrons in the nucleus, and electrons in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus.
What are the charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons?
-Protons have a positive charge, neutrons are uncharged, and electrons have a negative charge.
How do the number of protons and electrons contribute to the atom's electrical neutrality?
-The number of protons and electrons are equal, which makes atoms electrically neutral particles.
What is the significance of the electron shells or energy levels in an atom?
-Each shell represents a different energy level and can only hold a certain maximum number of electrons.
How do electrons participate in chemical reactions?
-Only the electrons in the outermost shell participate in chemical reactions, resulting in chemical bonds.
What is the role of the outermost shell in determining an atom's stability?
-Atoms with fewer than 8 electrons in their outermost shell are less stable and tend to share, gain, or lose electrons to become stable.
Why is helium considered stable?
-Helium is stable because its single electron shell is full with 2 electrons.
How does hydrogen's electron configuration make it chemically reactive?
-Hydrogen is chemically reactive because it has only one electron in its single shell and needs another to achieve stability.
What is the octet rule, and are there any exceptions?
-The octet rule states that atoms with 8 electrons in their outermost shell are stable. Exceptions include hydrogen and helium, which only require 2 electrons for stability.
Why are atoms with more than one energy level or shell considered stable when they have 8 electrons in their outermost shell?
-Atoms with more than one energy level are considered stable when they have 8 electrons in their outermost shell because this configuration minimizes energy and maximizes electron interactions.
How does the number of neutrons in an atom affect its properties?
-The number of neutrons can affect the stability and properties of an atom, leading to the formation of isotopes with different physical characteristics.
Outlines
🔬 Atomic Structure Basics
This paragraph introduces the concept of atomic structure in a simplified manner. It explains that atoms are the fundamental units of chemical elements, consisting of subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, with protons carrying a positive charge and neutrons being neutral. Electrons, which have a negative charge, are located in the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. The paragraph emphasizes that atoms are electrically neutral due to an equal number of protons and electrons. It uses carbon as an example to illustrate the arrangement of electrons in shells or energy levels around the nucleus, explaining that each shell can hold a specific number of electrons. The paragraph also discusses the role of the outermost shell's electrons in chemical reactions and introduces the concept of stability in atoms, mentioning helium as an example of a stable element with a full outer shell and hydrogen as a reactive element with only one electron in its shell. It concludes by mentioning the octet rule, which states that atoms with fewer than eight electrons in their outermost shell tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve stability, with exceptions like hydrogen and helium.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Atom
💡Subatomic Particles
💡Nucleus
💡Electron Cloud
💡Protons
💡Neutrons
💡Electrons
💡Electrical Neutrality
💡Shells or Energy Levels
💡Chemical Reactions
💡Octet Rule
💡Stability
💡Reactivity
Highlights
Atoms are the basic unit of chemical elements.
Atoms contain subatomic particles in their nucleus and electron cloud.
Subatomic particles include protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Protons have a positive charge, neutrons are uncharged, and electrons have a negative charge.
The number of protons and electrons are equal, making atoms electrically neutral.
Electrons are arranged in shells or energy levels around the nucleus.
Each shell represents a different energy level and can hold a certain maximum number of electrons.
Only the electrons in the outermost shell participate in chemical reactions.
Atoms with one energy level require 2 electrons for stability.
Helium is stable because it has 2 electrons in its full outer shell.
Hydrogen is chemically reactive because it has only one electron in its shell.
Atoms with more than one energy level require 8 electrons in their outermost shell for stability.
Neon is stable with 8 electrons in its outermost shell.
Oxygen is chemically reactive with only 6 electrons in its outermost shell.
Atoms with fewer than 8 electrons in their outermost shell will try to become stable.
The octet rule states atoms strive for 8 electrons in their outermost shell for stability.
There are exceptions to the octet rule, such as hydrogen and helium.
This is the basics on atomic structure.
Transcripts
Atomic structure.
In this video we are going to go over atomic
structure in a very simplistic and basic way.
Atoms are the basic unit of chemical elements.
They contain subatomic particles in their nucleus and
in the electron cloud that surrounds the nucleus.
These subatomic particles include protons and
neutrons, which are located in the nucleus,
and electrons, which are located in the cloud, or field that surrounds the nucleus.
Protons have a positive electrical charge, neutrons
are uncharged, and electrons have a negative charge.
The number of protons and electrons are equal,
so atoms are electrically neutral particles.
If we look at a model of the element carbon, which has
6 protons, 6 electrons, and in most cases 6 neutrons,
we can see the electrons in simple rings or shells surrounding the nucleus.
Each shell represents a different energy level,
and it can only hold a certain maximum number of electrons.
In chemical reactions between atoms, only the electrons in the
outermost shell participate in the resulting chemical bond.
In atoms with only one energy level or shell,
2 electrons are required for stability.
If we look at helium, which has only 1 shell or energy level,
we see that it is full, because it contains 2 electrons.
So helium is stable,
and there is no naturally occurring compound containing helium.
Hydrogen, which also has only one ring or shell, possesses
only one electron in its shell, so it is chemically reactive.
In atoms with more than one energy level or shell, 8
electrons are required in its outermost shell for stability.
So, neon, which has 8 electrons in its outermost shell, is stable,
and oxygen, which has only 6 electrons in its outmost shell, is chemically reactive.
Atoms that do have fewer than 8 electrons in their outermost shells,
will try to share, gain, or lose electrons in order to become stable.
This is called the octet rule, but there are some exceptions,
such as we saw with hydrogen and helium which only have one energy level or shell.
And that, be the basics on atomic structure.
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