RESEARCH

e-MEL Channel

23 Sept 202116:24

Summary

TLDRThis video delves into the concept of research, tracing its origins and defining it as a systematic pursuit of knowledge. It outlines the characteristics of research, including problem identification, literature review, data collection, analysis, and drawing conclusions. The script explores various research designs like basic, applied, experimental, and non-experimental, emphasizing their unique approaches and applications. It also distinguishes between quantitative and qualitative research, and introduces mixed methods research, providing a comprehensive view of the research landscape.

Takeaways

🔍 Research is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge, often involving a process of repeated searching and investigation.
🔎 The purpose of research is not only to discover new information but also to validate or modify existing knowledge.
🧩 Problem identification is a crucial first step in research, requiring awareness and investigation of social issues or concepts worth studying.
📚 Reviewing literature and previous studies is essential to build upon existing knowledge and strengthen the foundation of new research.
📊 Data collection and analysis are systematic processes that involve gathering information and applying statistical or logical techniques to find answers to research questions.
📝 Drawing conclusions in research involves careful review of evidence and making judgments that are valid and withstand scrutiny.
🔬 Basic research focuses on advancing knowledge rather than solving a specific problem, aiming to understand subjects, phenomena, or natural laws.
🛠️ Applied research uses empirical evidence to enhance practice and solve practical problems, unlike basic research which supports theories.
🧪 Experimental research investigates cause-effect relationships by manipulating independent variables and measuring their impact on dependent variables.
📊 Through experimental design is a precise method involving random assignment of subjects to control and experimental groups, allowing for the isolation of variables.
🔍 Quasi-experimental design resembles true experimental design but does not meet all criteria, often due to non-random assignment of participants.
📝 Non-experimental design does not use treatments or control groups and focuses on data gathered from tests, surveys, and interviews.
📊 Descriptive research aims to describe a population or phenomenon by answering 'how,' 'what,' 'when,' and 'where' questions, rather than 'why.'
🔗 Correlational design is a non-experimental approach that observes two variables to establish a statistical relationship between them.
📚 Causal comparative design observes effects and then looks for causes, in contrast to experimental designs that isolate causes to examine effects.
📈 Longitudinal design involves non-experimental research conducted over an extended period, often used in medical, psychological, and sociological studies.
🔢 Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantities and is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.
📜 Qualitative research focuses on phenomena related to quality or kind, using tools like interviews and questionnaires to gather data.
🧬 Mixed research method combines quantitative and qualitative research approaches, integrating data collection and analysis from both types.

Q & A

What is the origin of the word 'research'?
-The word 'research' originates from the Old French word 'rechercher', which means to search and search again, implying a repeated search for something.
What is the definition of research according to Redman and Mori?
-Redman and Mori define research as a systematized effort to gain new knowledge.
Why is problem identification important in research?
-Problem identification is important because it involves the awareness of a prevalent social problem or phenomenon that is worth studying and requires investigation to understand it.
What is the purpose of reviewing literature in research?
-Reviewing literature is to gather information from existing published research that is relevant to the study, which enhances or strengthens the research by building upon previous findings.
How does data analysis function in research?
-Data analysis involves systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe, illustrate, condense, record, and evaluate data, which is crucial for making the research valid.
What is the primary aim of basic research?
-The primary aim of basic research, also known as pure or fundamental research, is to gain a better understanding of a subject, phenomenon, or basic law of nature, focusing on the advancement of knowledge rather than solving a specific problem.
How does applied research differ from basic research?
-Applied research differs from basic research in that it uses empirical evidence to enhance practice and solve practical problems, while basic research uses evidence to support theories.
What is the main goal of experimental research?
-The main goal of experimental research is to investigate cause-effect relationships between variables under controlled conditions.
What are the key elements of a true experimental design?
-The key elements of a true experimental design include a control group, a variable that can be manipulated by the researcher, and random distribution of subjects.
What is the difference between experimental and quasi-experimental designs?
-The difference lies in the presence of all criteria necessary for experimental designs. Quasi-experimental designs resemble true experimental designs but do not meet all the strict criteria, often due to non-random assignment of participants.
What is the focus of non-experimental designs?
-Non-experimental designs focus on data resources obtained from tests, surveys, and interviews rather than data obtained by designing experiments and analyzing results.
What are the characteristics of descriptive research?
-Descriptive research describes a population, situation, or phenomenon and focuses on answering 'how', 'what', 'when', and 'where' questions, rather than 'why', to gain a proper understanding of the research problem.
What is the purpose of correlational research?
-The purpose of correlational research is to identify variables that have a statistical relationship to the extent that a change in one variable creates some change in the other.
How does causal comparative design differ from experimental designs?
-Causal comparative design, also known as ex post facto, observes effects and then looks for causes, in contrast to experimental designs which attempt to isolate causes to examine effects.
What is the significance of longitudinal research in medical studies?
-Longitudinal research, conducted over an extended period, is significant in medical studies as it allows for the collection of data on the same variables at different points in time to measure changes, which is crucial for understanding long-term effects and developments.
What is the primary focus of quantitative research?
-Quantitative research focuses on the measurement of quantity or amount and is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity, often using surveys or questionnaires for data collection.
How does qualitative research differ from quantitative research?
-Qualitative research is concerned with phenomena relating to quality or kind, using tools like interviews and observations to gather data, as opposed to quantitative research which measures quantities and often uses surveys.
What is the mixed research method and how does it combine different research approaches?
-The mixed research method is a methodology that involves collecting, analyzing, and integrating both quantitative (like experiments or surveys) and qualitative (like focus groups and interviews) data, combining the strengths of both approaches to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem.

Outlines

00:00

🔬 Introduction to Research

The video begins by defining research, tracing its origins to the Old French word 'researcher', which implies a repeated search for something. It emphasizes that research is not just about discovering new information but also about validating or modifying existing knowledge. The video outlines the characteristics of research, starting with problem identification, which involves recognizing a social issue or phenomenon worth studying. It then covers reviewing existing literature to strengthen the study, data collection from relevant sources, data analysis using statistical or logical techniques, and drawing conclusions that are valid and withstand scrutiny. The video also introduces different types of research designs, starting with basic research, which aims to advance knowledge rather than solve a specific problem.

05:02

📚 Types of Research Designs

This section delves into various research designs, beginning with applied research, which uses empirical evidence to solve practical problems, unlike basic research that supports theories. The video provides an example of a study aimed at encouraging high school graduates to attend college. It then explains experimental research, where independent variables are manipulated to measure their effect on dependent variables, using the impact of contextualized video presentations on math performance as an example. The true experimental design is highlighted as the most accurate, requiring random assignment of subjects and manipulation of variables by the researcher. Quasi-experimental designs are introduced as partial experimental designs that lack some criteria, such as randomization, making them less powerful in isolating causes.

10:03

🔍 Non-Experimental and Mixed Research Methods

The video continues with non-experimental designs, which do not use treatments or control groups and focus on data from tests, surveys, and interviews. It outlines different types of descriptive research that aim to describe a population or phenomenon by answering 'how,' 'what,' 'when,' and 'where' questions. Correlational design is introduced as a non-experimental research that observes two variables to establish a statistical relationship. Causal comparative design is discussed as a method that observes effects and then looks for causes, in contrast to experimental designs that isolate causes to examine effects. Longitudinal design is presented as non-experimental research conducted over time, often used in medical and social sciences to measure changes in variables over time.

15:04

📊 Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Research Methods

The final part of the video discusses quantitative research, which is based on the measurement of quantities and is suitable for phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity, with surveys and questionnaires as primary data collection tools. Qualitative research is then explained as being concerned with phenomena related to quality or kind, using interviews and questionnaires for data collection. The video concludes with mixed research methods, which combine quantitative and qualitative research to provide a comprehensive understanding of a research problem. The video ends with a thank you note and a sign-off, emphasizing the importance of understanding different research methodologies.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Research

Research, as discussed in the video, is a systematic effort to gain new knowledge. It is not just about discovering new information but also about verifying or modifying existing information. The video emphasizes that research involves a process of problem identification, data collection, analysis, and drawing conclusions. It is crucial for advancing knowledge and solving practical problems, as illustrated by the various types of research designs mentioned.

💡Problem Identification

Problem identification is the first step in the research process, where a researcher becomes aware of a social problem, phenomenon, or concept that requires further investigation. It is about recognizing a gap in knowledge that the research aims to fill. In the video, this concept is used to highlight the importance of starting research with a clear understanding of the issue at hand.

💡Review of Related Literature (RL) and Review of Related Studies (RS)

The review of related literature and studies is a critical phase in research where existing research is examined to inform the current study. This process helps in understanding the context, previous findings, and gaps in the field. The video mentions that this review enhances or strengthens the study by building upon previous work.

💡Data Collection

Data collection refers to the process of gathering information from relevant sources to answer research questions. It is a fundamental aspect of research that provides the raw material for analysis. The video script mentions that data collection is essential for finding answers to the research problem.

💡Data Analysis

Data analysis is the systematic application of statistical and logical techniques to describe, illustrate, condense, and evaluate data. It is a crucial step in research that helps in making sense of the collected data and drawing meaningful conclusions. The video provides examples of demographic profiling using frequency, percentage, or rank distribution as part of data analysis.

💡Conclusion

In research, drawing a conclusion involves carefully reviewing evidence and making judgments that are supported by the data. The video emphasizes that conclusions should be valid and withstand scrutiny, often involving statistical analysis and the review of data and literature to ensure the study's validity.

💡Basic Research

Basic research, also known as pure or fundamental research, is aimed at gaining a better understanding of a subject, phenomenon, or basic law of nature. It focuses on advancing knowledge rather than solving a specific problem. The video gives an example of studying the impact of caffeine consumption on the brain to illustrate basic research.

💡Applied Research

Applied research uses empirical evidence to enhance practice, aiming to solve practical problems. Unlike basic research, which supports theories, applied research seeks to improve real-world applications. The video provides an example of a study that looks for ways to encourage high school graduates to attend college.

💡Experimental Research

Experimental research is a scientific approach where one or more independent variables are manipulated to measure their effect on dependent variables. It aims to investigate cause-effect relationships. The video uses the example of using contextualized video presentations to enhance mathematics performance to explain experimental research.

💡True Experimental Design

True experimental design is the most accurate type of experimental design, involving random assignment of subjects to at least two groups: an experimental group receiving a treatment and a control group. This design allows researchers to isolate the effects of the treatment by controlling for other variables. The video explains that this design must contain a control group and random distribution.

💡Quasi-Experimental Design

Quasi-experimental design is similar to true experimental design but does not meet all the criteria, such as random assignment. It is used in settings where randomization is difficult or impossible. The video points out that quasi-experimental designs are less powerful because they do not allow for the same level of control over variables.

Highlights

Research is defined as a systematized effort to gain new knowledge.

Research can validate previous findings or modify existing information.

Problem identification is the first step in research, focusing on social problems or phenomena.

Reviewing information involves consulting existing literature to enhance new research.

Data collection is the process of gathering information from relevant sources.

Data analysis involves applying statistical and logical techniques to evaluate data.

Drawing conclusions in research requires careful evidence collection and scrutiny.

Basic research aims to advance knowledge rather than solve specific problems.

Applied research uses evidence to enhance practice and solve practical problems.

Experimental research investigates cause-effect relationships under controlled conditions.

True experimental design includes a control group and random distribution of subjects.

Quasi-experimental design lacks some criteria of true experimental designs, such as random assignment.

Non-experimental design does not utilize treatments or control groups, focusing on existing data.

Descriptive design aims to describe a population or phenomenon without investigating causes.

Correlational design observes two variables to establish a statistical relationship.

Causal comparative design observes effects and then looks for causes, known as ex post facto research.

Longitudinal design involves non-experimental research conducted over an extended period.

Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount.

Qualitative research focuses on quality or kind, using interviews and questionnaires for data gathering.

Mixed research method combines quantitative and qualitative research approaches.