Praktikum Sistem Daya Elektrik Percobaan I (Transmisi Pendek)

IEPS Laboratory
9 Aug 202112:06

Summary

TLDRThis video script discusses an experiment on short electrical transmission lines, aiming to understand their characteristics under loaded and unloaded conditions. It explains the parameters affecting transmission line performance: resistance (R), inductance (L), capacitance (C), and conductance (G). The script covers the calculation of these parameters and their distribution along the line. It also classifies transmission lines into short, medium, and long based on their length and capacitance to ground. The video further delves into the analysis of current and voltage relationships, matrix representation, and phasor diagrams for different load conditions. Practical aspects, including the setup and data collection for modeling short transmission lines, are also addressed.

Takeaways

  • 📚 The video discusses an experiment on electrical transmission systems, focusing on short transmission lines.
  • 🔍 The experiment's objective is to understand the characteristics of the transmission line under loaded and unloaded conditions.
  • ⚙️ Four parameters influence the performance of a transmission line: resistance (R), inductance (L), capacitance (C), and conductance (G).
  • 🛠️ Resistance is due to the material's nature of the conductor, while inductance arises from the coiling of the transmission wire.
  • 🌐 Capacitance is a result of the dielectric material (like air) between two electrodes, and it can be calculated using the formula C = ε₀ * A / d.
  • 🔗 Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance and can be calculated using the formula G = 1/R, where R is the resistance.
  • 📊 Transmission lines are classified into short, medium, and long lines based on their capacitance to ground and their length.
  • 🔌 Short transmission lines are generally less than 80 km, medium lines range from 80 km to 250 km, and long lines are over 250 km.
  • 📈 The video explains the equivalent circuit of a short transmission line and how to analyze it using phasor diagrams for different load conditions.
  • 🔬 The experiment involves measuring voltage and current under no load, pure resistive load, and resistive-inductive (RL) load conditions.
  • 🔧 Practical aspects of the experiment include using an AC three-phase voltage source, a transmission line simulator, and other equipment to model the transmission line.

Q & A

  • What is the main objective of the experiment discussed in the script?

    -The main objective of the experiment is to understand the characteristics of a short transmission line under both loaded and unloaded conditions.

  • What are the four parameters that affect the performance of a transmission line as part of an electrical power system?

    -The four parameters that affect the performance of a transmission line are resistance (R), inductance (L), capacitance (C), and conductance (G).

  • How is resistance in a transmission line related to the material of the conductor?

    -Resistance in a transmission line arises due to the resistive nature of the conductor material, and it is calculated as the resistive material constant multiplied by the length of the conductor divided by its cross-sectional area.

  • What is the physical meaning of inductance in a transmission line?

    -Inductance in a transmission line represents the property of the circuit that relates the voltage due to changes in magnetic flux to changes in current, and it is due to the coiling of the transmission wire.

  • How is capacitance in a transmission line affected by the dielectric material between the conductors?

    -Capacitance in a transmission line is due to the presence of a dielectric material, such as air, between two electrodes, which in this case are the transmission wires and the ground. It is calculated as the permittivity of the air multiplied by the cross-sectional area of the conductor divided by the distance between the conductor and the ground.

  • What is conductance and how is it related to resistance?

    -Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance and is calculated as the conductive material constant, where R is the resistance, which is the resistive material constant multiplied by the length of the conductor and divided by its cross-sectional area.

  • How are transmission lines classified based on their capacitance to ground?

    -Transmission lines are classified into three types based on their capacitance to ground: short transmission lines, medium transmission lines, and long transmission lines. Short lines generally have a length of less than 80 km, medium lines range from 80 km to 250 km, and long lines are longer than 250 km.

  • Why can the capacitance of a short transmission line be ignored compared to the current to the load?

    -The capacitance of a short transmission line can be ignored because its value is small, resulting in a very small leakage current to the ground compared to the current that goes to the load.

  • What is the equivalent circuit of a short transmission line as discussed in the script?

    -The equivalent circuit of a short transmission line includes parameters such as sending-end voltage (Vs), receiving-end voltage (VR), DC sending current (Is), load impedance (ZL), and the line impedance (Z), which is the centralized impedance of the impedances along the line.

  • How are the relationships between current and voltage in a transmission line analyzed?

    -The relationships between current and voltage in a transmission line are analyzed by first examining the line's equivalent circuit, considering there are no branches, so the sent current (Is) is the same as the current through the line (I_line), and the sent voltage (Vs) is equal to the voltage along the line (V_line).

  • What are the three conditions analyzed in the script for the transmission line's phasor diagram?

    -The three conditions analyzed for the transmission line's phasor diagram are no load, loaded with R, and loaded with RL.

Outlines

00:00

🔌 Introduction to Electrical Transmission Systems

This paragraph introduces the topic of electrical transmission systems, specifically focusing on short transmission lines. The purpose of the experiment discussed is to understand the characteristics of the transmission line under both loaded and unloaded conditions. The paragraph explains the four parameters that affect the performance of a transmission line as part of an electrical power system: resistance (R), inductance (L), capacitance (C), and conductance (G). These parameters are distributed along the transmission line. The paragraph also discusses how resistance arises due to the material of the conductor, inductance due to the coiling of the transmission wire, capacitance due to the dielectric material between conductors, and conductance as the reciprocal of resistance. The discussion also includes the classification of transmission lines based on their capacitance to ground into short, medium, and long lines, with short lines being less than 80 km, medium lines between 80 km and 250 km, and long lines over 250 km. The characteristics of short transmission lines are emphasized, noting that their capacitance is small, leading to minimal current leakage to the ground.

05:04

📡 Analysis of Transmission Line Parameters and Phasor Diagrams

This paragraph delves into the analysis of transmission line parameters and the use of phasor diagrams to understand the behavior of the system under different conditions. It discusses how to calculate the voltage and current along the transmission line using matrix analysis, with elements A, B, C, and D representing different aspects of the transmission line's performance. The paragraph explains how to derive the values of these elements and how they relate to the transmission line's impedance. It also covers the phasor diagrams for three conditions: no load, load with pure resistance (R), and load with a combination of resistance and inductance (RL). The discussion includes how to represent voltage and current phasors and how they relate to each other under different loading conditions. The importance of understanding these relationships is highlighted for analyzing the performance of electrical transmission systems.

10:05

🔬 Practical Experimentation and Data Collection

The final paragraph outlines the practical aspects of the experiment, including the equipment used and the steps for data collection. The equipment mentioned includes an AC three-phase voltage source, a channel simulator, a KYJ trafo regulator, and connecting cables. The paragraph details the steps for setting up the electrical circuit to model a short transmission line and collecting data under different conditions: no load, load with pure resistance (R), and load with a combination of resistance and inductance (RL). The process involves adjusting the trafo to obtain specific voltages and recording measurements using measuring instruments. The paragraph concludes with a mention of the tasks and conclusions of the experiment, which involve calculating real power losses under different load conditions and drawing conclusions based on the practical results compared to theoretical expectations.

Mindmap

Keywords

💡Transmission Line

A transmission line is a key component in electrical systems used for the transfer of electrical energy from one point to another. In the context of the video, the focus is on short transmission lines, which are typically less than 80 KM in length. The video discusses the characteristics of these lines under different load conditions, emphasizing their importance in electrical power systems.

💡Characteristics of Transmission Line

The characteristics of a transmission line refer to the properties that define its behavior and performance. These include parameters like resistance (R), inductance (L), capacitance (C), and conductance (G). The video explains how these parameters affect the transmission line's performance, particularly in terms of power transfer and signal integrity.

💡Load Conditions

Load conditions refer to the different states of electrical demand placed on a transmission line. The video discusses testing the transmission line under no load, resistive load (R), and resistive-inductive load (RL) conditions. Understanding these conditions is crucial for analyzing the line's performance and ensuring efficient power delivery.

💡Resistive Load (R)

A resistive load represents a type of electrical load that dissipates power in the form of heat. In the video, testing the transmission line under resistive load conditions helps to understand how the line behaves when power is consumed in a purely resistive manner, which is a fundamental aspect of electrical power transmission analysis.

💡Resistive-Inductive Load (RL)

An RL load combines resistive and inductive elements, which is common in many practical electrical systems. The video script mentions testing the transmission line under RL load conditions to analyze how the line's performance is affected by the combination of resistance and inductance, which is essential for designing robust power systems.

💡Impedance

Impedance is a measure of the opposition that a circuit element presents to an alternating current (AC). It is a complex quantity that combines resistance and reactance. In the video, impedance is used to describe the total opposition to the flow of current in the transmission line, which is critical for analyzing AC power systems.

💡Fasor Diagram

A fasor diagram is a graphical representation of the magnitude and phase relationship of AC quantities. The video discusses the use of fasor diagrams to analyze the conditions of the transmission line under different loads. These diagrams help visualize the vector relationships between voltage and current, which is essential for understanding AC circuit behavior.

💡Power Loss

Power loss refers to the reduction in electrical power as it travels along a transmission line due to resistive elements. The video mentions calculating theoretical and practical power losses using formulas that involve current and resistance. Understanding power losses is vital for optimizing transmission line efficiency and minimizing energy waste.

💡Equivalent Circuit

An equivalent circuit is a simplified representation of a more complex system, where the original components are replaced by their equivalent resistances, inductances, capacitances, and conductances. The video describes the equivalent circuit of a short transmission line, which is used to model and analyze the line's behavior under various conditions.

💡Regulator

A regulator in the context of the video likely refers to a device used to control or adjust the voltage in a transmission system. While not explicitly detailed in the script, regulators are important for maintaining stable voltage levels across the transmission line, ensuring reliable power delivery to end users.

💡Practical Experiment

A practical experiment, as mentioned in the video, involves hands-on testing and measurement to validate theoretical concepts. The script outlines steps for conducting experiments on an electrical circuit model to simulate transmission line behavior. These experiments are crucial for applying theoretical knowledge to real-world scenarios and for training in practical electrical engineering skills.

Highlights

Introduction to the experiment on electrical transmission systems.

Objective of the experiment is to understand the characteristics of short transmission lines under loaded and unloaded conditions.

There are four parameters affecting the performance of a transmission line: resistance (R), inductance (L), capacitance (C), and conductance (G).

Resistance arises due to the material of the conductor and can be calculated as R = ρ * (L/A).

Inductance is a property that relates voltage to the rate of change of magnetic flux, and it can be calculated as L = μ * (N * A) / l.

Capacitance is due to the presence of dielectric material between two electrodes and can be calculated as C = ε * (A/d).

Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance and can be calculated as G = 1/R.

Transmission lines are classified into short, medium, and long based on their length and capacitance to ground.

Short transmission lines are generally less than 80 km long and have small capacitance, so ground current can be neglected.

Medium transmission lines range from 80 km to 250 km and have significant capacitance that cannot be ignored.

Long transmission lines are over 250 km long and have very large capacitance, which is considered distributed along the line.

Equivalent circuit of a short transmission line includes parameters such as sending-end voltage (Vs), receiving-end voltage (VR), current (I), and impedance (Z).

The relationship between current and voltage can be analyzed by examining the line's equivalent circuit.

For unloaded conditions, the current through the line is zero, and the sending-end voltage equals the receiving-end voltage.

For loaded conditions with an R load, the current through the line is I = V/R, and the voltage drop across the line is significant.

For loaded conditions with an RL load, the current through the line is I = V/Z, where Z is the impedance of the load.

The experiment uses an AC three-phase voltage source, a transmission line simulator, a regulator, and connecting cables.

Data collection involves measuring voltage and current at different load conditions to model the transmission line's behavior.

The experiment tests the transmission line under no load, R load, and RL load conditions.

The task involves calculating real power losses using theoretical and practical formulas.

The conclusion of the experiment is discussed with the respective lab assistants, focusing on the results of the short transmission experiment.

Transcripts

play00:00

Hai selamat pagi siang sore atau malam

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penonton pastikan Selamat datang di

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praktikum sistem dielektrik dan pada

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video ini akan dibahas mengenai

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percobaan satu yakni mengenai transmisi

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pendek tujuan dari percobaan ini adalah

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untuk mengetahui karakteristik saluran

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transmisi pendek baik pada kondisi beban

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maupun tidak berbeban sehingga pada

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kondisi beban nanti akan diujikan pada

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kondisi beban er dan beban RL Jadi pada

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suatu saluran transmisi terdapat empat

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parameter yang mempengaruhi kinerja nya

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sebagai bagian dari suatu sistem tenaga

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listrik yaitu resistansi atau er

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induktansi atau l kapasitansi atau c dan

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konduktansi atau gmana keempat

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parameter-parameter ini terdistribusi

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secara merata di suatu saluran transmisi

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seperti yang diilustrasikan pada gambar

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Hai resistansi muncul akibat adanya

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hambatan jenis dari bahan konduktornya

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sehingga tidak ada yang namanya bahan

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yang bersifat konduktif murni kemudian

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resistensi ini dapat dirumuskan sebagai

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er atau substansi sama dengan hambatan

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jenis atauro dikalikan dengan elpra

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dimana l adalah panjang penuturnya

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kemudian a adalah luas penampang dari

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konduktor tersebut selanjutnya

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induktansi merupakan sifat rangkaian

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yang memberikan hubungan antara tegangan

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yang dihibahkan oleh perubahan fluks

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terhadap perubahan arus nilai induktansi

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juga muncul karena adanya lilitan pada

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kawat penghantar sehingga itu Tansi atau

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l dapat dirumuskan sebagai jumlah

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lilitan dikalikan dengan perubahan fluks

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terhadap perubahan arus atau Devi PDIP

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kemudian kapasitansi yang muncul akibat

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adanya bahan dielektrik yang dalam hal

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ini adalah udara yang berada diantara

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dua bahan elektroda yang dalam hal ini

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adalah kawat dengan gram kemudian

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kapasitansi atau C dapat dirumuskan

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sebagai pernik

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udara atau epsilon no dikalikan dengan

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luas penampang kawat penghantar atau ah

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dibagi dengan jarak kawat penghantar

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dengan gram atau D selanjutnya

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konduktansi komputasi dapat diartikan

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sebagai kebalikan dari resistansi

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sehingga konduktansi dapat dirumuskan

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sebagai software dimana R adalah

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resistansi yang dari emas sebelumnya

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resistansi sama dengan hambatan jenis

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dikalikan dengan panjang dari konduktor

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dibagi dengan luas penampangnya

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konduktansi antara penghantar atau antar

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atau antara pengantarnya tanah

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disebabkan oleh karena adanya arus bocor

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pada isolator pada saluran udara atau

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pada isolasi kabel pada saluran bawah

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tanah kebocoran pada isolator atau pada

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isolasi kabel dapat diabaikan maka

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komunikasi antar penghantar dapat

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diabaikan pula sebelum dibahas mengenai

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saluran transmisi pendek akan dibahas

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lebih dahulu mengenai klasifikasi dari

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saluran transmisi jadi berdasarkan besar

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kapasitansi saluran terhadap tanah

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saluran transmisi ini

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di atas tiga jenis diantaranya saluran

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transmisi pendek menengah dan panjang

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saluran transmisi pendek pada umumnya

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memiliki panjang kurang dari 80 KM

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kemudian saluran transmisi menengah itu

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panjangnya antara 80 KM hingga 250 km

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dan pada saluran transmisi panjang ini

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panjangnya lebih dan 250 km Kemudian

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dilihat dari kapasitansinya pada saluran

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transmisi pendek ini nilai

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kapasitansinya kecil maka arus bocor ke

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tanah Nilainya sangat kecil dibandingkan

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dengan arus yang ke beban Oleh karena

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itu nilai kapasitansinya dapat diabaikan

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Kemudian pada saluran transmisi menengah

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nilai kapasitansi Saluran ini cukup

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besar dan tidak dapat diabaikan oleh

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karena itu dapat dianggap sebagai

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kapasitansi yang terpusat lebih lanjut

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mengenai saluran transmisi menengah ini

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akan dibahas pada percobaan kedua

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Kemudian pada saluran transmisi panjang

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nilai kapasitansi Saluran ini sangat

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besar namun tidak dianggap sebagai

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kapasitansi yang terpusat tetapi

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kapasitansi terdistribusi merata di

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sepanjang saluran

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yo yo

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Hai pada bagian kiri dapat dilihat

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merupakan rangkaian ekivalen dari suatu

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saluran transmisi pendek beberapa

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parameter yang bekerja pada saluran

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asumsi pendek ini diantaranya adalah

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tegangan Sisi kirim atau vs tegangan

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Sisi terima atau VR arus DC kirim atau

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ISP harus diterima atau Ir impedansi

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beban atau ZL dan impedansi dari saluran

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atau zat sel 5mpx dari Saluran ini

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merupakan impedansi terpusat dari

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impedansi yang ada di sepanjang saluran

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Hai untuk mengetahui hubungan antara

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arus dan tegangannya dapat dilakukan

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Analisis terhadap rangkaiannya terlebih

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dahulu karena tidak adanya percabangan

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maka arus yang dikirim atau ISP akan

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sama dengan arus yang melalui saluran

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atau Israel dan asam sama dengan arus DC

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timah atau Ir kemudian melihat

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tegangannya bulat

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up1 tegangan DC dikirim akan sama dengan

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tegangan di sepanjang saluran atau

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Faisal ditambah dengan tegangan DC

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terima atau CR kemudian vestal disini

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dapat juga ditulis dengan impedansinya

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atau mohon maaf atau z-cell dikalikan

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dengan arus yang melaluinya atau install

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dimana Israel ini = QR sehingga dapat

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dituliskan dengan Ir Kemudian

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ditambahkan dengan tegangan DC terima

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atau VR Kemudian untuk mengetahui bentuk

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matriksnya harus diketahui masing-masing

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elemen dari matriksnya tersebut harus

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diketahui ABC dan d nya terlebih dahulu

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kemudian dapat melakukan perkalian

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matriks dari sekalian ini dapat didapat

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dapat diperoleh vs = a * VR ditambahkan

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dengan b dikali sandingan

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Daihatsu kemudian melihat pesawat

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persamaan yang pertama di sini maka Adi

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dapat nilainya ini sakit dan b

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didapatkan nilainya yakni zat saluran

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atau untuk mempersingkat penulisan bisa

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ditulis satu zat saja Kemudian dari

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perkalian matriks tersebut tidak dapat

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juga is atau tegangan DC kirim akan = C

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dikalikan dengan VR ditambah dengan b

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dikali dengan dengan Ir

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Hai kemudian melihat bersamaan ini

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karena tidak ada elemen VR maka didapat

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c = 0 dan karena QS = 1 dikali er maka D

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= 1 gimana keempat nilai ini ditegaskan

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kembali disini

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hai hai

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Hai kemudian pesonanya akan dibahas

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mengenai Analisis diagram fasor dari

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ketiga kondisi ini kondisi tanpa beban

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beruban er dan berbeban RL yang pertama

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pada kondisi tanpa beban jadi karena

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tidak adanya beban maka tidak ada arus

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yang melalui rangkaian tersebut sehingga

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S = QR = pisau sama dengan nol kemudian

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tegangannya vs sama dengan facial tamu

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VR kemudian dengan mensubstitusi

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mensubstitusikan harus sama dengan nol

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tadi maka vs akan sama dengan VR

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sehingga dapat dilihat di bagian kanan

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merupakan merupakan diagram fasor nya

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pada dia longsor ini PS dituliskan sama

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adik sepasang dan sama dengan VR

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kemudian Kenapa tidak digambarkan

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arus-arus Solid Kenapa tidak digambarkan

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lain-lainnya seperti arus itu karena

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nilainya adalah

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Hai selanjutnya pada rangkaian yang

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beban er Liona ada beban karena adanya

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beban her arus yang melalui itu adalah

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is = QR = install Kemudian untuk diagram

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fasor nya itu yang pertama digambarkan

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VR atau tegangan DC kiri terimanya

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terlebih dahulu sebagai fasor referensi

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mana letaknya pada detik derajat know I

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Hai kemudian karena bebannya er maka

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arusnya sepasang dengan tegangan

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sehingga QR = QR = Israel yang sepasang

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dengan VR tadi kemudian karena

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penjumlahan maka akan digambarkan

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selanjutnya dari ujung ke ujung kemudian

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penjudi Perkalian antara skalar dan

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vektor akan menghasilkan perpanjangan

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dari flight perpanjangan dari vektor

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tersebut dimana dalam hal ini skalanya

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adalah er dan vektornya adalah Islam dan

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kemudian perkalian dengan elemen

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imajiner J menghasilkan vektor yang

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tegak lurus dengan vektor yang Rio tadi

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Hai ke untuk mengetahui tegangan di

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sepanjang saluran yang merupakan er

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dikali Israel ditambah jxd kali instal

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atau R ditambah JX sekali install untuk

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menghasilkan facial

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Hai Kemudian untuk mengetahui vs dari

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persamaan V = Saitama vs sebelumnya

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digambarkan dari ujung ke ujung sehingga

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menghasilkan vektor yang berwarna hijau

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tersebut

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Hai selanjutnya pada rangkaian beban RL

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karena adanya beban maka ada arus yang

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melaluinya dimana i s = QR = install

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kemudian tegangannya VR = Z 1 dikali x

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ditambah VR bentuk diagram fasor nya

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pertama-tama digambarkan VR terlebih

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dahulu sebagai as reference yang berada

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di derajat Kenongo kemudian QR = QR =

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install digambarkan legging terhadap

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tegangan karena bebannya bersifat

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induktif

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Hai kemudian Perkalian antara er dikali

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Israel menghasilkan ke menghasilkan

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perpanjangan dari Factor install

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tersebut selanjutnya karena diperlukan

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penjumlahan atau Factor maka vektor

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digambarkan dari ujung ke ujung

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Hai Kemudian untuk mengetahui JX sekali

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Israel itu akan tegak lurus dengan air

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di kali install karena adanya elemen

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imajiner kemudian er dikali Israel

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ditambah jxd kalisalak asma dengan

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kristal yang merupakan tegangan di

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sepanjang saluran dan penjumlahan dari

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VR ditambahkan dengan facial akan = PX

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dan menghasilkan vektor yang berwarna

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hijau selanjutnya akan dibahas mengenai

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alat praktikum dimana alat-alat

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praktikum yang digunakan dalam percobaan

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ini adalah sumber tegangan AC tiga fasa

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simulator saluran kyj trafo regulator

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dan Kabel penghubung

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Hai Kemudian untuk langkah-langkah

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pengambilan data buat rangkaian listrik

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sebagai model transmisi pendek seperti

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rangkaian ekivalen dengan parameter

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saluran sebagai berikut nilai Irsal dan

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Elsa diberikan oleh asisten dengan

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menggunakan trafo dapatkan tegangan V 1

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sesuai dengan yang ditetapkan dalam

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tabel 1 kemudian catatlah semua besaran

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yang tercatat oleh alat ukur kemudian

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dengan menggunakan trafo dapatkan

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tegangan V2 sesuai dengan yang

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ditetapkan dalam tabel kemudian catatlah

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semua besaran yang tercatat oleh alat

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ukur kemudian masukkan bebener dan

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ulangi langkah b dan c dan

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masukan-masukan beban l dan ulangi

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langkah B dan C sehingga yang diujikan

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atau yang dicoba pada percobaan ini

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adalah pada kondisi tidak berbeban

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kondisi beban er dan kondisi beban

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Hai untuk tugas dan kesimpulan tugasnya

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adalah pada kondisi beban yang beruban

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er dan Urban RL hitung Roger hitunglah

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rugi-rugi daya nyata dengan menggunakan

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rumus rugi-rugi secara teori = I1

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kuadrat dikali dengan ersal kemudian

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rugi-rugi secara praktek itu sama dengan

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P1 dikurangi P2 untuk kesimpulan dari

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praktikum bisa ditanyakan pada

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masing-masing asisten praktikum yang

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bersangkutan untuk asistensi diingatkan

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kembali waktunya adalah dua kali 24jam

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sekian mengenai percobaan mengenai

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transmisi pendek ini Apabila saya ada

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salah kata saya mohon maaf dan atas

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perhatiannya saya ucapkan terima kasih

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