Effects of alloying Elements on the Properties of steel. ||Engineer's Academy||

Summary

This educational video delves into the impact of alloying elements on steel properties. It explains that steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, gains enhanced characteristics through the addition of elements like chromium for corrosion resistance, nickel for strength and toughness, and molybdenum for hardness. The video also covers the role of carbon in determining steel's hardness levels and the effects of manganese, titanium, and other elements on steel's machinability and corrosion resistance. It's a comprehensive guide to understanding steel composition and its diverse applications.

Takeaways

• 🔨 Steel is an alloy primarily composed of iron and carbon, with carbon content determining its classification into low, medium, or high carbon steel.
• ⚙️ Chromium (Cr) is added to steel to enhance its luster, durability, and resistance to corrosion, including oxidation.
• 💎 Nickel (Ni) contributes to increased hardness, strength, and toughness of steel, as well as providing resistance to corrosion and oxidation.
• 🛡️ Molybdenum (Mo) boosts resistance to pitting corrosion and enhances the steel's hardness and hardenability.
• ⚖️ Carbon content in steel is directly proportional to the steel's hardness, with varying percentages defining different types of steel.
• 🌳 Manganese (Mn) is used to improve the working properties, tensile strength, and machinability of steel, and can act as a substitute for nickel.
• ⚔️ Titanium (Ti) is an alloying element that aids in carbon stabilization, forming carbides to prevent intergranular corrosion in steel.
• 🔩 Phosphorus (P), when combined with sulfur, improves machinability in low alloy steel but can increase the risk of cracking during welding.
• 🔩 Sulfur (S) also enhances machinability but is limited to 0.05 percent in steel to prevent a decrease in steel quality.
• 🌐 Selenium (Se) improves machinability and the nobility of steel, contributing to better material properties.
• 🌀 Niobium (Nb), similar to titanium, is used to stabilize carbon content in steel, enhancing its overall performance.

Q & A

What is the primary difference between iron ore and steel?

Iron ore is raw and not usable in applications due to lacking desired properties, whereas steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, possessing the necessary properties for various applications.

Why is chromium added to steel?

Chromium is added to steel to increase its luster, durability, and resistance to corrosion, such as oxidation.

What is the role of nickel in steel?

Nickel is used to increase the hardness and strength of steel, and it also provides greater toughness and resistance to bending, as well as resistance to corrosion and oxidation.

How does molybdenum affect the properties of steel?

Molybdenum increases the resistance to pitting corrosion caused by chloride and sulfur chemicals, and it also greatly enhances the hardness and hardenability of steel.

What is the relationship between carbon content and the hardness of steel?

As the percentage of carbon in steel increases, so does the hardness of the steel. Different types of steel are categorized based on carbon content, such as low carbon, medium carbon, and high carbon steel.

What properties does manganese add to steel?

Manganese is added to steel to increase its working properties, tensile strength, toughness, and hardenability. It can also serve as a substitute for nickel.

What is the purpose of titanium in steel?

Titanium is used in steel for carbon stabilization, forming carbides that minimize the occurrence of intergranular corrosion, especially in the production of cutting tools.

How does phosphorus influence the machinability of steel?

Phosphorus, when combined with sulfur, improves the machinability of steel. However, in low alloy steel, it can increase strength but also the tendency to crack during welding.

What is the typical limit of sulfur content in steel, and why?

The typical limit of sulfur content in steel is 0.05 percent because beyond this, the steel's machinability decreases with an increase in sulfur content.

How does selenium improve steel?

Selenium improves the machinability and nobility of steel, enhancing its overall performance in manufacturing processes.

What is the function of niobium in steel?

Niobium, also known as columbium, is added to steel to stabilize carbon content, similar to the function of titanium.

What property does nitrogen enhance in steel?

Nitrogen increases the strength of steel, particularly in austenitic stainless steel, contributing to its overall performance.

How does silicon contribute to the properties of steel?

Silicon is used as a deoxidizing agent in the melting process of steel, and it contributes to hardening and electrical applications in devices and circuits.

What are the effects of cobalt on steel properties?

Cobalt, being ferromagnetic, is used in alnico alloys and is known for its high radioactivity, contributing to the magnetic properties of certain steel types.

Why is copper added to steel, and what benefits does it provide?

Copper is added to steel to increase its hardness and, more importantly, to enhance its corrosion resistance.

What is the primary function of zinc in steel?

Zinc is used in steel to increase both its corrosion resistance and hardness, improving the steel's durability and performance.

Outlines

00:00

🔩 The Impact of Alloying Elements on Steel Properties

This paragraph introduces the concept of steel as an alloy primarily composed of iron and carbon. It explains that raw iron ore is not directly usable for manufacturing due to its lack of desired properties. The video then delves into the role of various alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and carbon, which are added to enhance steel's properties like hardness, strength, corrosion resistance, and machinability. Each element's function and its position in the periodic table are discussed, providing a foundational understanding of metallurgy and material science.

05:05

🛠 Further Alloying Elements and Their Effects on Steel

The second paragraph continues the discussion on the effects of alloying elements on steel, focusing on elements like manganese, titanium, cobalt, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, niobium, nitrogen, silicon, cobalt, and copper. It details how these elements contribute to steel's properties, such as machinability, corrosion resistance, and strength. The paragraph also touches upon the importance of controlling the percentage of certain elements like sulfur and phosphorus due to their potential negative impacts during welding. The video concludes by summarizing the learnings and encouraging viewers to like, subscribe, and share the content.

Keywords

💡Alloying elements

Alloying elements are substances added to a base metal to improve its properties. In the context of the video, these elements are used to enhance the characteristics of steel, such as its strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion. The script discusses various alloying elements like chromium, nickel, and molybdenum, each contributing to different aspects of steel's performance.

💡Steel

Steel is an alloy primarily composed of iron and carbon. It is a central theme of the video as the script explores how different alloying elements affect its properties. Steel is crucial in various industries due to its strength and versatility, and the video aims to educate viewers on how these properties can be manipulated through alloying.

💡Chromium

Chromium is a transition metal used as an alloying element in steel to increase its resistance to corrosion and oxidation. It also enhances the luster and durability of steel. The video explains that chromium is added to steel to create stainless steel, which is widely used for its aesthetic appeal and corrosion resistance.

💡Nickel

Nickel is another transition metal that, when added to steel, increases its hardness and strength. It also improves the toughness and resistance to bending of the steel. The video mentions nickel as a key component in certain types of steel that require these enhanced properties for specific applications.

💡Molybdenum

Molybdenum is highlighted in the video as an alloying element that increases the resistance to pitting corrosion caused by chlorides and sulfur chemicals. It also enhances the hardness and hardenability of steel, making it suitable for applications where high strength and resistance to chemical attack are required.

💡Carbon

Carbon is a nonmetal that plays a critical role in determining the hardness of steel. The video explains that the percentage of carbon in steel is directly proportional to its hardness, with low carbon steel being softer and high carbon steel being harder. This relationship is fundamental to steel production, as different carbon levels result in steels with varying properties.

💡Manganese

Manganese is a transition metal used in steel to increase its working properties, tensile strength, and machinability. The video mentions that manganese can also improve the toughness and hardenability of steel. It can be used as a substitute for nickel in certain steel formulations to achieve similar property enhancements.

💡Titanium

Titanium is an alloying element used in steel for carbon stabilization. The video explains that during the stabilization process, titanium forms carbides, which help to minimize intergranular corrosion. This makes titanium an important element in the production of certain types of steel, particularly those used in environments where corrosion resistance is crucial.

💡Phosphorus

Phosphorus is a nonmetal that, when combined with sulfur, is used to improve the machinability of low alloy steel. The video notes that phosphorus can increase the strength of steel but also its tendency to crack during welding. This dual nature of phosphorus highlights the careful balance required when choosing alloying elements for steel production.

💡Silicon

Silicon is used in steel as a deoxidizing agent, which helps to lower the melting point of the steel during production. The video mentions that silicon is also used for hardening purposes and in the manufacturing of electrical devices and circuits. Its role in steel production is multifaceted, contributing to both the metallurgical and functional properties of the final product.

💡Cobalt

Cobalt is a metal that, when added to steel, can enhance its ferromagnetic properties. The video explains that cobalt is widely used in alnico alloys, which are known for their strong magnetic characteristics. This makes cobalt an important element in the production of steels used in magnetic applications.

Highlights

Introduction to the effects of alloying elements on steel properties.

Iron ore extracted from the Earth's crust is not directly usable for applications.

Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon, with iron as the base metal and carbon as the secondary ingredient.

Chromium is added to steel to increase luster, durability, and resistance to corrosion.

Nickel increases steel's hardness, strength, toughness, and resistance to corrosion and oxidation.

Molybdenum enhances resistance to pitting corrosion and increases steel's hardness and hardenability.

Carbon content in steel directly affects hardness, with varying percentages for low, medium, and high carbon steel.

Manganese is added to steel to improve working properties, tensile strength, and machinability.

Titanium is used for carbon stabilization in steel, reducing intergranular corrosion.

Phosphorus, when combined with sulfur, improves machinability and increases strength in low alloy steel.

Sulfur improves machinability but is limited in steel due to its negative impact on steel quality.

Selenium enhances machinability and the nobility of steel.

Niobium is used to stabilize carbon content in steel, similar to titanium.

Nitrogen increases the strength of austenitic stainless steel.

Silicon acts as a deoxidizing agent and is used for hardening and in electrical applications.

Cobalt is ferromagnetic and is used in alnico alloys.

Copper increases hardness and corrosion resistance when added to steel.

Zinc enhances corrosion resistance and hardness in steel.

Summary of the effects of various alloying elements on steel properties and their locations in the periodic table.

Transcripts

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of my latest videos hi guys welcome back

to Ma my servers in this video we will

be learning the effects of alloying

elements on the properties of the steel

so align what is the line so let's say

we have this iron or just extracted from

the Earth's crust so this is the ion o

which is like in the raw form so guys

this iron ore it not usable at all in my

applications in the machining also so

where is at is does not possesses the

desired properties which is required by

me it is not suitable for the further

machining so it's not so I just

eliminated this the next one if we have

this rods of made up of steel which is

an alloy of iron and carbon so steel is

nothing but the combination of iron and

carbon so guys stick is a lie which is

having the properties iron is the mayor

I mean the major element such as the

base metal whereas carbon is the or the

impurities or we can call it as a

secondary ingredient this is the

impurities so just like we had the

impurities I had to announce the

mechanical and the chemical properties

of the particular elements so apart from

the carbon there are other alloying

materials so let's begin let's see all

the that particular materials the first

is the chromium so chromium I have

located the same in the periodic table

that is the SIA this is the transition

element typically denoted by C car it is

a it is added to increase the luster and

ability basically for luster and

durability chromium is there also it

increases the resistance to corrosion

such as oxidation resistance to

oxidation the next is the nickel so guys

it is also the transition element or the

metal and I which is typically denoted

by ni so it's used to increase the

hardness of the steel and the strength

of the steel also it provides the

greater toughness also it forwards a

good toughness resistance to bending

also it resistance to its provides the

resistance to corrosion and oxidation so

the next one is the molybdenum so guys

it is also same it's also located in the

periodic table typically denoted by M O

so as it increases the resistance to

pitting corrosion by the chloride

formation and the sulphur chemicals so

it greatly increases the hardness and

harden ability of the steel the next is

the carbon as we all know our favorite

carbon it's a nonmetal basically

typically denoted by C so as the

percentage of the carbon in the steel

increases the hardness of the steel

increases so it's neither be

proportional to each other so there are

types of the Steel's which are like

segregated according to the percentage

of the carbon such as the low carbon

steel medium carbon steel and high

carbon steel so let's see the percentage

of the carbon in the low carbon soot is

like less than 0.001 thirty percent of

the carbon whereas in the medium carbon

steel used is 0.32 point forty five

percent of the carbon and in the high

carbon steel it's up to 1.5 percent of

the carbon the next is the manganese

it's also the metal our transitional

elements such as typically unit by M and

so it's added to the steel to increase

the working properties

and the tensile strength of the machine

tensile strength and the machinability

it increases the toughness also and the

harden ability of the steel also it can

be used as the substitute for the nickel

the next is the titanium so titanium is

also the same it's a metal wheel

typically denoted by T I so it's an

alloying element in the steel typically

used for the carbon stabilization in

steel such as and while doing the kaabah

stabilization it forms the carb titanium

cobalt salsa which is typically used in

the cutting tools so it minimized the

occurrences of the inter granular

corrosion inter granular corrosion the

next is the phosphorus so as phosphorus

is the nonmetal which is I've shown it

in the spaghetti table typically denoted

by P it's always your with the sulphur

to improve the machinability

so in low alloy steel it increases the

strength and also it increases the

tendency to the cracking during the

welding so next is the sulphur so guys

sulphur is also the same like the

phosphorus which is also non non metal

typically donated by s so it improves

the machinability it improves the

machinability also its content is the

limited to 0.05 percent in steals it's

the typical availability of the steel

decreases with the increase in the

sulphur content the next is the selenium

so why selenium is also just like a

nonmetal so it's typically generated by

s e the selenium improves the

machinability in the steel much nobility

of the steel

so it known as the columbium it's the

peplum somewhat like that so next is the

niobium so guys the niobium is also a

transition element in a metal so

typically denoted by n B so it's added

to the steel to improve this to

stabilize the carbon content such as a

titanium also the next C is the nitrogen

so nitrogen is nonmetal so gas likely

denoted by letter n capital n so it

increases the ill strength in a

particular metal or in a steel to in the

austenitic stainless steel basically the

next is the silicon so as its denoted by

si silicon so it's used as the d

oxidizing agent of the melting point

melting of this particular steel so it

used in the four so it's it can be used

for the hardening of the hiding purposes

also and it can be used in are the

electrical devices and electrical shoots

as well and in the electrical circuits

also in the next is the cobalt so cobalt

is like a metal so I have shown it here

in a periodic table typically denoted by

C Oso cobalt II is the highly

radioactive substance so it's so like a

ferromagnetic in nature so guys we will

see the later like the magnetism in the

magnetism so instead it's widely used in

the alnico alloys the guys next is the

copper so copper as we all know this is

the cuprum and copper so typically

denoted by letter C u so copper is added

to increase the hardness and the

corrosion it's it's mainly the corrosion

resistance so guys then

is the zinc last one this is so zinc is

denoted by letter Z n so it increases

the corrosion resistance and also the

hardness so why so far we have seen the

effects of the alloying elements on the

properties of the steel so guys I hope

you understand this allowing elements

also the properties of the steel how it

changes so we have also seen this

location of for each element in the

periodic table so guys thank you for

watching my video please to hit like

please do subscribe and please do share

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