Gr11 Ch3 Act2part 1

Summary

This educational video explores the concept of genes and transgenesis. It explains that genes are DNA fragments coding for specific proteins, using the example of human insulin in mice. The video describes an experiment where the human insulin gene is inserted into mouse eggs, resulting in one transgenic mouse synthesizing human insulin. It defines transgenesis as the process of introducing foreign genes into an organism's genome, and a transgenic organism as one containing these foreign genes.

Takeaways

• 🧬 The script discusses the structure and function of genes, focusing on the relationship between DNA and synthesized proteins.
• 🧬 A gene is defined as a fragment of DNA that codes for a specific protein, which is crucial for understanding genetic programming.
• 🧬 The experiment of transgenesis is explained, where a human insulin gene is inserted into a mouse's genome to observe protein synthesis.
• 🧬 The process involves removing eggs from a mouse and inserting the gene into a male pronucleus, which is then implanted into an egg.
• 🧬 The resulting embryo is transferred to a foster mother, who nurtures the embryo to term, demonstrating the concept of genetic modification.
• 🧬 Out of three mice born from this experiment, only one showed the synthesis of human insulin, indicating successful gene insertion.
• 🧬 The successful transgenic mouse, which produced human insulin, exemplifies the outcome of the transgenesis process.
• 🧬 Transgenesis is defined as the process of introducing a foreign gene into an organism's genome, altering its genetic makeup.
• 🧬 A transgenic organism is one that contains foreign DNA or genes in its genome, as a result of genetic engineering.
• 🧬 The script concludes by emphasizing that each gene is responsible for the synthesis of a specific protein, highlighting the precision of genetic coding.

Q & A

What is the main focus of the video script?

The main focus of the video script is to explain the concept of genes, their role in protein synthesis, and to introduce the terms 'transgenesis' and 'transgenic organism' through an experiment involving the insertion of a human insulin gene into a mouse.

What is a gene according to the script?

A gene is defined as a fragment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

What are the basic building blocks of chromosomes mentioned in the script?

The basic building blocks of chromosomes mentioned in the script are nucleotides, specifically adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

What is the purpose of the experiment described in the script?

The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the process of transgenesis by inserting a human insulin gene into a mouse and observing the synthesis of human insulin in the resulting mice.

What role does the foster mother play in the experiment?

The foster mother in the experiment is a surrogate that nurtures and brings up the genetically modified embryo, allowing it to develop into a mouse with the potential to produce human insulin.

How does the script explain the relationship between DNA and synthesized proteins?

The script explains the relationship between DNA and synthesized proteins by describing an experiment where a human insulin gene is inserted into a mouse, leading to the production of human insulin in one of the mice, thus linking the gene to the specific protein it codes for.

What is the outcome of the experiment with the mice?

The outcome of the experiment is that out of three mice, two did not synthesize human insulin, indicating the insulin gene was not successfully inserted into their genomes, while one mouse did synthesize human insulin, showing that the gene was successfully inserted.

What is the definition of a transgenic organism as per the script?

A transgenic organism, as per the script, is an organism that has foreign DNA or genes in its genome.

What is the definition of transgenesis?

Transgenesis is defined as the process of introducing a novel or foreign gene into the genome of an organism.

Why did only one mouse out of three show a positive result for human insulin synthesis?

Only one mouse out of three showed a positive result for human insulin synthesis because only in this mouse was the human insulin gene successfully inserted into its genome, allowing it to produce the human insulin protein.

What additional materials will be provided to the viewer at the end of the video?

At the end of the video, the viewer will be supplied with extra sheet 7 and summary sheet 7 for further understanding and reference.

Outlines

00:00

🧬 Understanding Genes and Transgenesis

This video segment focuses on chapter 3, activity 2, which delves into the structure of genes and their role in protein synthesis. The viewer is introduced to the concept that genes are fragments of DNA responsible for coding specific proteins. The video promises to provide supplementary materials and aims to help viewers understand the terms 'transgenesis' and 'transgenic organism'. It explains that our bodies are composed of proteins, which are dictated by our genetic makeup stored in chromosomes. Chromosomes are made up of nucleotides (A, T, C, G), and the relationship between DNA and synthesized proteins is explored through an experiment involving the insertion of a human insulin gene into mouse eggs. The experiment results show that only one mouse out of three synthesized human insulin, indicating successful gene insertion. The video concludes by defining a gene as a DNA fragment coding for a specific protein and explaining that transgenesis is the process of introducing foreign genes into an organism's genome, resulting in a transgenic organism.

Keywords

💡Gene

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains the instructions for producing a specific protein. In the context of the video, genes are the fundamental units of heredity that determine the traits of an organism. The video explains that each gene is responsible for the synthesis of a specific protein, as exemplified by the human insulin gene that codes for the insulin protein.

💡DNA

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms. The video emphasizes that DNA is composed of nucleotides (adenine [A], thymine [T], cytosine [C], and guanine [G]) and that genes are sequences of these nucleotides within the DNA.

💡Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules that play a crucial role in the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs. The video script mentions proteins like hemoglobin and keratin, highlighting that proteins are the end products of the genetic information encoded in DNA.

💡Transgenesis

Transgenesis is the process of introducing a foreign gene into an organism's genome. The video describes an experiment where the human insulin gene is inserted into a mouse's genome, demonstrating the concept of transgenesis and its application in genetic engineering.

💡Transgenic Organism

A transgenic organism is one that has had foreign DNA or genes inserted into its genome. The video uses the example of a mouse that has been genetically modified to produce human insulin, illustrating the concept of a transgenic organism and its potential applications in biotechnology.

💡Chromosomes

Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells, consisting of DNA and proteins. They carry genetic information in the form of genes. The video mentions that chromosomes are made up of nucleotides and are the carriers of genetic material within cells.

💡Nucleotides

Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA, each consisting of a nucleoside (a base, sugar, and one or more phosphate groups). The video explains that the nucleotides A, T, C, and G are the basic units that make up DNA and are crucial for understanding the structure of genes.

💡Insulin

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. In the video, the focus is on the human insulin gene and its role in producing insulin protein, which is vital for the proper functioning of the body's metabolism.

💡Foster Mother

In the context of the video, a foster mother refers to a surrogate animal that carries and gives birth to offspring that are not genetically hers. The script describes how the genetically modified embryo is implanted into a foster mother mouse to develop and be born.

💡Genetic Program

The genetic program refers to the set of instructions encoded in an organism's DNA that guides its development and functions. The video script emphasizes that all the proteins and traits of an organism are based on its genetic program, which is carried by the chromosomes in the nucleus.

💡Gametes

Gametes are the reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) that fuse during fertilization to form a new individual. The video script uses the terms 'male prone' and 'female prone' nuclei to describe the genetic material from the male and female gametes, which are crucial for the process of transgenesis.

Highlights

Continuation of activity 2 from chapter 3 on gene structure and information unit.

Introduction to the concept that genes are fragments of DNA coding for specific proteins.

Definition of transgenesis and transgenic organism.

Proteins in the body are based on the genetic program held by chromosomes.

Chromosomes are made up of nucleotides A, T, C, and G.

Experiment to analyze the relationship between DNA and synthesized proteins.

Each chromosome carries several genes, which are sequences of nucleotides.

Transgenesis experiment involves inserting a human insulin gene into a mouse egg.

Foster mother mice raise the embryos with the inserted gene.

Observation of human insulin in the blood of genetically modified mice.

Only one mouse out of three showed the synthesis of human insulin.

The presence of human insulin indicates successful gene insertion.

A gene is defined as a fragment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Transgenic organism is defined as one with foreign DNA in its genome.

Transgenesis is the process of introducing foreign genes into an organism's genome.

The experiment demonstrates the practical application of transgenesis in creating a transgenic mouse.

Transcripts

[Music]

today we will continue with activity 2

of chapter 3 the gene structure and

information unit part 1. you will be

supplied at the end of this video with

extra sheet 7

and summary sheet 7.

at the end of this video you will be

able to deduce that a gene is a fragment

of dna

coding for a specific protein

and define both terms transgenesis and a

transgenic organism

as we know our body is built up from

proteins

like hemoglobin found in red blood cells

keratin

enzymes and many others

we know that all what we have in our

body is based on the genetic program

that we have and which is held by the

chromosomes

found in the nucleus

where chromosomes are basically made up

of the nucleotides

a

t

c

and g

what relationship exists between dna and

the synthesized proteins

to understand this we are going to

analyze an experiment but first of all

we are going to define a gene

each chromosome carries several genes

and every gene is a sequence of

nucleotides

well here the definition of a gene is

not yet complete we'll complete it after

we explain the experiment of

transgenesis

in this experiment

eggs are removed from a mouse

and human insulin gene is inserted into

a male prone nucleus that has been

inserted into one of the eggs here we

notice that the female

and male prone nuclei correspond to the

female and the male gametes before

fusion during fertilization

then the obtained embryo is transferred

along with other embryos into a foster

mother

where the foster mother is the mother

with that will bring up the child

instead of the natural mother

and later we observe the birth of three

mice

after searching for human insulin in the

blood of these mice

two mice showed negative result

where human insulin was not synthesized

in them

and only one showed a positive result

where human insulin was synthesized in

it

to explain the results of the experiment

we noticed that these two mice didn't

produce the human insulin protein

which means that the insulin gene wasn't

inserted into their genome

however

this mouse showed the synthesis of

insulin protein

which means that the insulin gene was

inserted into its genome

then we can conclude that the human

insulin gene

was responsible for the synthesis of the

human insulin protein

in conclusion

each gene is responsible for the

synthesis of a specific protein

now we can define fully a gene

a gene is a fragment of dna that codes

for a specific protein

this is the mouse that showed the human

insulin hormone in its blood

then it is the mouse that had the

insulin gene inserted into its genome

this mouse is described as a transgenic

mouse

what do mean by a transgenic organism

and what is transgenesis

a transgenic organism is the organism

that has the foreign dna or genes in its

genome

transgenesis corresponds to the process

of introducing an oval or foreign gene

into the genome of an organism

to sum up

a gene is a fragment of dna coding for a

specific protein

transgenesis is the process of

introducing an oval or foreign gene into

the genome of an organism

and a transgenic organism is the one

that has the foreign gene in its genome

thanks for listening

you