¿Tu lengua determina cómo piensas? | La hipótesis de Sapir-Whorf
Summary
TLDREste vídeo explora la hipótesis de Sapir-Whorf, que plantea que el idioma que hablamos influye en la forma en que pensamos. Se divide en tres partes: la teoría de la relatividad lingüística, cómo el idioma afecta nuestra percepción y comportamiento, y la validez de la teoría actualmente. Se discuten ejemplos de cómo diferentes lenguajes abordan conceptos como el tiempo, el espacio y los colores, y cómo el uso de géneros gramaticales puede influir en la percepción de objetos. Además, se analiza cómo el idioma puede reforzar o desafiar los estereotipos culturales. Finalmente, se cuestiona la extensión de la influencia del idioma sobre el pensamiento, sugiriendo que, aunque ciertamente afecta nuestra organización y expresión de ideas, no determina completamente los patrones de pensamiento individuales.
Takeaways
- 😀 La teoría de la relatividad lingüística, también conocida como la hipótesis de Sapir-Whorf, plantea que el idioma que hablamos influye en la forma en que pensamos y percibimos el mundo.
- 🔍 Existen dos versiones de esta teoría: la fuerte, que sostiene que el lenguaje determina el pensamiento y la débil, que afirma que el lenguaje solo influye en el pensamiento.
- 🌐 Los estudios de Sapir y Whorf sobre lenguajes nativos americanos y lenguajes indoeuropeos mostraron diferencias significativas en cómo se percibía el tiempo y el espacio.
- ⏳ En cuanto al tiempo, se sugiere que mientras en la cultura china se entiende en conceptos de arriba y abajo, en la griega se mide en grande o pequeño, afectando la percepción temporal.
- 🌐 En el ámbito del espacio, se menciona que en inglés y español se utilizan conceptos de izquierda o derecha, mientras que en otras culturas se emplean direcciones cardinales, lo que puede influir en la orientación espacial.
- 🌈 La distinción de colores en diferentes idiomas puede no ser tan obvia, pero puede influir en la forma en que percibimos y diferenciamos los colores, como se vio en un estudio con hablantes de japonés y alemán.
- 🏙️ El uso de artículos en algunos idiomas, como el español, puede influir en la percepción de los objetos, ya que se les puede atribuir género, lo que puede afectar la forma en que los vemos.
- 👶 Los estudios con niños demuestran que el género gramatical de las profesiones puede influir en la forma en que los niños perciben y asocian géneros con ciertos oficios.
- 🧠 La teoría de la relatividad lingüística se ha cuestionado en términos de si el lenguaje limita o enriquece la capacidad de pensamiento, y se ha propuesto que los efectos pueden ser más allá del habla y afectar el pensamiento permanente.
- 🌐 La teoría de la relatividad lingüística ha generado debates sobre si el lenguaje determina el pensamiento o simplemente lo organiza, y se ha evidenciado que la memoria y la percepción psicológica pueden verse afectadas por el idioma.
Q & A
¿Qué es el hipotético de Sapir-Whorf y cómo afectaría la forma en que pensamos?
-El hipotético de Sapir-Whorf, también conocido como el relativismo lingüístico, sugiere que el lenguaje que hablamos, con sus reglas gramaticales y vocabulario, determina la forma en que vemos el mundo y, por ende, la forma en que pensamos.
¿Cuál es la diferencia entre la versión fuerte y la versión débil del hipotético de Sapir-Whorf?
-La versión fuerte, también llamada determinismo lingüístico, sostiene que el lenguaje determina el pensamiento y, por lo tanto, limita la forma de pensar. La versión débil, en cambio, dice que las categorías lingüísticas influyen en el pensamiento y las decisiones, pero no de forma determinante.
¿Quiénes fueron Edward Sapir y Benjamin Lee Whorf y qué aportaron al estudio del relativismo lingüístico?
-Edward Sapir y Benjamin Lee Whorf fueron lingüistas que revolucionizaron la lingüística con su teoría del relativismo lingüístico. Basaron su teoría en estudios comparativos de lenguas, como las lenguas nativas americanas y las lenguas indoeuropeas.
¿Cómo afectan las diferencias lingüísticas la percepción de conceptos como el tiempo y el espacio?
-Según el hipotético de Sapir-Whorf, conceptos como el tiempo y el espacio varían según la cultura y el lenguaje. Por ejemplo, en algunas culturas, el tiempo se percibe de manera lineal, mientras que en otras se entiende en términos de arriba y abajo o de grande o pequeño.
¿Cómo influye el lenguaje en la forma en que pensamos y nos comportamos según la teoría de Sapir y Whorf?
-Según la teoría de Sapir y Whorf, el lenguaje no es solo un medio de comunicación, sino que determina nuestra percepción de la realidad y nuestro comportamiento. Esto se debe a que el lenguaje organiza y categoriza la información de manera diferente en cada cultura.
¿Cómo se relaciona el lenguaje con la percepción del tiempo según el estudio mencionado en el guion?
-Un estudio de la década de 1970 sugiere que las personas que hablan más de un idioma ven el tiempo de manera diferente. Por ejemplo, para los hablantes de inglés, el tiempo fluye de izquierda a derecha, mientras que en la cultura china, el tiempo se entiende en términos de arriba y abajo.
¿Qué descubrieron los investigadores Lember y Brown en su experimento sobre la percepción de colores en diferentes lenguas?
-Los investigadores Lember y Brown descubrieron que los participantes japoneses a menudo confundían los colores azul y verde, mientras que los estadounidenses y alemanes no. Esto se interpretó como una prueba de que la percepción de colores puede variar según si tienen el mismo nombre en diferentes lenguas.
¿Cómo puede influir el uso de artículos en las lenguas con géneros, como el español, en la percepción de objetos?
-Algunos estudios sugieren que el uso de artículos en lenguas con géneros, como el español, puede influir en la percepción de objetos. Por ejemplo, en alemán, la palabra para 'puente' es femenina, mientras que en español es masculina, lo que puede afectar la forma en que los hablantes de estos idiomas asocian adjetivos y características a dicho objeto.
¿Cómo puede el lenguaje influir en la creación y mantenimiento de estereotipos culturales?
-El lenguaje puede ser un poderoso herramienta para crear o mantener estereotipos culturales, ya que las palabras y la gramática pueden reflejar y perpetuar las aspiraciones y creencias de una cultura sobre géneros, profesiones y roles sociales.
¿Qué conclusiones se pueden sacar sobre la validez del hipotético de Sapir-Whorf según el análisis actual?
-La teoría de Sapir-Whorf, en su versión débil, es más aceptada hoy en día, ya que se ha demostrado que el lenguaje afecta la memoria y la percepción psicológica. Sin embargo, es dudoso que el lenguaje proporcione todos los patrones de pensamiento del individuo, ya que existen pensamientos no verbales y la posibilidad de traducir entre lenguas.
Outlines
🌐 La Teoría de Sapir-Whorf y cómo el Lenguaje Moldea la Pensamiento
El primer párrafo introduce la teoría de relativismo lingüístico o hipótesis de Sapir-Whorf, que plantea que el lenguaje que hablamos influye en la forma en que pensamos y percibimos el mundo. Se menciona que esta idea ha sido cuestionada y ha evolucionado a lo largo del tiempo, pasando de una versión fuerte, donde el lenguaje determinaría completamente la pensée, a una versión más débil que sugiere que el lenguaje solo afecta la manera en que pensamos y tomamos decisiones. También se destaca que la teoría ha sido objeto de críticas y que se ha adaptado a lo largo del tiempo, pero aún tiene relevancia en el estudio de las relaciones entre lenguaje y pensamiento.
🗣 Influencia del Lenguaje en la Percepción del Espacio y el Tiempo
El segundo párrafo explora cómo el lenguaje afecta nuestra percepción del espacio y el tiempo. Se ilustra con ejemplos de cómo diferentes lenguajes utilizan conceptos distintos para describir la orientación espacial, como el uso de 'norte', 'sur', 'este' y 'oeste' en lugar de 'izquierda' y 'derecha'. Además, se discute cómo la noción de tiempo varía según la cultura y el lenguaje, con ejemplos de cómo el tiempo se percibe de manera lineal en algunos lenguajes y de manera más abstracta en otros. Se menciona un estudio que sugiere que los hablantes de más de un idioma pueden ver el tiempo de manera diferente, y cómo esto puede influir en su comportamiento económico y en su forma de abordar problemas futuros.
🌈 El Lenguaje y la Diferenciación de Colores y Objetos
El tercer párrafo se centra en cómo la diferenciación de colores y el uso de artículos en diferentes lenguajes pueden influir en la percepción de objetos y en la formación de estereotipos de género. Se describe un experimento que demuestra que los hablantes japoneses a menudo confunden los colores azul y verde, mientras que los hablantes alemanes y estadounidenses no, lo que sugiere que la manera en que los colores son nombrados en un idioma puede afectar la percepción de estos. También se discute cómo el uso de géneros gramaticales en lenguajes como el español puede influir en la forma en que se perciben objetos inanimados y cómo esto puede reflejar y perpetuar los estereotipos de género.
🧠 La Veracidad de la Teoría de Sapir-Whorf y sus Impactos Cognitivos
El cuarto párrafo reflexiona sobre la veracidad actual de la teoría de Sapir-Whorf y su influencia en la cognición. Se menciona que, aunque la teoría fuerte ha sido rechazada, la teoría débil sigue siendo relevante, ya que la organización y categorización del lenguaje pueden afectar la percepción y el conocimiento. Se discuten estudios que sugieren que la gramática y el léxico influyen en la memoria y el pensamiento, y se presentan ejemplos de cómo la estructura de los verbos y la existencia del subjuntivo en español pueden influir en la forma en que los hablantes piensan en situaciones hipotéticas. Finalmente, se cuestiona si el lenguaje realmente proporciona todos los patrones de pensamiento del individuo o si es solo un medio para organizar y expresar pensamientos que ya existen.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Lenguaje
💡Relatividad lingüística
💡Edward Sapir
💡Benjamin Lee Whorf
💡Determinismo lingüístico
💡Categorías lingüísticas
💡Tiempo
💡Espacio
💡Colores
💡Artículos
💡Subjuntivo
Highlights
La teoría de Sapir-Whorf sugiere que el idioma que hablamos puede determinar la forma en que pensamos.
La hipótesis de relativismo lingüístico se divide en dos versiones: fuerte (determinismo lingüístico) y débil (lingüística solo influencia el pensamiento).
Edward Sapir y Benjamin Lee Whorf revolucionaron la lingüística con su teoría del relativismo lingüístico.
La teoría comparó lenguajes nativos americanos con lenguajes indoeuropeos, encontrando diferencias significativas en la percepción del mundo.
Conceptos como el tiempo y el espacio varían según la cultura y el idioma.
El estudio de la percepción del tiempo en diferentes culturas muestra que no es lineal ni universal.
La gramática y el léxico influyen en la forma en que vemos el mundo y pensamos.
La distinción de colores en diferentes idiomas puede afectar la percepción de los mismos.
El uso de artículos en idiomas como español puede influir en la percepción de objetos.
La teoría de Sapir-Whorf ha sido refutada en su versión fuerte, pero la versión débil sigue siendo relevante.
La hipótesis de neurolingüística sugiere que los efectos del relativismo lingüístico se deben buscar en la gramática y el léxico.
Los hablantes bilingües piensan de manera diferente dependiendo del idioma que estén utilizando.
La teoría del relativismo lingüístico tiene implicaciones en la memoria y la percepción psicológica.
El uso del lenguaje influye en la forma en que memorizamos y organizamos nuestros pensamientos.
La teoría de Sapir-Whorf no es tan fácil de descartar, ya que la memoria y la percepción están afectadas por el idioma.
La teoría de la gramática universal de Chomsky sugiere que todos los seres humanos nacen con un sistema lingüístico interno.
Transcripts
Can you imagine that the languages we speak could determine the way we think?
that is to say that the language that you speak by its grammatical rule and its vocabulary will determine
the way in which you see the world because that same question was asked by these two gentlemen
sapir and Wolf if this were true we could say that language shapes thought
or that the way you think will depend on the language you speak like that
that if you want to know what is true in that theory stay and I will tell you the opinions
expressed in this video are the sole responsibility of their authors and may not
coincide This is a channel comment or constructive criticism will be welcome in that case you
I recommend watching the video until the end before doing it Now make yourself comfortable and enjoy
a lot
[Music] linguistic chronicles well I am going to divide this video into three parts, which is the theory of
shapir Wolf How language affects our way of thinking and to what extent is the truth
sapir War theory part 1 What is the shapir World theory this idea is called relativism
linguistic or sapir War hypothesis because it derived from some writings left by the linguists Benjamin
Wolf who attributed the credit to his professor Edward It must be said that there are two currents of these
hypothesis, one older and highly criticized, and another more modern, although not exempt from criticism of the
The first is called the strong version or linguistic determinism because it says that language determines language.
thought and therefore the elements of language limit the way of thinking that version in which
lasted until around World War II and the one normally attributed more to
sapir Although wrongly because things are attributed to him that he did not say as such We'll see later
Why And then we have a version called weak which is the one that is still maintained today and
which says that the linguistic categories, that is, language, only in thought
and the decisions Although it must be said that this idea was not really new already in the century
XIX people like Wilhelm Humboldt scholar and Prussian statesman who by the way I remember
that I made a video about the Prussian model and how schools today follow
forming soldiers instead of students I only remember him as one of the founders of the University
of Berlin today Humboldt University of Berlin saw language as the expression of the
spirit of a nation so that you can see that already in the 19th century, even a long time before, politics
I was already trying to use the language as a tool or weapon part 2 How language affects our
way of thinking Edward sapir and Benjamin wolf revolutionized linguistics with their theory
of linguistic relativism and this theory was based on a study they carried out at the
which compared Native American languages such as that of the Hopi tribe and Indo-European languages
that is to say almost any that is spoken in Europe and here many differences were seen but not
Only in regards to language, for example, did they conclude that Europeans see the world as
a set of things whereas the Hopi see the world as a set of actions.
that concepts such as time and space are not transcultural, that is to say, in each culture they are
different but exemplifies the circular Mayan calendar Compared to our calendar or
that nobody agrees on when the aliens are going to come every culture says that
We are going to be abducted by aliens at a different time I bring you love, bring us love that I don't know
escape the legs how easy it is to use Google calendar is to say that the way we see the
time and space are part of our grammar therefore according to this theory language is
much more than a communication tool because it is determining your perception
of reality and your behavior But how Let's talk about time it may seem that the idea of
time is the same for all of us but it turns out that it is not that simple time is a product
conscience a study carried out in the 70s determined that people who speak more than
a language see time differently according to this study for us time
It is linear, it moves from left to right, however, Chinese culture understands time.
in concepts of below and above In the case of the Greeks time is measured in big or small Thus
For them, size does matter, sorry, and this is very interesting. Because, for example, in
There are no tenses in Chinese Boom, the past or the future are expressed by adding a
particle to the sentence So I ate lentils yesterday would be something like I eat last
lentils more or less and it turns out that Kate shen an expert in behavioral economics did a
very interesting discovery In my opinion with some lagoon but it is still interesting
states that depending on the language, people face economic issues in one way or another.
other than, for example, people who speak languages that do not have tenses, such as
For example, they are more prone to save more and than, for example, when we do have
tenses we talk about the future we see it as something more distant in time than in general
we tend to think that there is a long way to go before it happens and we are less motivated to avoid crises
Evidence of the impact of language on thought can be seen above all in the
concept of space Let's talk about space for example in English or Spanish we use the
concepts of left or right to guide us while in other languages they use concepts
during a field investigation in Australia leerski came across the tribe
of those by umbrella and he realized that in his language there is no left or right [Music]
but with their place they use northeast or southeast up to here well but it is because of this
realized that these people possessed a much higher sense of direction
even when they were in unknown places when asked to order a series of
cards that represented different moments or actions in time the members of this tribe
They did it from east to west, that is, in the direction of the sun, regardless of what position it was in.
found them the English who participated did it from left to right because it is in the
sense in which they write the same as us and at the same time The Hebrews who participated
they did it from right to left because it is also the sense in which they write the same way
that most Semitic languages talk about colors the distinction of colors in a language or
another may not be so obvious but do you remember when the photo of a dress or a shoe was
went viral and people fought saying it was one color or another Well, for example in English or
in Spanish green and blue are completely different but in Japanese they are considered shades of
same color in 19 54 Researchers lember and brown carried out an experiment with
German and Japanese American participants who were asked to distinguish between
different colors Well, the result was that the Japanese often made mistakes when
they had to distinguish between blue and green while the Americans and Germans did not.
so this was taken as proof that the results of the experiment would vary depending on
if these colors had the same name or not in different languages let's talk about the objects
another example is the use of articles in languages such as Spanish, French or German is not used
masculine or feminine only for people but also for inanimate objects the table in Spanish
It is feminine no matter how much it is an object, as it seems in recent years, some experiments
have been able to demonstrate that the use of according to what article can influence the perception of
the objects to which they are directed, although with some gaps, also when in another study
Spanish and German speakers were asked to say how they perceived certain objects as
for example a bridge or some keys the Germans associated bridge with adjectives
typically feminine for them while in the case of the Spanish they did it with adjectives
typically masculine so all this may be because in German the bridge is feminine and in
Spanish bridge is masculine therefore this seems to show that both the vocabulary and the
the grammar of different languages tends to influence or shape our way of seeing
the world and thinking for it Translating from one language to another can sometimes be so difficult
Now, then, can a language influence the culture of its speakers, can then a
language influencing the culture of its speakers has left a great deal about how the aspirations
and children's beliefs about the professions or trades of the elderly reflect stereotypes
cultural gender and a tool capable of creating or maintaining stereotypes is undoubtedly
the language for example Studies were carried out with children between 6 and 11 years of age to verify
if for children the different professions or trades are marked by female gender or
masculine or if they are neutral in the first study they were asked if certain professions could
be used both masculine and feminine, that is, doctor doctor and in the second study they were
different images of men and women performing their profession were shown and they were asked what
profession they were doing to see if they opted for a neutral option such as a police officer or
chose male or female results the study revealed that trades that are normally
marked are exclusive, that is to say that they were shooting for masculine or feminine AND that when they were found
with one with a more neutral name, it created confusion, therefore the mediating role it has was demonstrated
language in terms of individual differences in children's attitudes towards the topic of
inclusion Efrén Pérez from the University of California ensures that the words we choose
on a day-to-day basis it can have a great impact when it comes to achieving or not That sabin inclusion
yes, I don't know if I pronounced it correctly, he affirms that this study proves that the use of language
inclusive in terms of gender could reduce the linguistic risk of gender and contribute to the
tolerance on gender and equality part 3 To what extent is sapir's theory true
World linguistic relativity is a good theory because it is falsifiable. That is to say, it is
relatively easy to verify whether or not it is fulfilled with empirical analyzes of both sapir and boas other
researcher are determined to say that because something concrete does not exist in a language, they do not want to
To say that it does not exist at a cognitive level is to say that in principle we all possess the same abilities.
of perception and knowledge, however, the stimuli we receive are organized
categorized and others differently depending on the language, for this reason the first option of the
that I spoke at the beginning of the video the strong option that is usually attributed to sapir does not make sense
in fact sapir thought about the translation he says yes it can be translated
from one language to another always but that the aesthetic mechanisms of the language cannot be reproduced
of origin to the second language as they are used differently OR may not
But what happens today that what happens today today we have what we call the
neurofian hypotheses that derive from Word And these say that the effects of linguistic relativism
that is to say, the effects of language on thought must be sought in grammar
the place of the lexicon instead of the vocabulary because according to them they also have an important load
of meaning that is not only found in vocabulary and much of this research
compare these effects between English and Spanish I am going to give you three examples for example
In English we have the verb To Be, and in Spanish there are two verbs to be and to be. We have an experiment.
in which English-speaking and Spanish-speaking children between the ages of 3 and 5 were compared in
tasks that required differentiating between appearance, that is, a transitory aspect, and reality, which
is a permanent trait the results indicated that they did better when asked in
Spanish than when they were asked in English, so the conceptual filter of the language when
having both variants is limited only at the time of speech and not permanently
Another example is with movement in English, it is normal to use a verb of movement and
then add some particle that explains the mode of that movement while
that in Spanish it is more common to indicate the mode in the same nucleus, for example, while
in spanish we have to cross in english it would be Go a Cross a researcher named Loving studied
the translations of novels from English to Spanish and vice versa and observed that the translations of
Spanish into English they continued to behave as if they were Spanish Although in English and
vice versa, those that translated from English to Spanish were in Spanish but followed part of
the English structure something strange besides that when Spanish and English readers read
the same piece of novel in both English and Spanish both readers imagine the same
scene described differently while the English build images of the protagonist in
movement the Spanish generated static images more like photographs in this way
it was observed that bilingual speakers think differently depending on the language they are using
In languages like Spanish we have the ability to conjecture to talk about hypothetical situations.
or imaginary thanks to the use of the subjunctive however in languages such as Mandarin sino
that expression cannot be used because the subjunctive does not exist. So its speakers
they have to resort to circumlocutions, that is, to not having a concrete form for that you have
to be paraphrasing what makes you think that perhaps the Chinese have more difficulties to
express or think about imaginary or hypothetical situations as I already said there are some gaps
conclusion There are two very different relativistic positions regarding the impact of grammar
in the thought according to Dance Loving of which we spoke before the effects of the language on
Thought only occurs at the moment of speaking, hence we think before speaking.
On the other hand, Levin affirms that the effects of grammar on thought have effects More
beyond speech affecting thought permanently, that is, as the first strong theory
that we said was highly criticized and discarded, however there are other researchers who are
agree that linguistic differences do have an effect Beyond speech an influence
cognitive, for example, modulating memory processes and even determining our processes
of thought A very basic example would be in How do you use language when memorizing a
text to study for an exam But as for the weak hypothesis of sapir wolf the one that came to
the Neburbians the one that is a little more accepted today is not so easy to dismiss since
It has been known for some time that memory and psychological perception are affected by language.
for example, by the availability of appropriate words or expressions, that is to say, as I have
Said before, language helps you organize your thoughts when studying, for example.
but it is doubtful that language is actually the one that provides all thought patterns
of the individual despite the fact that certain experiments show the presence of non-verbal thoughts
Why Well because point number one, whatever the language, they are all of human creation by
therefore they come from a thought that creates them point number 2 following this Standard we will be
saying that someone who is born deaf or deaf does not think point number 3 another criticism that was made
usually do to this theory was the possibility of translating from one language to another because it is supposed
that sapir said that this was impossible although I have already said before that this is rather a fallacy
since the same sapir in his book Language says the opposite and four other criticisms that
What is usually done is innateness or Chomsky's Universal Grammar that we will see in a video
later that I will do specifically about this and that is that the theory of the Universal grammar of
Chomski says that all human beings are born with an internal linguistic system and that this
allows you to learn any language as a child, no matter how difficult it may be. So you are born and you already
They give the dlc so that you can download it with the language of your parents until here today's video I hope
that you liked that you have learned something new and leave me in the comments Until what
point do you think that language influences the way of thinking see you in the next video bye
[Music]
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