Grade 10 SCIENCE | Quarter 1 Module 5 (PART 2) | CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
Summary
TLDRThis educational presentation delves into the dynamics of convergent plate boundaries, exploring three primary types: oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, and continental-continental convergence. It illustrates how each type results in distinct geological features like volcanic island arcs, trenches, and mountain ranges, using examples such as the Indonesian Archipelago, the Andes, and the Himalayas. The script also clarifies terminological differences and emphasizes the inevitability of earthquakes in such regions due to plate movements.
Takeaways
- 🌋 Oceanic-oceanic convergence results in the formation of volcanic island arcs, such as the Indonesian Archipelago, Philippine Island Arc, and Japanese Island Arc.
- 📍 Converging oceanic plates, like the Australian Plate and Sunda Plate, create volcanic islands like the Indonesian Archipelago.
- 🌊 The Philippine Island Arc is formed from the convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Sunda Plate.
- 🇯🇵 The Japanese Island Arc results from the convergence of the Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate.
- ⛰️ Oceanic-continental convergence creates continental volcanic arcs and trenches, with the Rocky Mountains being a prime example.
- 🗻 The Andes Mountains in South America formed from the convergence of the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate.
- 🏔️ Continental-continental convergence, like that of the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate, results in mountain ranges such as the Himalayas.
- 🔄 No subduction occurs during continental-continental convergence, leading to mountain formation instead of volcanic activity.
- 💥 All types of convergent plate boundaries (oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, continental-continental) can cause earthquakes due to the movement of plates.
- 🔄 The video provides a comprehensive recap of the different types of convergent boundaries, their outcomes, and specific examples of each.
Q & A
What is an oceanic convergence?
-Oceanic convergence is a type of plate tectonic boundary where two oceanic plates move towards each other, resulting in the formation of volcanic island arcs and trenches due to subduction of the denser plate beneath the other.
What are the examples of volcanic island arcs mentioned in the script?
-The Indonesian Archipelago, the Philippine Island Arc, and the Japanese Island Arc are examples of volcanic island arcs formed due to oceanic convergence.
How does the Indonesian Archipelago form as a result of plate tectonics?
-The Indonesian Archipelago is formed by the convergence of the Australian Plate and the Sunda Plate, both of which are oceanic plates, leading to the subduction and formation of volcanic island arcs.
What is the difference between an oceanic plate and a continental plate?
-An oceanic plate is denser and typically thinner than a continental plate. Oceanic plates are usually found under the oceans, while continental plates carry the continents and are less dense, making them typically thicker.
What is the role of the Philippine Plate in the formation of the Philippine Island Arc?
-The Philippine Plate, a minor plate, converges with the Sunda Plate, leading to the subduction of the denser plate and the formation of the Philippine Island Arc.
What is the process called when one tectonic plate moves under another?
-The process is called subduction, where the denser plate sinks beneath the less dense plate, often leading to volcanic activity and the formation of trenches.
What is the difference between a volcanic island arc and a continental volcanic arc?
-A volcanic island arc is formed at oceanic-oceanic convergent boundaries, while a continental volcanic arc is formed at oceanic-continental convergent boundaries. However, in the script, both are referred to as volcanic island arcs for simplicity.
What are some examples of continental volcanic arcs mentioned in the script?
-The Rocky Mountains, the Cascades, the Sierra Nevadas, and the Andes Mountains are examples of continental volcanic arcs formed due to oceanic-continental convergence.
How do mountain ranges form at continental-continental convergent boundaries?
-At continental-continental convergent boundaries, the lack of subduction due to both plates being less dense leads to the collision of the plates, resulting in the formation of mountain ranges through the buildup of rock and sediment.
What is the Himalayas an example of?
-The Himalayas is an example of a mountain range formed by continental-continental convergence, specifically the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian Plate.
Why do earthquakes occur at convergent plate boundaries?
-Earthquakes occur at convergent plate boundaries due to the movement and interaction of tectonic plates, such as sliding past each other, colliding, or subducting, which releases energy in the form of seismic waves.
Outlines
🌊 Oceanic Convergence and Island Arcs
This paragraph introduces the concept of oceanic convergence, focusing on the formation of volcanic island arcs. It highlights examples such as the Indonesian Archipelago, the Philippine Island Arc, and the Japanese Island Arc, which are results of the convergence between oceanic plates like the Australian Plate, Sunda Plate, and the Pacific Plate. The explanation includes the process of subduction, where denser oceanic plates are drawn beneath lighter continental plates, leading to the creation of trenches and volcanic arcs. The paragraph also clarifies the distinction between volcanic island arcs and continental volcanic arcs, setting the stage for further discussion on different types of convergent boundaries.
🌋 Oceanic Continental Convergence and Volcanic Features
The second paragraph delves into oceanic continental convergence, a process where oceanic plates converge with continental plates, resulting in the formation of continental volcanic arcs. It emphasizes the similarity between volcanic island arcs and continental volcanic arcs, both being chains of volcanoes formed due to subduction. The paragraph provides examples such as the Rocky Mountains, Cascades, and Sierra Nevadas in North America, and the Andes in South America, which are outcomes of the convergence of various plates including the North American Plate, Pacific Plate, and the Nazca Plate. The discussion also touches on the transformation of these volcanic arcs into mountain ranges over time due to tectonic movements and the decrease in magma supply.
🏞️ Continental Continental Convergence and Mountain Building
This paragraph discusses the third type of convergent boundary, continental continental convergence, where two continental plates collide due to their lower density compared to oceanic plates, preventing subduction. The result of this collision is the formation of mountain ranges and frequent earthquakes. The paragraph uses a simulation to illustrate the process, showing how two continental crusts come together to form a series of mountains over millions of years. The Himalayas are presented as a prime example of this process, formed by the convergence of the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate, and include the world's highest peak, Mount Everest. The paragraph concludes with a brief history of the Indian subcontinent's movement towards Asia, leading to the creation of the Himalayas.
📚 Recap of Convergent Boundaries and Their Outcomes
The final paragraph provides a recap of the entire discussion on convergent boundaries, summarizing the three types: oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, and continental-continental convergence. It outlines the geological outcomes of each type, such as volcanic island arcs and trenches for oceanic-oceanic convergence, continental volcanic arcs and trenches for oceanic-continental convergence, and mountain ranges for continental-continental convergence. The paragraph also mentions that any movement along these boundaries can cause earthquakes. The video concludes by inviting viewers to ask questions in the comment section and expressing hope that the content has been helpful in understanding the module on plate tectonics.
Mindmap
Keywords
💡Oceanic Convergence
💡Volcanic Island Arc
💡Subduction
💡Trench
💡Continental Volcanic Arc
💡Convergent Boundary
💡Mountain Range
💡Himalayas
💡Plate Tectonics
💡Earthquake
💡Andes Mountains
Highlights
The Indonesian Archipelago, Philippine Island Arc, and Japanese Island Arc are examples of products of oceanic-oceanic convergence.
Oceanic plates can be part of either continental or oceanic lithospheres, as seen in the convergence of the Australian and Sunda plates.
Volcanic island arcs are formed by the subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another, leading to volcanic activity.
The Philippine Island Arc is a result of the convergence between the Philippine Plate and the Sunda Plate.
The Japanese Island Arc is formed by the convergence of the Pacific Plate and part of the Eurasian Plate.
Oceanic-continental convergence involves subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate, resulting in continental volcanic arcs.
The term 'continental volcanic arc' is used interchangeably with 'volcanic island arc' in the module, despite being a different geological feature.
The Rockies, Cascades, and Sierra Nevadas are examples of continental volcanic arcs formed by oceanic-continental convergence.
The Andes Mountains in South America are also a product of oceanic-continental convergence between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate.
Continental-continental convergence occurs when two continental plates collide, leading to the formation of mountain ranges.
The Himalayas, including Mount Everest, are an example of a mountain range formed by continental-continental convergence.
The movement of tectonic plates over millions of years is responsible for the formation of these geological features.
Earthquakes are a common result of all types of convergent boundaries due to the movement of plates.
A simulation demonstrates the process of subduction and formation of volcanic arcs in oceanic-continental convergence.
The distinction between volcanic island arcs and continental volcanic arcs is clarified to avoid confusion.
A recap of the three types of convergent boundaries and their outcomes is provided for better understanding.
The presentation concludes with an invitation for questions and a summary of the key points discussed.
Transcripts
back to our original
presentation we are now about to discuss
what are the examples of
products of oceanic oceanic convergence
okay so examples of island orcs are
examples of volcanic island arcs
are these first we have the indonesian
archipelago
second we have the philippine island arc
or the philippines
itself and we have the japan
or the japanese island arc
okay so as you can see in this picture
we have
drawn uh red lines
across the map which shows the different
island arcs and other island arcs that
you can see
on the map okay
so the indonesian archipelago is a
product of
the convergence of the australian plate
and the sunda plate which are both
oceanic plates so remember that a plate
can be both
continental or oceanic
so it can be a combination
so this parts of the australian plate
which is oceanic and the soon the plate
which
is the part of the eurasian plate
the lower part of the eurasian plate
which is
also oceanic they converge to form the
indonesian
archipelago at the same time for the
philippine island arc or the philippines
it is a product of the convergence
between the philippine plate so we know
that we have the
philippine c plate it is a minor plate
and the sunda plate as well
which is here the philippine plate and
the
sunda plate and then finally
um the japan or the japanese island arc
is a product of the convergence
of the pacific plate
and the part of
eurasian plate
so let's move now to the next type of
convergent
boundaries the next type is oceanic
continental convergence
still here in this type of convergent
boundary we still have
subduction and obviously the denser
oceanic plate would
undergo the process also the
geologic process or feature that you can
have in this type of convergence are
almost the same with the previous
type which we have discussed a while ago
oh here we still have a trench we still
have an earthquake
but then we will now have a continental
volcanic ark
however again as what i have stressed a
while ago
the continental volcanic ark is called
volcanic island arc
in your module so don't be confused
about it
i'm using another term here to
distinguish it
from the island arc so
there we also have this um image
from your module so how ign
is the type of crust that
or type of lithospheres that are
involved
in the convergence
of apareas so again at the point where
the two lithospheres meet would become a
trench
and then you have this subducting
denser oceanic lithosphere and after
some time it would melt and become
a volcanic ark
so the volcanic arc is still a set of
volcanoes not a single
volcano but a group of volcanoes and so
i have here
a more complex picture of continental
oceanic convergence by the way you can
call it
oceanic continental or continental
oceanic
so it's not really an issue
and so let's move on with the simulation
again
so we will be placing the crust here
by the way it doesn't matter if you
choose old or young here
as long as it's oceanic crust and we
have the continental crust
and both show labels show seawater
automatically it's always the oceanic
crust that would
go under the continental crust
it can't be possible that the
continental crust would go
under the oceanic crust because again
oceanic crust is denser than
continental grass the denser lithosphere
would undergo
subduction don't forget that
again automatic mode put io and then
time elapse
in millions of years let's see what
happens
again this process of going down
beneath the other crust is called
subduction
so after some time it would melt and
would form the
arcs here
that's 14 billion years
again this is not possible overnight
it would take millions of years
and it stopped at 50 million years
so
it's very similar to oceanic oceanic
convergence so here we have a trench
and then we have the continental
volcanic
arcs
so again now before we proceed with the
last part
or the last type of convergence i would
like to reiterate
that in this particular presentation
i indicated the terms volcanic island
arc
or island arc for oceanic oceanic
convergence
and continental volcanic arcs
for oceanic continental
convergence however in your module on
this
two since they are similar to each other
they are
both called volcanic island arcs
so problem
because um they are
similar to each other they are chains of
volcanoes
okay so let's move now to the different
examples of this
volcanic arks or continental volcanic
arks
so first we have the rockies or the
rocky mountains which is found
in north america the rocky mountains or
the rockies
is a product of the convergence of the
north american plate and the one de fuka
or the pacific plate
indeed that the rocky mountains is
somehow situated
here kasemaju matagal nadawyan
they might be volcanoes in the past but
then they became
inactive because there is a less and
less
source of magma below them because of
movement of the earth and so on and so
forth
so these mountains were once volcanoes
but then due to passing of time they
just became mountains
next we also have the cascades and shera
nevadas
so these are near the rockies
still in the north american plate so the
cascades
is um the product of the convergence of
one defuca plate
and north america while the shera
nevadas which is
found below the cascades is the
product of the convergence of the
pacific plate and the north american
plate
we also have the andes mountains so the
andes mountains can be found in the
south americas this
is a product of the convergence of the
nazca plate
and the south american
plate
um we have mentioned one de fuka and we
mentioned pacific plate so wonderful
kind pacific plate
are oceanic plates they converge with
the continental plate which
is north america and in this case we
also have
nazca plate which is a an oceanic plate
which converged with the south american
plate which is
continental thus making them examples
of oceanic continental
convergence
finally we will go to the last part of
this discussion which is all about the
continental continental convergence
as the title implies continental
continental convergence
is the convergence between two
continental
plates now because the two plates that
are moving towards each other are both
continental
which are less dense compared to
an oceanic plate therefore no subduction
happens
they will just collide and form
something
in between what are the geologic
processes that
occur we have mountain ranges
and earthquakes
so as you can see we have here the
picture as illustrated
in your module
let's go back to the simulation
we place two continental crusts
and then we will be observing what
happens
again there's no subduction here
only collision
okay so the timer stopped at 35 million
years
ago which are
the volcanic island arcs and
also um again there is no subduction
and not only one mountain is formed
we have a series or a
group of mountains or mountain ranges
so as for the best example of a
continental continental convergence
we have the himalayas
so the himalayas was formed from the
convergence of the indian plate
to the eurasian plate
so the himalayas include the
very well known mount everest which is
the tallest mountain
or the highest mountain on earth
and apparently according to scientists
um years ago or millions of years ago
india and asia
were not together
india is a part of asia but then
according to
scientists india was here
so nahiwala is india 71 million years
ago
and then because of the movements of
these plates
it slowly moved towards the eurasian
plate
until okay until
the himalayas was formed
because india is continental
eurasia part of the eurasia majority of
it is also
continental so before we end this
discussion let's have a short recap of
what we have discussed today
first we have uh discuss what a
convergent boundary is
a convergent plate boundary is a plate
boundary where
two plates are moving towards each other
and then
we also have three types of convergent
plate boundaries
first the oceanic oceanic second the
oceanic continental
and third the continental continental
convergence
or convergent boundary now as for the
difference among the three
so an oceanic oceanic convergence
would produce a volcanic island arc and
a trench
an oceanic continental convergence could
produce
a continental volcanic arc and a trench
and finally for a continental
continental convergence
a mountain range would be formed
so for all of these types of convergence
or convergent plate boundaries
any type of movement would cause an
earthquake so we also have discussed
the examples of the outcomes of these
different types of convergence
or you can just rewind this video if you
have forgotten about them
and so that's all for today
if you have questions i can
simply write them on the comment box
below
and i hope that this video was able to
help you
understand more the contents of module
number five
so that's all for today till our next
discussion
[Music]
bye
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