PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF A CELL SCIENCE 7 QUARTER 2 MODULE 3

Summary

This educational video delves into the fundamental unit of life: the cell. It explains the cell's basic components, including the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm, and their roles. The video distinguishes between animal and plant cells, highlighting organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, and the Golgi apparatus. It also touches on unique plant structures such as chloroplasts and cell walls, emphasizing their functions in processes like photosynthesis and cellular support.

Takeaways

• 🌿 Cells are the simplest and smallest living units of all organisms, capable of performing life activities such as growth, reproduction, and nutrition.
• 🔬 Unicellular organisms, like bacteria, amoeba, and paramecia, consist of a single cell, while multicellular organisms, such as humans, plants, and animals, are made up of many cells.
• 🔬 Robert Hooke was the first to describe cells using a microscope, coining the term 'cell' after observing the structure of cork.
• 🛡️ The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, acts as a protective barrier controlling the entry and exit of substances and shielding the cell from the environment.
• 🧬 The nucleus contains DNA, the hereditary material, and is often referred to as the 'brain' of the cell, directing all internal activities.
• 🍯 The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance within the cell that contains organelles, which are specialized structures performing specific functions.
• 🏋️‍♂️ Mitochondria are the 'powerhouses' of the cell, releasing energy through cellular respiration and producing ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
• 🏭 Ribosomes are the 'protein factories', synthesizing proteins according to instructions from the nucleus.
• 📦 The Golgi apparatus is involved in the modification, packaging, and transport of proteins and lipids within the cell.
• 🗑️ Lysosomes are the 'suicide bags' of the cell, digesting and breaking down waste and unneeded materials.
• 🌱 Plant cells have unique structures like chloroplasts, which capture sunlight for photosynthesis, and cell walls made of cellulose for protection and support.

Q & A

What is the most fundamental level of biological organization?

The most fundamental level of biological organization is the cell, which is the basic unit of life capable of performing all life activities.

What are the two types of cells that the video discusses?

The video discusses two types of cells: animal cells and plant cells.

What are the three basic parts shared by all cells, regardless of the organism?

All cells, whether animal, plant, or other organisms like bacteria, share three basic parts: the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, serves as the outer covering of the cell, controlling the entry and exit of substances and protecting the cell from the external environment.

Why is the nucleus considered the 'brain' of the cell?

The nucleus is considered the 'brain' of the cell because it contains DNA, the hereditary material, and controls all the activities occurring inside the cell.

What is the role of the cytoplasm in a cell?

The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell that contains organelles, which are specialized parts of the cell that carry out specific functions.

What is the function of mitochondria in a cell?

Mitochondria act as the powerhouse of the cell, releasing energy needed for cell activities through a process called cellular respiration, which produces ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cell, carrying out the instructions coming from the nucleus to synthesize proteins.

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to their target destinations within the cell.

What is the main function of vacuoles in a cell?

Vacuoles serve as the storage rooms of the cell, storing substances such as food, water, and even waste.

What is unique about chloroplasts found in plant cells?

Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis, the process through which plants produce their own food using sunlight.

What is the purpose of the cell wall in plant cells?

The cell wall, made of cellulose in most plant cells, fungi, bacteria, algae, and some archaea, provides protection, support, and shape to the cell.

Outlines

00:00

🌿 Introduction to Cells: The Basic Units of Life

This paragraph introduces the concept of biological organization, emphasizing the cell as the simplest and most fundamental level. It explains that all living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic units capable of life processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrition. The paragraph distinguishes between unicellular organisms like bacteria and amoeba, which consist of a single cell, and multicellular organisms like humans and plants. It also mentions the importance of the microscope in studying cells and credits Robert Hooke for first describing them. The cell's basic parts—cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm—are introduced, along with their functions. The cell membrane's role in controlling substance transport and protecting the cell is highlighted, while the nucleus is identified as the 'brain' of the cell, containing DNA. The cytoplasm is described as the site of organelles, which are specialized parts with specific functions.

05:01

🔬 Exploring Cell Organelles and Their Functions

This paragraph delves into the various organelles found within cells and their specific functions. It begins with mitochondria, described as the 'powerhouse' of the cell, which produces ATP through cellular respiration. Ribosomes are next, characterized as the 'protein factories,' responsible for synthesizing proteins based on instructions from the nucleus. The nucleolus is mentioned as the site of ribosome production within the nucleus. The endoplasmic reticulum is divided into two types: the rough, involved in protein production, and the smooth, involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis. The Golgi apparatus is highlighted as the 'post office' of the cell, modifying, packaging, and transporting proteins and lipids. Vacuoles are described as storage compartments, while lysosomes act as waste disposal systems. Centrioles are noted for their role in cell division, a process crucial for growth and maintenance. The paragraph also differentiates between plant and animal cells, mentioning chloroplasts as the site of photosynthesis in plants and the cell wall's role in protection and support. The summary concludes with an invitation to learn more about the differences between plant and animal cells in the next video and encourages viewers to test their understanding through an activity.

Keywords

💡Biological Organization

Biological organization refers to the hierarchical levels of structure in living organisms, ranging from the simplest unit, the cell, to the entire ecosystem. In the context of the video, this concept is foundational as it sets the stage for the detailed study of the cell, which is the simplest level of biological organization. The script mentions this concept to transition into the main focus of the video, which is the cell and its components.

💡Cell

A cell is the smallest living part of an organism and the basic unit of life. It is capable of performing all life activities such as growth, reproduction, and excretion. The video emphasizes that all living things are composed of one or more cells, highlighting the cell's central role in the theme of the video. Examples from the script include unicellular organisms like bacteria and multicellular organisms like humans and plants.

💡Unicellular

Unicellular refers to organisms that consist of a single cell. This term is important in the video as it contrasts with multicellular organisms, demonstrating the diversity of life forms based on the number of cells they contain. The script uses bacteria, amoeba, and paramecium as examples of unicellular organisms.

💡Multicellular

Multicellular describes organisms made up of more than one cell. The video script uses this term to illustrate the complexity of life forms beyond the single-celled organisms, with humans, plants, and animals as examples. This concept is integral to understanding the variety of structures and functions within higher organisms.

💡Microscope

A microscope is an instrument that allows the magnification of objects too small to be seen by the naked eye. In the script, the microscope is credited with enabling scientists to study cells in detail, which would otherwise be invisible. The invention of the microscope was a pivotal moment in the history of cell biology, as it allowed Robert Hooke to describe cells for the first time.

💡Cell Membrane

The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is the outer covering of the cell that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell and protects it from the external environment. The video script describes its function as a security guard, emphasizing its crucial role in maintaining the cell's integrity and regulating its interactions with the surroundings.

💡Nucleus

The nucleus is a prominent organelle within the cell that contains deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the hereditary material of living organisms. The video refers to it as the 'brain of the cell' because it controls all cellular activities. The nucleus is central to the video's theme as it illustrates the cell's capacity for growth, reproduction, and genetic continuity.

💡Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within the cell that contains the organelles. It is the site where many cellular processes occur. The script describes it as the medium housing the organelles, which are essential for the cell's function and survival, thus tying it closely to the video's exploration of cellular components.

💡Organelles

Organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions, likened to 'little organs' of the cell. The video script delves into various organelles, such as mitochondria, ribosomes, and the Golgi apparatus, each with a unique role in cellular processes. Understanding organelles is key to grasping the complex operations within a cell.

💡Mitochondrion

The mitochondrion, referred to in the plural form as mitochondria, is known as the 'powerhouse of the cell' because it generates energy through cellular respiration, producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The video script highlights the mitochondrion's role in energy production, which is essential for all cell activities.

💡Ribosomes

Ribosomes are the 'protein factories' of the cell, responsible for synthesizing proteins based on instructions from the nucleus. The video script describes them as tiny structures within the cytoplasm, emphasizing their importance in protein production, a fundamental process for life.

💡Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as Golgi bodies, is involved in the modification, packaging, and transportation of proteins and lipids within the cell. The video script refers to it as the 'post office' of the cell, indicating its critical role in intracellular logistics.

💡Vacuoles

Vacuoles are membrane-bound structures within cells that serve as storage for substances such as food, water, and waste. The video script describes vacuoles as the 'storage rooms' of the cell, highlighting their role in maintaining the cell's internal environment.

💡Lysosomes

Lysosomes are cellular structures that function as the waste disposal system, digesting and breaking down unneeded materials within the cell. The video script refers to them as the 'suicide bags' of the cell, illustrating their role in maintaining cellular health by clearing debris.

💡Centrioles

Centrioles are cylindrical structures found in animal cells that play a crucial role in cell division. The video script explains their importance in the process of producing new cells, which is vital for growth and maintenance in multicellular organisms.

💡Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that contain the pigment chlorophyll, enabling them to capture energy from sunlight for photosynthesis. The video script points out that chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, which is the process by which plants produce their own food, contrasting with animal cells that lack chloroplasts and cannot synthesize their own nutrients.

💡Cell Wall

The cell wall is an outer covering found in plant cells, fungi, bacteria, algae, and some archaea, providing protection, support, and shape. The video script mentions that plant cells have cell walls made of cellulose, distinguishing them from animal cells, which do not have cell walls.

Highlights

Living things are highly organized and structured at various levels of biological organization.

The simplest level of biological organization is the cell, the basic unit of life.

Cells perform all activities associated with life, such as growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition.

Unicellular organisms like bacteria, amoeba, and paramecium consist of a single cell.

Multicellular organisms, such as humans, plants, and animals, are made up of more than one cell.

Cells are too small to be seen by the naked eye and require a microscope for detailed study.

Robert Hooke was the first to describe cells using a microscope, coining the term 'cells' after the small rooms in a monastery.

All cells share three basic parts: the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.

The cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances and protects the cell from the environment.

The nucleus contains DNA, the hereditary material, and is considered the 'brain' of the cell.

Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance containing organelles that perform specific functions.

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, releasing energy through cellular respiration.

Ribosomes are the protein factories of the cell, synthesizing proteins based on instructions from the nucleus.

The nucleolus is where ribosomes are produced in the nucleus.

Endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein and lipid synthesis, with 'rough' and 'smooth' types for different functions.

Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and transports proteins and lipids to their target destinations in the cell.

Vacuoles serve as storage rooms for food, water, and waste within the cell.

Lysosomes act as the waste disposal system of the cell, digesting unneeded materials.

Centrioles play a crucial role in cell division, found only in animal cells.

Chloroplasts, unique to plant cells, capture sunlight for photosynthesis and food production.

Plant cells have a cell wall made of cellulose, providing protection, support, and shape.

The video will explore the differences between plant and animal cells in the next episode.

A short activity is provided at the end of the video to test understanding of the lesson on cell parts and functions.

Transcripts

in our last video we learned that living

things are highly organized and

structured we talk about the different

levels of biological organization

if you haven't still watched our video

about the different levels of biological

organization

you may pause this video to watch it the

link is posted on the description box

in this video we are going to study in

detail the simplest level

on the levels of biological organization

which is the cell we are going to learn

as different parts and their functions

are you ready to learn let's go

ah amazing it is herba smell service

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force motion and energy at earthen space

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by the way

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all living things on earth big or small

are made up of cells cells are the

smallest living part of an organism

it is the basic unit of life that can

perform

all activities associated with life like

growth

reproduction excretion and nutrition

every living thing is made up of one or

more cells

if a living thing is made up of one cell

they are called

unicellular examples of unicellular

organisms are bacteria

amoeba and para misun on the other hand

if they are made up of more than one

cells

they are called multicellular examples

are humans

plants and animals cells are too small

to be seen by the naked eye

but thanks to the invention of a

microscope scientists were now able to

study it in detail

the first person to describe cells using

a microscope was robert hook

when he examined a very thin slice of

cork

he notices structures that look like

small

empty rooms it reminded him of small

rooms

found in a monastery thus he named this

structure cells wherein cell is from the

word cellular which means

small rooms let us now explore the

different

parts of a cell the two type of cells

that you are going to encounter in this

video are animal and plant cells

whether animal or plant cells and even

other organisms like bacteria

share three basic parts these are cell

membrane

nucleus and the cytoplasm cell membrane

is also known as plasma membrane it is

the outer covering of the cell which

covers the surface

of the cell it is like a security guard

that controls the kind of substance

that enters and exists the cells it also

protects the cell from the outside

environment

without the plasma membrane any

substance can go

in and out the cell the cell may be

affected by the exceed of needed

substances

or entrance of unneeded or poisonous

substances

that may lead to the death of the cell

the next

part is the nucleus the nucleus is the

most noticeable part of the cell

it appears circular or oval in shape

it contains the deoxyribonucleic acid

or dna which is the hereditary material

that carries genetic material

in all living things it is called as the

brain of the cell

because it controls all the activities

occurring

inside the cell the cytoplasm is the

jelly-like substance that can be found

inside the cell it contains the

organelles of the cells that are

outside of the nucleus organelles

are specialized part of the cell they

are like

little organs of the cell each organelle

carries out a specific function inside

the cell

let us now explore the different

organelles that can be found

in the cell as welder function

first we have mitochondrion or

mitochondria

in its pleural form the mitochondrion

acts as the powerhouse of the cell

since it releases the energy needed for

cell activities

they supply energy by undergoing

cellular respiration

cellular respiration is a process that

produces adenosine triphosphate or

atp which is the energy currency

of the cell next we have ribosomes

ribosomes are the protein factories of

the cells

they are the tiny dust that can be seen

in the cell

they carry out the instructions coming

from the nucleus

to synthesize proteins next we have

nucleolus

nucleolus is the prominent round

structure in the nucleus

it is where ribosomes are produced

endoplasmic reticulum

there are two types of endoplasmic

reticulum

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the

rough endoplasmic reticulum

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is

called rough endoplasmic reticulum

because it appears rough because of the

presence of ribosomes

the rough endoplasmic reticulum is

involved in the production of various

proteins in the cell

antibodies insulin as well as

transportation of proteins into the

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

on the other hand the smooth endoplasmic

reticulum

appears to be smooth because its surface

does not contain ribosomes

it is involved in the synthesis of

lipids and carbohydrates

that are used to build the cell membrane

next we have golgi bodies or apparatus

the proteins manufactured in the

endoplasmic reticulum

is transported to the golgi apparatus

the golgi apparatus is called the male

man of the cell

because it is responsible for

transporting

modifying and packaging proteins and

lipids

into vesicles for delivery to target a

destination

in the cells where they are needed the

next organelle

are vacuoles vacuoles are coined as the

storage rooms of the cell

vacuoles are membrane bound structure

which main function

is for storage such as food water and

even waste

lysosomes lysosomes are known as the

suicide bags of the cell

lysosomes act as the waste disposal

system

of the cell by digesting or breaking

down the trash

or unneeded materials in the cytoplasm

next are centrioles

centrioles are cylindrical structures

which play an important role in cell

division

these structures can only be found on

animal cell

cell division is important in animal

cells

because it enables the organisms to

produce new cells

needed for the production of new

organisms

growth and maintenance the next

structures are parts that can only be

found

in plant cells first is chloroplasts

chloroplasts contain the pigment

chlorophyll that captures energy from

sunlight for photosynthesis

therefore the chloroplast is the site of

photosynthesis

it is the process through which plants

produce their own food

animal cells has no chloroplasts thus

animals cannot make their own food the

second

is cell wall cell wall is the outer

covering positioned next to the cell

membrane

in most plant cells fungi bacteria

algae and some archaea plants have cell

walls made of cellulose that protect

support and give them shape and those

are the different parts of a cell

and their functions in summary the cell

is the basic unit of life

it is made of different organelles that

function together

to perform a specific function in our

next video

we are going to learn the difference

between a plant and animal cell

let us have another look on the

different parts of a cell is

specifically

plants and animals

test your understanding of our lesson

please answer this short activity

you can check your answers at the end of

this video

do not forget to comment on your scores

with the hashtag

amazing see you on our next science

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lesson

you