Cells (Parts and Functions), Plant and Animal Cell | Grade 7 Science DepEd MELC Quarter 2 Module 4
Summary
TLDRThis educational video script explores the fundamental unit of life, the cell, highlighting its key components and functions. It explains the cell's basic structures including the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm, and delves into the roles of various organelles like mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus. The script distinguishes between plant and animal cells, noting differences such as the presence of chloroplasts in plants and centrosomes in animals. It also touches on the cell's waste management through lysosomes and the storage function of vacuoles, providing a comprehensive foundation on cellular biology.
Takeaways
- π¬ The cell is the first and most basic level of biological organization, serving as the fundamental unit of life.
- π¨βπ¬ Robert Hooke was the first to observe cells as microscopic structures, coining the term 'cell' from the Latin 'cellulae' meaning small rooms.
- 𧬠Cells are composed of organelles, which are tiny structures that perform specific functions, akin to little organs within the cell.
- πΏ Plant and animal cells share common structures such as the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm, but they also have distinct differences.
- π‘οΈ The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, acts as a protective barrier and regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.
- π§ The nucleus is often referred to as the 'brain' of the cell, containing DNA and directing cellular activities.
- β‘οΈ Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouses' of the cell, generating energy in the form of ATP.
- π Ribosomes, containing RNA and proteins, are responsible for protein synthesis within the cell.
- π The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) comes in two forms: smooth ER involved in lipid synthesis and rough ER involved in protein production and transport.
- π¦ The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, packaging, and transporting proteins and lipids to their destinations.
- ποΈ Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest waste and worn-out cell parts, acting as the cell's waste disposal system.
Q & A
What is the first level of biological organization discussed in the video?
-The first level of biological organization discussed in the video is the cell.
Who was the first person to observe cells as microscopic structures?
-The British scientist Robert Hooke was the first person to observe cells as microscopic structures.
What does the term 'cell' originate from, and why was it used by Robert Hooke?
-The term 'cell' originates from the Latin word 'cellulae,' which means small rooms. Robert Hooke used the term because the tiny rooms he observed in cork under a microscope resembled small empty rooms.
What are organelles and why are they important?
-Organelles are tiny organs within a cell that perform specific functions. They are important because they are responsible for the various life-sustaining processes within the cell.
What are the three basic structures common to most cells?
-The three basic structures common to most cells are the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
-The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, encapsulates the cell's contents, protects it from the outside environment, and controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell.
What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
-The nucleus houses DNA, which carries genetic instructions, and is considered the 'brain' of the cell because it directs all cellular activities.
What is the function of mitochondria within a cell?
-Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the cell's energy source.
How do ribosomes contribute to protein production in a cell?
-Ribosomes, containing RNA and specific proteins, are directly involved in the manufacture of proteins within the cell.
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
-The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations within the cell.
What is the difference between plant and animal cells in terms of vacuoles?
-Plant cells have a large singular vacuole used for storage and maintaining cell shape, while animal cells have many smaller vacuoles.
Why do plant cells have a cell wall and what is its function?
-Plant cells have a cell wall that surrounds the cell membrane, providing structural support and maintaining the cell's shape, allowing the plant to remain strong and stand upright.
What is the role of the centrosome in animal cells?
-The centrosome is a microtubule organizing center in animal cells that plays a role in cell division, particularly in the replication and separation of chromosomes during cell division.
Outlines
π¬ Introduction to Cells
This paragraph introduces the concept of cells as the first level of biological organization. It emphasizes the importance of microscopes for observing cells and credits Robert Hooke as the first person to observe cells as microscopic structures. The term 'cell' originates from Hooke's observation of cork cells resembling small rooms. The paragraph explains that cells are composed of organelles, which are like tiny organs with specific functions. It outlines the basic structures common to most cells: the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm. The cell membrane is described as a protective barrier that controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell. The nucleus is depicted as the 'brain' of the cell, containing DNA and directing cellular activities. The cytoplasm is presented as the gel-like substance where organelles reside. The paragraph also introduces the concept of organelles and their role in cell functions.
πΏ Organelles and Their Functions
This section delves into the functions of various organelles within a cell. It describes the mitochondrion as the 'powerhouse' of the cell, responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP. Ribosomes are introduced as tiny organelles that manufacture proteins using RNA and specific proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is explained as having two forms: smooth and rough, with the latter involved in protein synthesis and transportation. The Golgi apparatus is highlighted for its role in modifying, packaging, and transporting proteins and lipids. Lysosomes are mentioned as the waste disposal system of the cell, digesting waste and damaged cell parts. Lastly, the vacuole is described as a space within the cell that stores various molecules, including water and food material. The paragraph also contrasts plant and animal cells, noting that while they share some organelles like mitochondria, plant cells have unique structures like chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a cell wall for support.
π± Differences Between Plant and Animal Cells
This paragraph summarizes the differences between plant and animal cells. It points out that plant cells have a large central vacuole for storage and maintaining cell shape, whereas animal cells have many smaller vacuoles. Plant cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a cell wall for support, which are absent in animal cells. Lysosomes are less common in plant cells but are found in almost every animal cell, reflecting the different digestive needs of the two cell types. Animal cells possess a centrosome, which is absent in plant cells. The centrosome's role in cell division is discussed, although its exact function remains unclear. The paragraph concludes with a table comparing the structures found in plant and animal cells, reinforcing the distinctions and similarities between them.
Mindmap
Keywords
π‘Cell
π‘Organelles
π‘Cell Membrane
π‘Nucleus
π‘Cytoplasm
π‘Mitochondrion
π‘Ribosomes
π‘Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
π‘Golgi Apparatus
π‘Lysosomes
π‘Vacuole
Highlights
The cell is the first level of biological organization and is considered the basic unit of life.
Robert Hooke was the first to observe cells as microscopic structures and coined the term 'cell' from the Latin word 'cellulae' meaning small rooms.
Cells are composed of organelles, which are tiny organs that perform specific functions within the cell.
The cell membrane, or plasma membrane, serves as a protective barrier and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
The nucleus contains DNA, which carries genetic instructions, and is often referred to as the 'brain' of the cell.
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that houses organelles and is found between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell, producing energy in the form of ATP.
Ribosomes, containing RNA and specific proteins, are responsible for protein synthesis within the cell.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) comes in two forms: smooth and rough, with the rough ER involved in protein synthesis and the smooth ER in lipid synthesis.
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the modification, packaging, and transport of proteins and lipids in vesicles to their destinations.
Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest waste and damaged cell parts, acting as the cell's waste disposal system.
Vacuoles are membrane-bound spaces that store various molecules, including water, enzymes, and food material, depending on the cell type.
Plant cells and animal cells share common organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria but have differences due to their distinct functions.
Plant cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis, which animal cells lack as they obtain energy from food.
Plant cells have a large central vacuole for storage and maintaining cell shape, unlike animal cells which have many smaller vacuoles.
Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall, providing structural support and protection, which is absent in animal cells.
Lysosomes are more prevalent in animal cells for digesting food, while plant cells typically do not have them due to their cell walls.
Animal cells contain a centrosome, which plays a role in cell division, a feature not found in plant cells.
Transcripts
[Music]
hi
there in the previous lesson we talked
about the levels of biological
organization
in this video we will discuss about the
first level of biological organization
which is the cell by the way if you
still haven't watched the previous
lesson
you can pause this video and watch that
one first to better understand your
lesson today
we learned that a microscope enables us
to see small things because of its
ability to magnify
the first person to observe cells as
microscopic structures
was the british scientist robert hook in
fact
he was the person who gave styles
turning
[Music]
when robert hook carefully examined a
very thin slice of cork
he thought the close-up view resembled
small empty rooms
he referred to these tiny rooms the
cells from the latin word cellulae
which means small rooms a cell is made
up of tiny organs called organelles that
perform
specific functions they are called
organelles because they are like
little organs that have its own function
from what we discussed in the previous
video we learned that the cell is the
basic unit of life
there are two kinds of cells the plant
cell
and the animal cell we will be
differentiating both types of cells
but for now let's talk about its parts
and functions first
while cells differ in size and shape
most of them have common structures
the cells of animals plants and related
organisms
have three basic structures the cell
membrane
nucleus and cytoplasm
the cell membrane also known as the
plasma membrane
encapsulates the contents of the cell it
is like a fence
or acts as a gatekeeper to protect the
cell from the outside environment
it also controls what materials can go
in and out of the cell
the cell membrane is made up of two
layers of phospholipids
or phospholipid bilayer
the nucleus houses deoxyribonucleic acid
or dna for short which is the hereditary
material that carries genetic
instructions
in all living things it also houses
various proteins
and the nucleolus it is considered as
the brain of the cell
because it directs all the activities of
the cell
the cytoplasm is where all the
organelles are located
and has a jelly-like fluid it is the
material between the cell membrane
and the nucleus alright so let's move on
to the organelles
the first organelle we're going to
discuss is the mitochondrion
or mitochondria in pleural form
it is one of the largest organelles
within a cell
it is also known as the powerhouse of
the cell
since it is where the energy of the cell
the adenosine triphosphate
or atp for short is produced
next we have the ribosomes ribosomes are
tiny organelles like dots that contain
ribonucleic acid
or rna and specific proteins within the
cytoplasm
within the cell ribosomes are directly
involved in the manufacture of proteins
another organelle is the endoplasmic
reticulum
or er for short there are two types of
er
the smooth er and the rough er
the smooth er is named so because it
lacks ribosomes in its surface
however the rough er is the opposite
since the rough er has ribosomes it is
involved in the manufacture of proteins
in the cell
the rough er also helps in the
transportation of proteins
on the other hand the smooth er is
involved in the synthesis of lipids
like phospholipids which are used to
build the cell membrane
other functions of the smooth er include
metabolism of carbohydrates enzyme
production in the liver
and contraction of muscle cells in the
muscles
another organelle is the golgi apparatus
it is responsible for transporting
modifying
and packaging proteins and lipids into
vesicles for delivery to targeted
destinations
it is located in the cytoplasm next to
the endoplasmic reticulum
and near the cell nucleus while many
types of cells contain
only one or several golgi apparatus
plant cells can contain hundreds
did you know that cells also produce
waste
in the cytoplasm structures called
lysosomes contain
chemicals that digest waste and worn out
or damaged
cell parts lysosomes act as the waste
disposal system of the cell
by digesting obsolete or unused
materials in the cytoplasm
thus lysosomes are also called suicidal
bags of the cell
[Music]
lastly we have the vacuole a vacuole may
be described
as a space inside a cell that does not
contain
cytoplasm it is surrounded by a membrane
and filled with fluid
vacuoles store various molecules
including enzymes
waste products of the cell water and
even
food material depending on the type of
cell
both plant and animal cells contain
membrane-bound
organelles like the nucleus in
mitochondria
however plant cells and animal cells do
not look exactly the same
or have all of the same organelles since
each of them
have different needs so how
are plant and animal cells similar or
different
why do plant and animal cells have
differences
plant and animal cells differ because
they have to perform
different functions
both animal and plant cells have
mitochondria
but only plant cells have chloroplast
plants don't get their sugar from eating
food so they need to make sugar with the
help of the sunlight
this process known as photosynthesis
takes place in the chloroplast once the
sugar is made
it is then broken down by the
mitochondria to make energy for the cell
because animals get sugar from the food
they eat
they do not need chloroplasts just
mitochondria
both plant and animal cells have
vacuoles
a plant cell contains a large singular
vacuole
that is used for storage and maintaining
the shape of the cell
in contrast animal cells have many
smaller vacuoles
not seen in this illustration is the
vacuole of the animal cell
both plant and animal cells have a cell
membrane
but only plant cells have a cell wall
in plant cells the cell wall surrounds
the cell membrane
this gives the plant cell its box-like
shape
this also allows plants to remain strong
and stand
upright even if they grow to great
heights
lysosomes are found in nearly every
animal cell
they are common in animal cells because
when animal cells take in or absorb
food they need the enzymes found in
lysosomes to digest
and use the food for energy on the other
hand
lysosomes are not commonly found in
plant cells
lysosomes are not needed in plant cells
because they have cell walls that are
tough enough to keep
large or foreign substances that
lysosomes would usually digest
out of the cell
[Music]
lastly we have the centrosome the
centrosome is a microtubule
organizing center found near the nuclei
of
animal cells it contains a pair of
centrioles
two structures that lie perpendicular to
each other
the centrosome replicates itself before
a cell divides
and the centrioles appear to have some
role in pulling the duplicated
chromosomes
to opposite ends of the dividing cell
however
the exact function of the centrioles in
cell division isn't clear
because cells that have had the
centrosome removed can still divide
and plant cells which lack centrosomes
are capable of cell division
all right as a recap here are all the
organelles that we
talked about the three basic components
of the cell
are the cell membrane nucleus
and cytoplasm within the cytoplasm
are the organelles which are the
mitochondria
ribosomes smooth and rough endoplasmic
reticulum
golgi apparatus lysosomes
and not seen in the illustration of the
animal cell
is the vacuole those are the very basic
organelles of the cell
now here is a table comparing the
structures found in the plant and animal
cell
plant cells have a large singular
vacuole
while animal cells have many smaller
vacuoles
plant cells have chloroplasts in a cell
wall
while animal cells don't lysosomes are
rarely present
in plant cells but are present in almost
every animal cell
and lastly animal cells have a
centrosome
while plant cells do not alright
that's all for now we will be talking
about sexual and asexual reproduction in
our next lesson
see you on our next video and don't
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