M1. L3. Measuring Computer Power

Summary

This script delves into the fundamental components of computer systems, highlighting the roles of the CPU, input and output devices, and storage. It explains the CPU's internal workings, including the ALU, cache, registers, and buses, and the significance of the clock in timing operations. The Von Neumann architecture and its impact on programmable computers are discussed, along with the instruction sets of CISC and RISC. The binary system's role in digital computing is explored, as well as the evolution of data storage and addressing. The script also touches on the challenges of artificial intelligence, such as emotion recognition and independent decision-making, and the computer's reliance on human input for complex tasks.

Takeaways

• 🏠 Computers are built with a plan, similar to a house, and consist of basic components like input, storage, output devices, and the CPU.
• 🔢 The CPU, despite being a small chip, contains vital components such as the ALU, cache, registers, buses, and clock, which are crucial for system control.
• 📈 The ALU in the CPU performs all arithmetic and logical operations, while the cache is high-speed RAM that stores frequently used data and instructions.
• 🗂️ Registers within the CPU are high-speed memory sections, including general and special purpose registers, that are close to the processor for quick data access.
• 🚦 Buses within the CPU act as internal connections, with address buses for memory addresses, data buses for data, and control buses for control signals.
• ⏱️ The CPU's clock regulates the timing of all processes, with cycles measured in hertz, indicating the number of instructions processed per second.
• 🛠️ The Von Neumann architecture, proposed by John Von Neumann, is the foundation of modern computing, allowing for storing program instructions alongside data.
• 📚 Special registers in the Von Neumann architecture, like the PC, CIR, MAR, MDR, and ACC, play specific roles in instruction fetching, decoding, and execution.
• 🛠️ Instruction sets define the commands a processor can execute, with CISC and RISC being two categories, where CISC focuses on complex instructions and RISC on simpler, more efficient ones.
• 🔢 Digital computing is based on binary, with bits representing on/off states, forming the basis of all modern computing, including images, music, and movements.
• 📊 A byte, traditionally 8 bits, is the standard unit for data representation, with larger units like kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes used for larger data sets.

Q & A

What are the basic components of a computer system?

The basic components of a computer system include input devices, storage devices, output devices, and the CPU.

What is the role of the CPU in a computer system?

The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is a small chip that performs most of the processing in a computer. It contains important components like the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, cache, buses, and clock, which together provide system control.

What is the function of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in the CPU?

The ALU performs all the mathematical and logical operations within the CPU, including decision-making tasks.

What is cache and why is it important in a CPU?

Cache is a small, high-speed RAM built directly into the processor. It holds data and instructions that the processor is likely to use, reducing the time needed to access frequently used data.

What are registers in the context of the CPU, and what is their purpose?

Registers are small sections of high-speed memory found inside the CPU. They store data and instructions close to the processor, facilitating faster access and processing.

How do buses function within a CPU?

Buses are internal high-speed connections that transfer data, memory addresses, and control signals between the CPU and other components, similar to roads for cars.

What is the significance of the clock in a CPU and how is it measured?

The clock in a CPU keeps time for all processes, ensuring they are precisely timed. It is measured in hertz, which are cycles per second, and indicates how many processing cycles the CPU can complete in a second.

What is the Von Neumann architecture and its significance in computing?

The Von Neumann architecture is a design where program instructions and data are stored together in memory. It allows computers to be programmable and to perform a wide range of tasks, limited only by the programmer's imagination.

What are the five special registers in the Von Neumann architecture?

The five special registers are the Program Counter (PC), Current Instruction Register (CIR), Memory Address Register (MAR), Memory Data Register (MDR), and the Accumulator (ACC).

What is the difference between CISC and RISC in terms of instruction sets?

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) aims to complete tasks with fewer lines of assembly code, often using microcode for complex instructions. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) uses simpler instructions that can be executed in one clock cycle, requiring more lines of code but often resulting in simpler and more efficient processor design.

How does the binary system form the basis of all modern computing?

Modern computing is based on the binary system, which uses only two states, represented by 0 and 1. These states are used to represent all data in a computer, from images and music to text and commands.

What is a byte and how did it become the standard unit of data representation?

A byte is a standard unit of data representation consisting of eight bits. It became the standard as computers started using eight bits to represent characters, and the term 'byte' was deliberately misspelled to avoid confusion with the word 'bite'.

Why are powers of two important in memory addressing and storage devices?

Powers of two are important in memory addressing and storage devices because every time the number of address bits is increased, the number of possible storage locations doubles. This ensures efficient use of memory and avoids issues with non-addressable locations.

What is the challenge for computers in terms of emotion and decision-making?

Computers struggle with showing emotion and making independent decisions because they rely on binary logic and are programmed based on specific instructions. They lack the intuitive understanding and emotional context that humans possess.

What is the fetch-decode-execute cycle in computing?

The fetch-decode-execute cycle is the process where instructions are fetched from RAM, decoded by the CPU to understand them, and then executed. This cycle is fundamental to how computers process instructions.

How is a computer's speed measured and what factors influence it?

A computer's speed is measured by the number of cycles it can complete in a second. Factors that influence this include clock speed, cache size, and the number of cores in the CPU.

Outlines

00:00

🖥️ Basic Components and Architecture of Computer Systems

This paragraph introduces the fundamental components of computer systems, such as input and output devices, storage devices, and the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It explains the role of the CPU, which is often a small chip inside the computer case, and its internal components including the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), cache, registers, buses, and clock. The Von Neumann architecture is highlighted, which allows for the storage of program instructions alongside data, enabling computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The paragraph also touches on the concept of hertz as a measure of CPU speed, with a 2.5 gigahertz processor being able to complete 2.5 billion processing cycles per second.

05:01

🔍 Instruction Sets and the Evolution of CISC and RISC

The second paragraph delves into the concept of instruction sets, which are the commands that processors understand and execute. It discusses the evolution of two types of instruction sets: Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) and Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC). CISC aims to complete tasks with fewer lines of code using microcode, which can be updated and allows for complex operations to be performed in multiple cycles. RISC, on the other hand, focuses on simple instructions that can be executed in a single clock cycle, requiring more lines of code but benefiting from simpler and standardized instructions, more registers, and the ability to use pipelining for efficiency. The paragraph also compares CISC and RISC to an adult and a child's ability to follow instructions, highlighting the trade-offs between the two approaches.

10:01

🛠️ Digital Computing and the Binary System

This paragraph explores the basics of digital computing, which relies on binary digits (bits) that represent on and off states, forming the backbone of all modern computing. It explains the binary system and how bits are used to represent data, leading to the standardization of the byte as an eight-bit unit. The paragraph also discusses the historical development of memory addressing and the importance of powers of two in determining the size and addressing of memory. It touches on the challenges of non-power-of-two storage devices like DVDs and the complexity of their controllers, emphasizing the de facto standard of storage in powers of two.

15:02

🤖 The Limitations and Advancements in Artificial Intelligence

The fourth paragraph addresses the challenges and advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly in the areas of emotion recognition and creative generation. It notes the difficulty computers face in interpreting human expressions and making decisions based on emotion, contrasting this with human intuition. The paragraph also mentions the progress in AI, such as Google's inceptionism project, where AI creates images from white noise, and the development of self-learning systems like AlphaGo by DeepMind. It highlights the ongoing efforts to improve computers' ability to perform tasks that typically require human-like thought and decision-making.

20:02

🔄 The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle and Factors Affecting Computer Speed

The final paragraph explains the fetch-decode-execute cycle, which is the process by which computers execute instructions. It describes how instructions are fetched from RAM, decoded by the CPU, and then executed. The paragraph also discusses the factors that influence a computer's speed, including clock speed, cache size, and the number of cores. It emphasizes the importance of the clock in timing the cycles and how modern computers can complete billions of cycles per second. The benefits of larger caches and multiple cores in increasing processing power are also highlighted.

Keywords

💡Computer Systems

Computer systems are the core subject of the video, representing the structured assembly of components that work together to perform tasks. Defined as having basic components like input devices, storage devices, output devices, and the CPU, they form the foundation of digital computing. The script discusses how these systems are built following a plan, similar to a house, and highlights the importance of each component in the overall functionality of a computer.

💡CPU (Central Processing Unit)

The CPU is the brain of the computer, a small chip that performs the primary calculations and operations. The script clarifies that it is not the large box on the desk but a component within it. It contains crucial parts such as the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers, cache, buses, and clock, which work in unison to control the system's operations and process data.

💡ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

The ALU is a key part of the CPU, responsible for all mathematical and logical operations. It is the component that performs the decision-making processes within the CPU. The script uses the ALU as an example to explain how the CPU processes data and instructions.

💡Cache

Cache is a small, high-speed RAM built into the processor to hold data and instructions that the processor is likely to use frequently. It is depicted as a way to speed up processing by reducing the distance data must travel, akin to keeping a pen on the desk for easy access while working. The script mentions cache size as an example of processor specifications.

💡Registers

Registers are small sections of high-speed memory inside the CPU, serving as temporary storage for data that the processor is actively using. The script differentiates between general-purpose and special-purpose registers, emphasizing their proximity to the processor and their role in efficient data handling.

💡Buses

Buses are internal connections within the CPU that facilitate the transfer of data, memory addresses, and control signals between components. The script likens them to roads, transporting 'cars' (data) to and from their destinations, illustrating their importance in the system's communication infrastructure.

💡Clock

The clock in a computer system is responsible for timing the execution of processes, operating at billions of pulses per second. The script explains that it is measured in hertz, or cycles per second, with each cycle representing the processing of a single instruction, highlighting the clock's role in determining computer speed.

💡Von Neumann Architecture

This architecture is the foundational concept for modern computers, where program instructions and data are stored together in memory. The script describes how this design, proposed by John Von Neumann, revolutionized computing by enabling computers to be programmable and versatile, contrasting it with the hardwired special-purpose computers of the past.

💡Instruction Set

An instruction set is the collection of all possible commands that a processor can execute. The script explains that these commands define the capabilities of the processor and how it interacts with the program, allowing it to perform various operations as directed by the programmer.

💡CISC and RISC

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) and RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) are two categories of instruction sets. CISC aims to complete tasks with fewer lines of code by using microcode, while RISC focuses on simple, one-cycle instructions. The script uses the analogy of an adult and a child to illustrate the difference in complexity and efficiency between the two architectures.

💡Binary System

The binary system is the basis of digital computing, using only two states, on (1) and off (0), to represent all data. The script explains how this system forms the fundamental building blocks of all modern computing, from images and music to robot movements, and how it is used to represent information in the simplest form of bits.

Highlights

Computer systems are built based on a plan with basic components including input devices, storage devices, output devices, and the CPU.

Input devices feed raw data into the computer, while output devices display the results of processing.

The CPU, a small chip inside the computer case, contains critical components like the ALU, cache, registers, buses, and clock.

The ALU performs all mathematical and logical operations within the CPU.

Cache is high-speed RAM used to hold frequently used data and instructions for quick access.

Registers are high-speed memory sections within the CPU, including general and special purpose registers.

Buses provide high-speed internal connections between CPU and other components, including address, data, and control buses.

The clock in a CPU times all processes and operates at billions of pulses per second, measured in hertz.

Von Neumann architecture, proposed in 1945, stores program instructions alongside data, enabling versatile computing.

Special registers in Von Neumann architecture include the program counter, current instruction register, memory address register, memory data register, and accumulator.

Instruction sets define the commands a processor can execute, evolving into CISC and RISC categories.

CISC aims to complete tasks with fewer lines of assembly code, using microcode for complex operations.

RISC focuses on simple instructions that can be executed in one clock cycle, requiring more lines of code but simplifying hardware.

Digital computing is based on binary system switches, represented by bits, forming the foundation of all modern computing.

A byte, consisting of eight bits, is the standard unit of data in computing, evolving from earlier variations.

Larger data units like kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes are powers of two, differing from decimal-based units.

Memory addressing in binary allows for the doubling of storage locations with each additional address bit.

Exceptional cases like DVDs demonstrate that non-power-of-two data storage is possible with complex controller decoding.

Computing faces challenges in areas such as emotion recognition and independent decision-making compared to human capabilities.

Advancements in artificial intelligence, such as Google's inceptionism, allow computers to create new content from scratch.

Computers rely on input and lack independent thought, contrasting with the natural decision-making process of humans.

The fetch-decode-execute cycle is the fundamental process of a computer's operation, timed by the CPU clock.

Modern computer speed is determined by factors like clock speed, cache size, and the number of cores.

Transcripts

moving right into Computing systems just

like a house a computer is built using a

plan that shows where everything is

placed for a computer there are

variations in which computer systems can

be built

computer systems have a number of basic

components such as input devices storage

devices output devices and the CPU

these are found in pretty much every

computer under the sun

as we learn in lesson one input devices

are the ones that feed raw data into the

computer and output devices are the ones

that show us the results of processing

storage devices keep data and the CPU

the CPU is not actually that big box

that sits on your desk it is a small

chip that is resident inside that box

the CPU itself has some pretty important

components inside it namely the control

unit arithmetic logic unit registers

cachet buses and clock these components

provide a spectacular level of system

control

let's look at each of these components

one by one

the arithmetic and logic unit or ALU is

exactly that it performs all the math

and logic so decision operations in the

CPU

the cache is a small high-speed Ram or

Ram built directly into the processor it

is used to hold data and instructions

that the processor is likely to use

you may have seen this written on the

processor specifications as three

megabyte cache

much like in the real world the further

relocation is the longer it takes to get

to it

take for example you keep your pen on

your desk while you're working because

you're likely going to be jotting down

sticky notes throughout the day

when you're going for lunch and are in

need freak like a computer is you will

put your pen in your bag a computer will

send the data that it is not using to

main memory RAM much in the same way

a register is a small section of

high-speed memory that is found inside

the CPU

this is even closer to the processor

there are general purpose registers and

special purpose registers and we're

going to look at the latter shortly

buses are an internal high-speed

connection much like roads they take

cars to and from destinations in this

case buses run from the CPU to other

components

address buses carry memory addresses

from the processor to memory input

storage or output devices

data buses carry data while control

buses carry control signals

now the clock does exactly what it

sounds like it keeps time

all the processes in the CPU have to be

timed precisely to the tune of billions

of pulses per second this is not

measured in seconds like the clocks that

we're used to rather it is measured in

hertz which are cycles per second

a cycle is when a single instruction has

been processed

if you've ever heard someone referring

to a processor as a 2.5 gigahertz

processor that means that the processor

does 2.5 billion processing cycles per

second

mind-blowing isn't it

computers are built in pretty much the

same way nowadays following the diagram

we looked at a few seconds ago

this is what is known as the Von Neumann

architecture

this architecture is built on the

premise of storing program instructions

in memory along with the instructions

that operate on the data

this means that each computer can be

built to perform tasks that are

literally limited by the programmer's

imagination

this design was proposed in 1945 by John

Von Newman to improve this special

purpose computers of the day

in those days you had to hardwire a

computer for a specific purpose

this was a tedious error prone and

time-consuming task making a mistake

when you have thousands of wires to

connect is no fun at all

the programmers spend weeks underneath

Bunches of wire trying to get things

right for the particular task and this

has to be done for each particular task

imagine having to open up your computer

to set it up for Excel then when you're

done you open it up again to set it up

for word

the Von Neumann architecture uses five

special registers

the program counter PC holds the next

instruction to be fetched the current

instruction register cir holds the

address of the instruction that is

currently being decoded and executed

the memory address register Mar holds

the address of the current instruction

that is to be fetched from memory or the

memory address to which data is to be

transferred

the memory data register MDR holds the

contents found at the address held in

the mar or data which is to be

transferred to main memory

and then the accumulator ACC

holds the data being processed and the

results of processing

with the coming of the Von Neumann

architecture came programmable computers

a computer is able to process data

because it has what is called an

instruction set

an instruction set is the set of all

possible commands that can be issued to

the processor

these instructions enhance the

capabilities of the processor in defined

contexts instruction sets in a less

geeky language are commands that allow a

program to tell the processor to switch

relevant transistors on or off in order

to perform an operation

these evolved and ended up as two

categories

cisc and risc

now cisc stands for complex instruction

set computer and risec stands for

reduced instruction set computer the

complex instruction set computer has a

primary goal of completing a task in as

few lines of assembly code as possible

a cisc computer typically has micro code

that allows it to do this

this micro code is a bunch of low level

instructions stored in fast memory and

is also updatable

this means that the low level

instructions issue to the processor are

shorter but the processor still knows

what to do for example for an addition

operation the computer uses the micro

code to determine that it needs to move

the contents of one register and put

them into another register and store the

result

this cannot be executed in one cycle

because it involves several steps

so it is spread out over a number of

Cycles

this has the overall effect of improving

system performance but the hardware

itself is very complex

the reduced instruction set computer

aims at simple instructions that can be

completed in one clock cycle

now the programmer needs to code each

individual step in order to perform the

same addition operation that we just

looked at

sounds inefficient right

why would you do all that when you can

just use cisc

after all more lines of code mean more

memory right

well risc systems need less transistors

to carry out the same task

which leaves more room to add registers

the instructions are executed in a

uniform amount of time so they can be

staggered using a process called

pipelining

the easiest way to compare cisc and risc

is to compare a child and an adult while

you can give an adult an instruction say

to do the laundry an adult will

immediately know that they're supposed

to sort clothes put them in the washing

machine ADD detergent turn the machine

on and so on for a child this would be

an overwhelming instruction which would

have to be given step by step

in this case

cisc would be the adult and the child

would be r-i-s-c unlike the child though

the actual risc has several advantages

it has simple standardized instructions

which means the programmer has a much

less of a headache when programming risc

systems as the compiler does most of the

hard work

it does have drawbacks too such as

needing more RAM which can cause

bottlenecks if the ram is limited

cisc on the other hand uses less RAM and

has the ability to add more instruction

sets which makes it more flexible

also the micro code can be extended to

add more features to the instruction set

digital Computing at a very basic level

is just a bunch of switches that are

either on or off depending on the

machine state

the on state is represented by a one and

the off state is represented by a zero

this forms the basis of all modern

Computing all your pictures music

drawings robot movements and everything

else you can think of is at the very

basic level just a whole horde of ones

and zeros

each one of those States is called a bit

and that system of numbering is called

the binary system the binary system is a

system of two digits no matter how many

you add or multiply the sum will never

go above two

from zero add one and it becomes one but

if we add another one we have a problem

we can't write the number two

remember from first grade math when you

run out of numbers you add another

column and start counting from zero

like what we do when we count from eight

nine and then add another column and

write 10.

so here we now write one zero

from one zero we add another one and it

becomes one one

add another one and it becomes one zero

zero

the sequence ultimately becomes zero one

one zero one one one one zero zero one

zero one

one one one and one zero zero zero and

so on

But Here Comes the problem

there isn't much information that we can

represent using two bits there was a lot

of chaos back in the day when computers

were using varied numbers of bits to

represent characters

somewhere along the course powers of two

slowly became the standard so computers

started using eight bits to represent

data

this became a standard unit known as a

byte

in the 1950s the term bite initially

meant the addressable blocks of memory

computers weren't that standardized back

then so bite could mean 6 7 8 or even 9

bits

eight bits eventually became the

standard and represents one byte of data

to this day

byte is a metaphor for what a computer

chews on and this is a deliberate

misspelling of bite in order to avoid

accidental confusion

by today's standards a byte is a very

small unit of data it can represent only

one dot on an image in comparison a 4K

TV has 8 million two hundred and ninety

four thousand and four hundred pixels

pretty hefty we need a way to represent

this in a readable manner

this is where we use larger units of

measurement unlike other units of data

that we're used to such as kilograms one

kilobyte is not a thousand kilobytes

like we saw earlier a byte is an

addressable area and these come in

powers of two

there are also units such as a nibble

which is four bits and a word which is

16 bits when you're going to store

something in memory

you need to tell the storage device what

memory location to put it in

that is done by providing a memory

address or a set of addresses

addresses are also provided in binary

every time you increase the number of

address bits you double the number of

possible storage locations so generally

new storage devices must be at least two

times as large as the previous largest

one and if it isn't there will be

potential memory locations which are not

actually addressable

for example let's say your old storage

device had four address lines

this means that it can store data in 16

different locations

24 equals 16.

if you add one address line it can now

store data into 32 different locations

making a storage device that would only

hold 25 different pieces of data would

mean that there were seven addresses

that were not usable

if nothing else that means some

complexity must be added to the

controller so that if you try to store

something in one of those seven

locations an error gets sent back

otherwise one of the other locations

will be incorrectly overwritten and or

data will be lost

since this is the natural progression of

things in binary addressing people have

a rarely made storage devices that

didn't work in powers of two

it's just asking for trouble

storage in powers of two have become a

de facto standard now

DVDs are one of the exceptions of this

rule as the information that is actually

written to the disk may not be a Power

of Two

this is compensated by the fact that the

drive controllers are fairly complex and

can decode the data

for most other controllers however

things are confined to the powers of two

Computing isn't an all Rosy world where

you can just think of something and the

computer does it for you

in some instances humans are actually a

lot better at performing tasks than

computers are

that said we can't set this in stone

from lesson one and two we saw that

computers grew phenomenally and can now

do things that were unimaginable only 20

years ago

as much as artificial intelligence has

advanced the one problem that is still

puzzling computer scientists is getting

computers to show emotion

this is a branch of artificial

intelligence known as Effective

computing

the computer scientists in this field

are busy trying to get computers to

analyze people's expressions and

understand them

humans from a very early age can make

out facial expressions intuitively

currently even the fastest computers

have a hard time making out what a

person's expressions mean

humans can also make decisions based on

emotion it is very hard for a computer

to for example give a child a less

complicated gain because the child looks

nervous

computers also have a hard time creating

something completely new

this is a new research field though as

there are some pretty bizarre things

happening

Google created AI that can dream

the machine was given a blank slate of

white noise then generated some pretty

bizarre images such as a pig snail and a

camel bird

talk about the wild imagination of a

five-year-old

this process of creating images from

nowhere is called inceptionism

ever watch the movie Inception

check out the bizarre things that

computers have generated

this is multiple images layered and

animated

computers have a hard time improving

themselves

typically programmers have to keep

cracking their heads to come up with

better software for computers

the number of transistors also Remains

the Same as it was from day one

humans grow from the few things that we

knew at Birth in our tiny bodies and the

vast amount of knowledge that we gather

and the strength that our bodies gain as

we grow as of now the only way for a

computer to improve is through the hard

work of Engineers and scientists

there is progress however in artificial

intelligence where a computer can be

presented with simple tasks then it

learns from that and ends up being able

to perform more complex tasks

if you read up on Alpha Blue by deepmind

you will be blown away by how their

program was able to teach itself games

there was an old joke that says whenever

a computer makes a decision that is the

decision of someone in the development

team

computers are so far only as good as the

information they are given

all that processing is based on what the

programmers said the computers should do

that's it

computers are pretty darn good at this

however when it comes to Independent

thought and decision making computers

instantly appear dumb

they rely on some form of input from

somewhere so they can make a decision

human thought looks like a simple

process from the outside

everyone just goes around walking making

decisions about what to wear sharing

opinions and all that but for a computer

this is nearly impossible

phones nowadays come with voice

assistance such as Alexa Bixby Cortana

Google assistant and Siri

these sound smart when you ask them to

turn off your lights or play your

favorite music

when you try to have a deep conversation

with them things quickly go south

deeper conversational traits such as

continuing from the previous sentence

topic change opinions and figurative

language are all very challenging for

computers

as we saw earlier computers are based on

the sole binary principle of whether to

switch a transistor on or off

this translates to the use of true or

false as the decision-making handles

in natural language processing a single

word can be pronounced differently by a

number of people

this presents a challenge for the

computer

fuzzy logic is a branch of computer

science that attempts to solve this

problem by allowing the computer to

reason without fitting into exact

categories

computers use a cycle known as the fetch

decode execute cycle we which does

exactly what it says instructions are

fetched from Ram then the CPU makes

sense of these instructions by decoding

them the CPU then carries out the

instruction in the execute stage

a complete computer cycle includes all

three stages

remember the clock that we discussed

earlier the Cycles are perfectly timed

according to the clock

a computer's speed is measured by the

number of cycles that can be completed

in a second

did you know that modern computers can

complete billions of these Cycles in a

second a number of factors determine how

fast a computer is clock speed cache

size and number of cores

as we saw earlier the clock is what

determines how fast instructions are

executed the more pulses the clock

produces the faster the CPU

cash makes it easier to fetch

instructions and data faster

since it is close to the CPU the larger

the cash the faster the CPU the CPU also

has individual processing units inside

it known as cores

the more cores a CPU has the better

cores come in multiples of two

a CPU with four cores has significantly

greater processing power compared to a

dual core CPU