Learning Theories 2022 | Behaviorism | Cognitivism | Constructivism |

Summary

This video script delves into the core learning theories in language acquisition: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism, influenced by Skinner, emphasizes stimulus-response associations and observable behavior changes. Cognitivism, inspired by Piaget, highlights internal mental processes and information reorganization. Constructivism focuses on individual knowledge construction through experiences, making learning unique for each person. The video promises deeper exploration of these theories and their impact on second language learning in upcoming episodes.

Takeaways

• 📚 The video discusses three major learning theories in language learning: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism.
• 🧠 Behaviorism is rooted in Skinner's operant conditioning and views learning as the acquisition of new behaviors through stimulus-response associations.
• 📈 Behaviorists see the learner as a blank slate, shaped by environmental experiences, and learning is measured by observable behavioral changes.
• 🏫 In classrooms, behaviorism is applied through rewards and punishments to shape student behaviors.
• 🤔 Cognitivism focuses on the internal thought processes behind behaviors, emphasizing the mind's role in information processing and learning.
• 🔍 Cognitivists use observable behaviors as indicators of the internal cognitive processes, with learning defined by changes in knowledge stored in memory.
• 🌟 Jean Piaget is credited for cognitive learning theories, which highlight the learner's active role in seeking understanding and processing information.
• 🌐 Constructivism posits that individuals construct their own knowledge and perspectives based on personal experiences.
• 🧩 Constructivist learning involves adjusting mental models (schemas) to accommodate new experiences, making learning unique for each individual.
• 🛠 Constructivism prepares individuals for problem-solving by building on a significant base of knowledge to interpret and create ideas.
• 🔮 The outcomes of constructivist learning are not always predictable, reflecting the diversity in how learners construct their knowledge.

Q & A

What are the three main learning theories discussed in the video script?

The three main learning theories discussed are behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism.

Who is the key figure associated with behaviorism in the script?

The key figure associated with behaviorism is B.F. Skinner, who introduced the concept of operant conditioning.

How does behaviorism view the learner in terms of knowledge acquisition?

Behaviorism views the learner as a blank slate who acquires knowledge from the environment through experiences.

What is the basic concept of behaviorism in terms of learning process?

The basic concept of behaviorism in learning is stimulus-response, where learning occurs through associations that lead to changes in behavior.

How does cognitivism differ from behaviorism in terms of learning focus?

Cognitivism differs from behaviorism by focusing on the internal thought processes and information processing within the learner's mind, rather than just observable behaviors.

What cognitive theory is credited to John Piaget in the script?

John Piaget is credited with the cognitive learning theory that emphasizes the active role of the learner in seeking ways to understand and process information.

What is the main premise of constructivism as discussed in the script?

The main premise of constructivism is that individuals construct their own knowledge and perspectives of the world based on their individual experiences.

How does constructivism view the uniqueness of learning for each person?

Constructivism views learning as unique for each person because it depends on individual experiences and perceptions, leading to different mental models and understandings.

What is the process of learning according to constructivist theorists in the script?

According to constructivist theorists, learning is a process where individuals construct new ideas or concepts based on prior knowledge or experience, adjusting their mental models to accommodate new experiences.

Why might the outcomes of learning in constructivism not always be predictable?

The outcomes of learning in constructivism are not always predictable because learners construct their own knowledge based on their unique schemas, leading to varied results.

What does the script suggest about the application of these theories to second language acquisition?

The script suggests that these theories will be further explored in relation to second language acquisition in future videos, indicating the relevance of these theories to language learning.

Outlines

00:00

📚 Introduction to Learning Theories in Language Acquisition

This paragraph introduces the topic of learning theories in language learning, specifically behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. The speaker plans to discuss these theories briefly and delve deeper into each in subsequent videos. Behaviorism, derived from Skinner's operant conditioning, views learning as the acquisition of new behaviors through environmental stimuli and responses. The learning process is observable through changes in behavior, which are reinforced or punished to establish automatic responses. The speaker also mentions the application of behaviorism in classrooms through rewards and punishments.

05:01

🤔 Cognitivism: The Internal Processing of Information

Cognitivism emphasizes the internal thought processes behind observable behaviors. It suggests that humans actively process information received from their environment, rather than merely responding to stimuli. The theory is associated with Jean Piaget and posits that learning occurs through internal processing, with behavior changes serving as indicators of mental activity. Unlike behaviorism, cognitivism focuses on mental processes, viewing the mind as a mirror reflecting new knowledge and skills. The learning process involves the reorganization or reconstruction of knowledge, with the learner actively seeking understanding and making connections with existing information.

10:01

🏗️ Constructivism: Building Personal Knowledge Through Experience

Constructivism is based on the idea that individuals construct their own knowledge and perspectives of the world based on personal experiences. This theory highlights individuality and the uniqueness of learning, as each person's experiences and perceptions shape their understanding. Constructivist learning involves the creation of mental models or schemas to interpret experiences and resolve conflicts between ideas. Learning is seen as a process of adjusting these mental models to accommodate new experiences, making it a dynamic and unpredictable process. The theory is used to prepare individuals for problem-solving, emphasizing the importance of a solid knowledge base for interpreting and creating ideas.

Keywords

💡Behaviorism

Behaviorism is a learning theory that suggests learning occurs through observable changes in behavior due to environmental stimuli. In the video, it is associated with B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning, where knowledge is seen as existing outside the individual. The script describes behaviorists' view of the learner as a blank slate, shaped by environmental experiences, and learning as a process of acquiring new behaviors or changes in behavior through stimulus-response associations.

💡Cognitivism

Cognitivism is a learning theory that emphasizes the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge and skills. The script explains that cognitivists view learning as an internal process of information processing rather than just a response to external stimuli. It is contrasted with behaviorism by focusing on what happens in the learner's mind, such as the reorganization or reconstruction of knowledge, and is credited to theorists like Jean Piaget.

💡Constructivism

Constructivism is a learning theory that posits knowledge is constructed by the learner based on individual experiences and perceptions. The video script highlights that learning in constructivism is unique to each person, as it depends on their own mental models and experiences. Constructivist learning involves adjusting these mental models, or schemas, to accommodate new experiences, making learning a personal and subjective process.

💡Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning is a concept within behaviorism introduced by B.F. Skinner, which explains how behavior is shaped by its consequences. In the script, it is used to illustrate how learning occurs through the association between stimuli and responses, where reinforcement of desired behaviors leads to the acquisition of new behavioral patterns.

💡Stimulus-Response

Stimulus-Response is a fundamental concept in behaviorism that describes the relationship between an environmental stimulus and the behavior it elicits. The video script uses this concept to explain how behaviorists view learning as changes in behavior that occur in response to stimuli, with the process being observable and measurable.

💡Automaticity

Automaticity refers to the process where a behavior becomes automatic through repetition, as mentioned in the script in the context of behaviorism. It is a characteristic of the behaviorist school, where the repeated performance of a behavior leads to its automatic execution, signifying that learning has occurred.

💡Cognitive Processes

Cognitive Processes are the mental activities involved in acquiring and processing information. The script explains that cognitivists prioritize these internal processes over observable behaviors, focusing on how learners actively seek to understand and integrate new information with what they already know.

💡Schemas

Schemas are mental frameworks that individuals use to organize and interpret information and experiences. In the context of constructivism, as discussed in the script, schemas are adjusted or reconstructed to accommodate new experiences, which is central to the constructivist view of learning.

💡Language Acquisition

Language Acquisition refers to the process by which individuals develop the ability to understand and use language. The video script mentions that the presenter will delve deeper into the implications of behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism for second language acquisition in future videos.

💡Reinforcement

Reinforcement is a key concept in behaviorism that involves the strengthening of a behavior through rewards or positive consequences. The script uses the example of studying for a test and receiving a good grade to illustrate how reinforcement can lead to the repetition and automaticity of a new behavioral pattern.

💡Internal Processing

Internal Processing is the cognitive activity of receiving, organizing, and making sense of information within the mind. The script contrasts this with the external focus of behaviorism, emphasizing that cognitivists are interested in the mental activities that lead to changes in behavior, rather than the behaviors themselves.

Highlights

Introduction to learning theories in language learning, including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism.

Behaviorism is based on the work of Skinner and the concept of operant conditioning.

Behaviorists view the learner as a blank slate, acquiring knowledge from the environment.

Learning in behaviorism occurs through associations between stimuli and responses, leading to behavioral changes.

Cognitivism focuses on the thought process behind behavior and internal information processing.

Cognitive learning theorists see changes in behavior as indicators of mental processes.

Cognitivism credits John Piaget for the theory of internal processing of information.

Constructivism is based on the premise that individuals construct their own knowledge based on experiences.

Learning is unique and different for each person in constructivism due to individual experiences and perceptions.

Constructivist learning involves adjusting mental models to accommodate new experiences.

Constructivism focuses on preparing individuals to problem-solve and create their own knowledge.

Behaviorism uses stimulus-response as the basis for learning and observable behavior changes.

Cognitivism emphasizes the reorganization or reconstruction of knowledge in the learner's mind.

In constructivism, learning outcomes are not always predictable due to the individual's unique knowledge construction.

Behaviorism in classrooms involves rewarding or punishing student behaviors to reinforce desired actions.

Cognitive information processing is governed by internal processes rather than external circumstances.

Constructivist learning theory will be further explored in relation to second language acquisition in future videos.

The video promises deeper exploration of each learning theory and their implications in language learning.

Transcripts

[Music]

[Applause]

[Music]

so

hello everyone and welcome to another

video

um today i am going to talk about

the learning theories that exist in

language learning

of course i am speaking here about

behaviorism

cognitivism constructivism

so i am going to talk about like about

them

uh briefly and uh

in the next videos inshallah i will like

uh

go a bit deeper in each

theory or each school and of course i

will

include uh like the the the language

acquisi like acquisition and learning uh

processes when it comes

to these uh schools

so the first one of course is going to

be behaviorism

um so as we know behaviorism

stems from uh the work of

skinner and the the with his concept of

operant conditioning um uh

behaviorism theorists believe that

knowledge uh exists independently and

outside of people in their environment

um they view the learner as a

a blank state who must be like provided

with the

experience that he will take from his

environment

behaviorists also believe that

learning actually occurs when new

behaviors

or changes in behaviors are acquired

through associations

between the stimuli and the responses

thus association leads to a change in

behavior

so like this is the basic concept for

behaviorism

it's stimulus response okay

but uh when it comes to the learning

process

um the learning process is based on

objectively like observable changes

in behaviors um the the the behaviorism

theorists

like would define learning simply as

the acquisition of a new behavior or a

change in behavior

okay um the theory is that learning

begins

when a stimulus from the environment as

i said before

is presented and the learner would react

to the stimulus with some type of

response

um consequences that reinforce the

desired behavior

are arranged to follow the desired

behavior for example

you study for a test and get a good good

mark or a good grade

um the new behavioral pattern can be

repeated

so it becomes automatic so the process

of automaticity is something that is

that characterizes the the behaviorist

school

also the changing behavior

of of the learner signifies that

learning has occurred this is

how we know that learning has took place

it's when we see a change in behavior

or like the acquisition of a new

behavior

in classrooms teachers would

use behaviorism when they reward

or punish students behaviors

um i will uh like tackle

the the the behaviorism when it comes to

second language acquisition

in uh like uh and in language

acquisition in general

in other videos inshallah

the next theory that i'm going to talk

about

is or a movement is cognitivism

so cognitive information processing

uh is based on the thought process

behind the behavior okay what happens

behind the behavior the theory is based

on the idea

that humans would process information

they would receive okay rather than

merely responding to a stimuli like we

have seen

in the behaviorist or the behaviorism

movement okay so

they would process the the information

that they receive from their environment

the changes in behavior are observed

but only as an indicator to what is

going on

in the learner's head so this is the

difference between

behaviorism and cognitivism here we use

the behaviors just like as an

indicator to what like what is going on

in the learner's head

okay so it like they are secondary

but the priority is given to what is

happening

in the mind of the learner those

cognitive processes

is what matters for the the cognitivists

the the learner's mind is seen as a

mirror

from which new knowledge and skills

like will be reflected

also i would state that cognitive

information

processing is used when the learner

plays an active role in seeking ways to

understand

and process information that he

or she receives and he would like

related to what is already known and

stored

within memory these cognitive

learning theories are credited to the

well-known

john piaget when it comes to the

learning process

cognitive learning theorists like would

believe

that learning occurs through uh like

internal processing of information so we

are interested

in like what it what what's like what is

happening to

the information that is like

received by the learner unlike

behaviorism

cognitive information processing is

governed

by internal processes rather than

external circumstances as we have seen

in behaviorism okay so

the cognitive approach to learning

theory

pays more attention to what goes on

inside the learner's head

and focuses on the mental processes

rather than observable behaviors

and again the changes in behaviors

are observed are observed sorry yes but

they are just used as indicators as to

what is happening

inside the learner's uh mind

so uh the learning process

for the the cognitivist is about

the reorganization of experience

or the reconstruction of knowledge

and it is like by attaining new insights

or changing old ones thus

the learning is a change in knowledge

which is stored in memory and not just a

change in behavior

as we have seen earlier with

behaviorism the last

theory or movement that i want to talk

about is constructivism

constructivism is based on the premise

that

we all all construct our knowledge like

our

own perspective of the world

based on individual experiences

this movement like is characterized by

like aspects of individuality

and internal knowledge learning

is based on how the individual

interprets

and creates meaning of his or her

experiences

that's why uh it is like entitled

constructivism because

you construct meaning based on your

experiences okay

the knowledge is like constructed by the

learner

and since everyone has a different set

of experiences

and perceptions uh this

like entails that learning is unique

and different for each person because

again it depends on your own experiences

and your own perceptions on how you see

the world

so therefore learning is going to be

unique and different

from a person to another for the

learning process

constructivist theorists believe that

learning is a process where individuals

construct new ideas or concepts

based on prior knowledge or experience

okay each of us like generates

uh like our own mental models

what we call the schemas the schematas

um which we use to make sense of

our experiences um like we resolve

conflicts between

ideas and we would also reflect

on theoretical explanations

therefore learning is simply the process

of like adjusting our mental models

to accommodate our new uh

experiences and the word accommodate

is like the like the basic

uh the basic uh like um the

main process uh within uh

constructivism it's all about

accommodation

we adjust the the our our schematas

to to fit our new experiences

this is how we construct our or

reconstruct our knowledge um

this theory like is used to focus on

preparing people to problem solve

um like therefore to be successful the

learner needs

a significant base of knowledge

upon which to interpret and create ideas

um like in addition with constructivism

outcomes are not always predictable

because learners are constructing their

own knowledge

thus it does not work when the results

always need to be consistent

like which means that you cannot predict

results because

everyone has his own way like

of reconstructing knowledge depends on

his schematas

the schematas that he has or she has

therefore like the the results

are not going to be always consistent

you cannot um predict them

so this or these are the main

uh learning theories within uh

within like um language

um in the next videos inshallah as i

stated before

i will go deeper and i will talk about

the the these theories and their

implication when it comes to second

language acquisition and second language

learning

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