S1.3.3 / S1.3.4 Atomic orbitals and sub-levels

Summary

This video offers an insightful look into atomic orbitals and their sublevels. It explains that s orbitals are spherical, while p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped and oriented at 90 degrees to each other. The script delves into the principal energy levels, detailing the number of sublevels and electrons each can hold, from the 1s sublevel with 2 electrons to the 4f sublevel with 14, culminating in a total of 32 electrons for the n=4 level. The video promises to explore the electron filling order in the next installment, piquing interest for further learning.

Takeaways

• 🌐 An atomic orbital is defined as a region of space where there is a high probability of finding an electron.
• 📘 S orbitals are spherical in shape, with examples being the 1s and 2s orbitals.
• 🔄 P orbitals are dumbbell-shaped and exist in three orientations: px, py, and pz, which are at 90 degrees to each other.
• 📚 Principal energy levels are split into sublevels, with the number of sublevels increasing as the principal quantum number (n) increases.
• 🔢 The first principal energy level (n=1) has one sublevel, the 1s sublevel.
• 📈 The second principal energy level (n=2) has two sublevels, the 2s and 2p sublevels.
• 📊 The third principal energy level (n=3) has three sublevels, the 3s, 3p, and 3d sublevels.
• 🎓 The fourth principal energy level (n=4) has four sublevels, the 4s, 4p, 4d, and 4f sublevels.
• 📉 The energy of sublevels within a principal energy level increases from s to f, with the s sublevel being the lowest and the f sublevel being the highest.
• 🧠 The order of filling of atomic orbitals with electrons will be discussed in the next video.
• 📊 A summary table in the video provides the number of sublevels, orbitals, and electrons for each principal energy level, with the maximum number of electrons for n=1 being 2, n=2 being 8, n=3 being 18, and n=4 being 32.

Q & A

What is an atomic orbital?

An atomic orbital is a region of space where there is a high probability of finding an electron.

What are the shapes of s orbitals?

S orbitals are spherical in shape.

How many s orbitals are there in the first principal energy level?

There is one s orbital in the first principal energy level, known as the 1s orbital.

What is the shape of p orbitals?

P orbitals are dumbbell-shaped.

How many p orbitals are there in the p sublevel?

There are three p orbitals in the p sublevel, labeled as px, py, and pz.

What is the orientation of the p orbitals relative to each other?

The p orbitals are oriented at 90 degrees to each other.

What are the sublevels of the second principal energy level?

The second principal energy level has two sublevels: the 2s and the 2p sublevels.

How many sublevels does the third principal energy level have?

The third principal energy level has three sublevels: the 3s, 3p, and 3d sublevels.

What is the order of energy for the sublevels within the main energy level?

Within the main energy level, the order of energy is from lowest to highest: s, p, d, f.

What is the maximum number of electrons the 3d sublevel can hold?

The 3d sublevel can hold a maximum of 10 electrons.

How many electrons can the 4f sublevel hold and what is its energy level?

The 4f sublevel can hold a maximum of 14 electrons and it is part of the fourth principal energy level.

What is the total number of electrons that the fourth principal energy level can hold?

The fourth principal energy level can hold a maximum of 32 electrons.

What will be the focus of the next video after the one described in the script?

The next video will focus on the order of filling these atomic orbitals with electrons.

Outlines

00:00

🌌 Atomic Orbitals and Sublevels Overview

This paragraph introduces the concept of atomic orbitals as regions with high electron probability and describes their shapes. S orbitals are depicted as spherical, exemplified by the 1s and 2s orbitals, while p orbitals are characterized as dumbbell-shaped with three distinct orientations (px, py, and pz). The video script promises a deeper dive into sublevels in the subsequent discussion.

📚 Sublevel Structure and Energy Levels

The script explains the structure of sublevels within principal energy levels, detailing how each level (n=1 to n=4) is split into an increasing number of sublevels: s, p, d, and f. It emphasizes the order of energy within these levels, with s sublevels having the lowest energy and f sublevels the highest, and provides a visual representation of sublevels arranged by energy, culminating with the 4p sublevel as the highest.

Keywords

💡Atomic Orbitals

Atomic orbitals are regions in space where electrons are likely to be found. They are fundamental to understanding the electron configuration of atoms. In the video, the shapes of s and p orbitals are described, which are crucial for visualizing electron distribution around the nucleus. For instance, s orbitals are spherical, while p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped, indicating different probabilities of finding an electron in various regions.

💡Sublevels

Sublevels refer to the division of principal energy levels into distinct energy states. Each sublevel has a specific shape and orientation, which affects the electron configuration. The video explains that the first principal energy level has one sublevel (1s), while the second has two (2s and 2p), and so on, with the number of sublevels increasing as the principal energy level number increases.

💡S Orbitals

S orbitals are a type of atomic orbital with a spherical shape. They are the simplest orbitals and are found in every principal energy level as the 's' sublevel. The video script mentions 1s and 2s orbitals, emphasizing their spherical shape, which indicates equal probability of finding an electron in any direction from the nucleus.

💡P Orbitals

P orbitals are dumbbell-shaped atomic orbitals found in the p sublevels. They are more complex than s orbitals and have three different orientations, labeled px, py, and pz, which are perpendicular to each other. The video script describes p orbitals to illustrate the varying shapes of orbitals and their spatial orientation.

💡Principal Energy Levels

Principal energy levels, denoted by the principal quantum number 'n', are the main electron energy shells around the nucleus. The video script outlines that each principal energy level has a specific number of sublevels, with the first level (n=1) having one sublevel and the fourth level (n=4) having four sublevels.

💡Energy

In the context of the video, energy refers to the electron's potential energy within an atom, which is quantized into different levels and sublevels. The script explains that within a principal energy level, the s sublevel has the lowest energy, and the f sublevel has the highest, with the energy increasing as you move to higher sublevels.

💡Electron Configuration

Electron configuration is the distribution of electrons in an atom's orbitals. The video script provides a summary table that shows the number of orbitals and electrons in each principal energy level, which is essential for understanding how electrons fill the atomic orbitals.

💡Quantum Number

Quantum numbers are numerical values that describe the state of an electron in an atom. The principal quantum number 'n' is used to define the principal energy level, and it is mentioned in the script in relation to the number of sublevels and the energy of those levels.

💡Electron Probability

Electron probability refers to the likelihood of finding an electron in a particular region of space. The script defines atomic orbitals as regions of high electron probability, with shapes like s and p orbitals indicating where electrons are most likely to be found.

💡Dumbbell Shaped

The term 'dumbbell shaped' is used in the script to describe the shape of p orbitals. This shape indicates that there is a higher probability of finding an electron along the axes of the dumbbell rather than in the middle, which is important for understanding electron behavior in chemical reactions.

💡Orientation

Orientation in the script refers to the spatial arrangement of the p orbitals (px, py, and pz), which are at 90-degree angles to each other. This orientation is crucial for understanding the three-dimensional distribution of electrons in p sublevels.

Highlights

Introduction to atomic orbitals and sublevels.

Definition of an atomic orbital as a region with high electron probability.

Shape of s orbitals described as spherical.

Illustration of 1s and 2s orbitals.

Description of p orbitals as dumbbell-shaped.

Labeling of p orbitals as px, py, and pz with 90-degree orientations.

Summary of s orbitals being spherical and p orbitals being dumbbell-shaped.

Explanation of principal energy levels and their sublevel splits.

Details on the first principal energy level with one s sublevel.

Second principal energy level with 2s and 2p sub-levels.

Third principal energy level with 3s, 3p, and 3d sub-levels.

Fourth principal energy level with 4s, 4p, 4d, and 4f sub-levels.

Energy arrangement of sublevels from lowest to highest.

Next video's focus on electron filling of sublevels.

Order of energy within principal energy levels, s being lowest and f highest.

Example of 4s being the lowest and 4f the highest energy sublevel.

Table summary of principal energy levels, sub-levels, orbitals, and electron capacity.

n=1 energy level with one 1s sublevel holding a maximum of 2 electrons.

n=2 energy level with 2s and 2p sub-levels, totaling 4 orbitals holding 8 electrons.

n=3 energy level with 3s, 3p, and 3d sub-levels, 9 orbitals holding 18 electrons.

n=4 energy level with 4s, 4p, 4d, and 4f sub-levels, 16 orbitals holding 32 electrons.

Transcripts

this is msj chem in this video i'll be

taking a quick look at atomic orbitals

and sublevels

so we'll start by looking at the shapes

of s orbitals and p orbitals before we

do so here we have a definition an

atomic orbital is a region of space

where there is a high probability of

finding an electron so starting with s

orbitals which are spherical on the

right we can see the shapes of a 1s

orbital and a 2s orbital

next we have p orbitals which are

dumbbell shaped

in the p sublevel there are three p

orbitals which are labeled px py and pz

the orientation of the orbitals is at 90

degrees to each other so to summarize s

orbitals are spherical and p orbitals

are dumbbell shaped so next we look at

sublevels

so each principal energy level is split

into sublevels

the first principal energy level which

is labeled as n equals one has one sub

level which is the one s sublevel the

second principal energy level which is n

equals 2 has two sub-levels

they are the 2s and 2p sub-levels

the third principal energy level which

is n equals 3 has three sub-levels which

are the 3s the 3p and the 3d sub levels

and finally we have the fourth principal

energy level which is n equals four and

this has four sub levels they are the 4s

the 4p the 4d and the 4f sublevels

on the right we can see these sublevels

arranged in order of energy with the

lowest energy being the 1s sublevel and

the highest energy being the 4p sublevel

in the next video we'll look at how

these sub levels are filled with

electrons

note that within the main energy level

or principal energy level the order of

energy is as follows

so the s sublevel is the lowest energy

and the f sublevel is the highest energy

so for example the 4s sublevel is the

lowest energy

and the 4f sublevel is the highest

energy

so let's end the video with a summary in

this table we have the principal energy

level or main energy level with the

number of sub-levels the number of

electrons in each sub-level the number

of orbitals and the total number of

electrons in each main energy level so

starting with n equals 1 which has a 1s

sublevel this can hold a maximum of 2

electrons

so the n equals 1 energy level has one

orbital which can hold two electrons

next we have n equals 2 which has 1 2s

sublevel and 1 2p sublevel the 2s

sublevel can hold 2 electrons and the 2p

sublevel can hold 6 electrons the number

of orbitals is 4 which can hold a total

of 8 electrons moving on to n equals 3

which has a 3s a 3p and a 3d sub level

the 3s sublevel can hold 2 electrons the

3p sublevel can hold 6

and the 3d sublevel can hold 10

electrons the total number of atomic

orbitals is 9 which can hold 18

electrons

and finally we have the n equals 4

energy level this has a 4s sublevel a 4p

sub level a 4d sub level and a 4f sub

level the 4s sub level can hold 2

electrons the 4p sublevel can hold 6.

the 4d sublevel can hold 10

and the 4f sublevel can hold 14

electrons the total number of orbitals

is 16 which can hold a maximum of 32

electrons

so that's all from this video in the

next video we look at the order of

filling of these atomic orbitals