Attachment - AQA Psychology in 22 MINS!

Summary

This video script offers a concise summary of attachment theories in psychology, highlighting the importance of caregiver-infant interactions and their impact on emotional bonds. It covers key concepts like interactional synchrony, sensitive responsiveness, and the stages of attachment as described by Schaffer. The script also discusses the implications of these theories for child development, the role of fathers, and the influence of early attachment on adult relationships. Additionally, it mentions the limitations and cultural variations in attachment research, urging viewers to explore the topic further through the provided resources.

Takeaways

• 🧑‍👧 Infants and caregivers form deep emotional bonds through mutual interaction, which includes reciprocity and interactional synchrony.
• 🤔 The quality of caregiver-infant interaction influences the strength of attachment, with sensitive responsiveness being a key factor.
• 👶 Schaffer's stages of attachment outline the progression from asocial to multiple attachments, with separation and stranger anxiety emerging at specific stages.
• 👨‍👦 Fathers play a significant role in infant development, with their interactional style and sensitivity being similar to mothers' when they become primary caregivers.
• 🦆 Lorenz's imprinting studies in geese suggest a critical period for attachment, highlighting the biological basis of attachment behaviors.
• 🐒 Harlow's research with surrogate mothers in monkeys indicates that physical contact and comfort are more important for attachment than food provision.
• 👶‍🍼 Ainsworth's Strange Situation identified three types of infant attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant, based on the mother's sensitive responsiveness.
• 🌐 Cross-cultural studies show variations in attachment styles, with secure attachment being the most common, but cultural differences influencing the prevalence of insecure types.
• 🧬 Kagan's temperament hypothesis suggests that inherited temperament affects infant and adult relationships, with high reactivity leading to anxious adults.
• 👩‍⚕️ Institutional care, as seen in the Romanian orphan studies, can have severe negative impacts on children's development, emphasizing the importance of early attachment.
• 🔄 Bowlby's internal working model theory posits that early attachment experiences form a blueprint for future relationships, affecting social and emotional outcomes in adulthood.

Q & A

What is the purpose of the 'psych boost app' mentioned in the video script?

The 'psych boost app' is designed to test knowledge of all topics in AEV psychology using flashcards. It is available on IOS and Android and can be used for all of paper one for free.

What does the term 'interactional synchrony' refer to in the context of infant-caregiver relationships?

Interactional synchrony refers to a simultaneous interaction between the infant and caregiver where they appear to be acting rhythmically with matching, coordinated behavior and matching emotional states.

What is the significance of the 'Meltzoff and Moore' experiment mentioned in the script?

The 'Meltzoff and Moore' experiment demonstrated that infants as young as 12 to 21 days old have the ability to observe and reciprocate facial gestures through imitation, indicating early social cognitive abilities.

What is 'sensitive responsiveness' in the context of caregiver-infant interactions?

Sensitive responsiveness refers to the adult caregiver's ability to correctly interpret the meaning of the infant's communication and being motivated to respond appropriately.

What are the implications of using multiple observers blind to the experiment's aims in infant-caregiver interaction studies?

Using multiple observers blind to the experiment's aims helps to provide interrater reliability, ensuring that the findings are not influenced by the expectations or biases of a single observer.

What did Schaffer's stages of attachment identify in infant development?

Schaffer's stages of attachment identify four stages: 1) Asocial (0-6 weeks) where babies display innate behaviors without preference for any individual; 2) Indiscriminate attachment (6 weeks to 7 months) where infants begin to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar individuals; 3) Specific attachment (7-9 months) where a strong attachment to a primary caregiver forms, and separation anxiety and stranger anxiety develop; 4) Multiple attachment (9-10 months and beyond) where infants form attachments with other regular caregivers.

What role does the father play in infant attachment according to the script?

Fathers play an important role in infant attachment. Research suggests that at 18 months, 75% of infants have formed an attachment with their father, indicating that fathers can be significant figures in their infants' lives and contribute to their socialization.

How does the script describe the influence of animal studies on attachment theories?

The script describes Lorenz's imprinting studies with geese and Harlow's work with surrogate mothers in monkeys, which suggest that attachment behaviors have biological and evolutionary bases. However, it also notes that generalizing animal behavior to human psychology can be problematic due to differences in biology and social/cultural experiences.

What is the 'critical period' in the context of Bowlby's theory of attachment?

In Bowlby's theory, the 'critical period' refers to the first 30 months after birth, during which a strong monotropic attachment must form. According to Bowlby, a lack of attachment during this period can result in permanent negative social, intellectual, and emotional consequences for the infant.

What are the potential cultural variations in attachment styles as discussed in the script?

The script discusses cultural variations in attachment styles, noting that secure attachment is the most common type globally but there are differences. For example, avoidant attachment is more common in individualistic Western cultures, while resistant attachment is more common in collectivist cultures. These variations may be influenced by cultural practices and values related to child-rearing.

Outlines

00:00

👶 Infant-Caregiver Attachment Dynamics

This paragraph delves into the formation of emotional bonds between infants and caregivers, emphasizing mutual interaction and security. Key concepts include interactional synchrony, imitation, sensitive responsiveness, and the stages of attachment as defined by Schaffer. The paragraph also touches on the influence of fathers and the role of social sensitivity in attachment research. It mentions the use of the 'psych boost app' for knowledge reinforcement and the importance of interrater reliability in studies. The limitations of generalizing findings due to sample and temporal constraints are also discussed.

05:01

🐣 Animal Studies and Theories of Attachment

The second paragraph explores attachment through animal studies, focusing on imprinting in geese and the critical period for forming attachments. It contrasts Lorenz's findings with Harlow's work on surrogate mothers, which refutes the learning theory that attachment is solely based on feeding. Bowlby's monotropy theory and the internal working model are introduced, suggesting an innate drive in infants to form strong attachments, with implications for childcare practices. The paragraph also addresses the limitations and ethical concerns of Harlow's research and the potential for policy changes based on these studies.

10:02

🌐 Cultural Perspectives on Attachment

This section examines Ainsworth's attachment types and the Strange Situation used to classify them. It discusses the predictive validity of these classifications and the potential cultural biases inherent in the Strange Situation. The paragraph also explores the generalizability of attachment styles across different cultures and the ecological validity of the Strange Situation. Kagan's temperament hypothesis and the influence of inherited traits on attachment styles are considered, alongside the impact of early fostering and the role of the primary caregiver in development.

15:03

📚 Longitudinal Studies and Policy Implications

The fourth paragraph presents findings from longitudinal studies on attachment, including the effects of maternal deprivation and the critical period for attachment formation. It discusses the consequences of deprivation on social, emotional, and intellectual development, and how policies related to child welfare have been influenced by attachment research. The paragraph also addresses the potential for recovery from early attachment disruptions and the influence of early attachment on adult relationships.

20:03

👨‍👧‍👦 Adult Relationships and the Legacy of Early Attachment

The final paragraph connects early attachment styles with adult relationship patterns, highlighting the continuity hypothesis and the impact of early experiences on later life. It discusses the correlation between adult attachment styles and those from childhood, as well as the role of temperament in shaping these relationships. The paragraph concludes with a call to action for viewers to engage with the 'Cy stat' app for self-testing on attachment topics and acknowledges the support of Patreon patrons in developing educational content.

Keywords

💡Attachment

Attachment in the context of the video refers to the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their caregiver. It is a central theme of the video, as it discusses the development of this bond and its importance in early childhood. The script mentions various stages of attachment, such as Schaffer's stages, and the impact of caregiver interactions on this bond.

💡Interactional Synchrony

Interactional synchrony is a concept that describes the coordinated and rhythmic interaction between an infant and caregiver, where both parties respond to each other's signals and cues in a mutually rhythmic manner. The video emphasizes this as an important aspect of building attachment, illustrating how caregivers and infants develop a harmonious relationship through synchronized behaviors.

💡Sensitive Responsiveness

Sensitive responsiveness is the caregiver's ability to correctly interpret and respond to an infant's communication signals in an appropriate and timely manner. The video script highlights this concept as a key factor in fostering secure attachment, with examples of how caregivers' responses can strengthen the emotional bond with the infant.

💡Imitation

Imitation is the act of copying another's behavior, and in the context of the video, it is discussed as a way infants begin to engage with their caregivers. The script references the Meltzoff and Moore experiment, which demonstrated that infants as young as 12 to 21 days old can imitate facial gestures, showing the early development of social interaction skills.

💡Schaffer Stages

The Schaffer stages are a series of developmental phases in infant attachment theory, identified by the script as stages one through four. These stages describe the progression from neonatal behaviors to the formation of specific attachments to caregivers and the development of stranger and separation anxiety. The video uses these stages to outline the typical progression of attachment in infants.

💡Maternal Deprivation

Maternal deprivation is a theory suggesting that a lack of attachment to a primary caregiver during a critical period in early childhood can lead to long-term negative effects on social, emotional, and intellectual development. The video discusses this theory in the context of Bowlby's work and its implications for child welfare policies.

💡Internal Working Model

The internal working model is a concept from attachment theory that represents an individual's expectations and understanding of relationships based on early attachment experiences. The video explains that this model, formed during infancy, influences future relationships and behaviors in adulthood.

💡Ainsworth's Strange Situation

Ainsworth's Strange Situation is a research procedure used to assess the attachment styles of infants. The video describes this method, which involves observing how infants react to a series of standardized events, such as being left alone, the introduction of a stranger, and the return of the caregiver. The script uses this procedure to discuss the classification of attachment types, such as secure and insecure.

💡Cultural Variations

Cultural variations refer to the differences in attachment styles and behaviors across different societies and cultures. The video script explores how cultural norms and values can influence attachment patterns, with examples such as the higher prevalence of insecure avoidant attachment in individualistic Western cultures compared to insecure resistant attachment in collectivist cultures.

💡Institutionalization

Institutionalization in the context of the video refers to the negative impact on child development when children are raised in institutions, such as orphanages, where they may not receive adequate physical and emotional care. The script discusses the long-term effects of institutionalization, including delayed development and potential intellectual and social problems.

💡Monotropy

Monotropy is a concept from Bowlby's attachment theory, suggesting that infants have an innate drive to form a strong attachment to a single caregiver, typically the mother. The video explains that this monotropic attachment is crucial for survival and that a secure attachment during the critical period forms the basis for future relationships.

Highlights

Attachment theory describes how infants and caregivers develop deep emotional bonds through mutual interaction and reciprocity.

Interactional synchrony and imitation are key components of the attachment process, with infants copying caregivers' expressions and behaviors.

Sensitive responsiveness in caregivers is crucial for interpreting and responding to an infant's communication, as demonstrated by the Mead and Maccoby experiment.

Schaefer's stages of attachment outline the progression from indiscriminate to specific attachments, with separation anxiety and stranger anxiety emerging around 7 to 9 months.

The role of fathers in attachment is significant, with studies showing they can form strong attachments and influence their child's social development.

Harlow's research on rhesus monkeys rejects the learning theory of attachment, showing that contact comfort is more important than food provision.

Bowlby's monotropy theory suggests an innate drive in infants to form a strong attachment to their mother, with a critical period for attachment formation.

Ainsworth's Strange Situation identified three types of infant attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant, based on the mother's sensitive responsiveness.

Cultural variations in attachment styles exist, with different prevalence of secure and insecure attachments across cultures, as shown by van IJzendoorn's meta-analysis.

Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation posits that disruption of attachment during a critical period can lead to long-term negative consequences.

The Romanian orphan studies highlight the severe impact of institutionalization on child development, supporting the need for sensitive and responsive care.

Attachment styles in childhood have been linked to adult relationship styles, with secure attachments often leading to healthier adult relationships.

The internal working model, based on early attachment, is thought to influence an individual's future relationships and behaviors in relationships.

Kagan's temperament hypothesis suggests that inherited temperament may influence both infant and adult relationships.

The psych boost app and Patreon support provide additional resources for learning and understanding attachment theories and their applications.

The study of attachment has practical implications for child welfare policies, such as maternity leave and nursery school ratios.

Ethical concerns and potential biases in attachment research, such as the influence of institutionalization studies, highlight the need for sensitive and responsible research practices.

Transcripts

I've combined and summarized the content

from my attachment videos into this

attachment revision video if you don't

understand any of the content I cover

here go to my longer videos for a full

explanation but if you just need a

reminder of the key points quickly this

is the video for you but don't just use

this video I've got a psych boost app

it's designed to test your knowledge of

all the topics in AEV psychology

actively using flash cards it's on IOS

and Android and you can use it for all

of paper one for free if instead you

want tutorial support videos with

questions from all free papers you can

access over 16 hours of these as well as

hundreds of pral resources over on my

patreon but enough of that let's get

started careg infant interactions in

humans attachment infants and caregivers

develop deep and Lasting emotional bonds

both members of this emotional

relationship see closeness and feel more

secure when close their attachment

figure reciprocity similar to a

conversation this is a mutual

turn-taking form of interaction both

caregiver and infant contribute to the

interaction by responding to the other's

signals and cues interactional synchrony

is a simultaneous interaction between

the infant and caregiver who appear to

be acting rhythmically with matching

coordinated behavior and matching

emotional states imitation the infant

directly copies the caregiver's

expression sensitive responsiveness the

adult caregiver correctly interprets the

meaning of the infant's communication

and is motivated to respond

appropriately Meto and mo an

experimenter displayed facial gestures

such as sticking a tongue out and

opening their mouth in Shar to 12 to 21

day old infants finding infants had the

ability to observe and reciprocate

through imitation cond and sander

1974 videotaped interactions between

adults and neonates focusing on the

movements of the neonates in response to

adult speech finding evidence of

interactional synchrony and coordination

many studies use multiple observers

blind to the true aims of the experiment

to provide interr reliability the use of

complex camera systems to document and

slow down micro sequences provides High

internal validity infants cannot

directly communicate their thoughts or

emotions therefore findings and

caregiver infant interaction research

depend on inferences assumptions about

the infant's internal mental states

which are considered unscientific social

sensitivity is a concern when

investigating Child R techniques

including Norms around caregiver infant

interactions as some women may find

their life choices sized stag of

attachment identified by schaer stage

one asocial 0 to 6 weeks babies display

innate behaviors crying smiling that

ensure proximity to any potential

caregiver anyone can Comfort them as

they do not prefer any individual

caregiver stage two indiscriminate

attachment 6 weeks to 7 months infants

develop the ability to tell a difference

between familiar and unfamiliar

individuals smiling more at people they

see frequently stage free specific

attachment 7 to 9 months babies form a

strong attachment to a primary caregiver

most often their mother it's in this

stage that separation anxiety and

stranger anxiety develop stage four

multiple attachment 9 to 10 months plus

the infant starts to form attachments

with other regular caregivers like

fathers grandparents and siblings and

stranger anxiety starts to decrease

schaer emson 1964 conducted a

longitudinal observation of 60

workingclass babies from Glasgow it was

found that separation anxiety occurred

in most babies by 25 to 32 weeks with

stranger anxiety starting one month

later in the 18month followup 87% had

developed multiple attachments the

strongest attachment was to those

mothers with consistent caregiver infant

interactions results suggest development

occurs in the stages outlined by schaer

and the quality of caregiver infant

interaction influences the strength of

attachment between infants and their

mothers as infants and their families

are observed in their own homes the

study has a high level of mundane

realism the experience of strangers

visiting the family home or mother's Le

leaving the room was normal for the

infants the sample and shap of study may

not be generalizable or have temporal

veny as it only included a group of

working class mothers in 1960s Glasgow

the role of a father schaer found that

at 18 months 75% of infants had formed

an attachment with their father showing

separation anxiety suggesting fathers

play an important role in their infants

lives active play fathers are seen to

encourage babies in active play

activities more consistently than

mothers this stimulation is thought to

encourage risk-taking behaviors primary

caregiver if men take on the role of

primary caregiver their interactional

style changes to be more like mothers

increasing their capacity for sense to

responsiveness field 1978 found fathers

in general focus more on game playing

and less on holding additionally primary

caretaker fathers showed more

sensitively responsive Behavior similar

to mothers fisimo found a strong

attachment to the father was the best

predictor of the ability to make friends

in school suggesting an important role

for fathers in socialization social

sensitivity theories that argue the role

of the mother cannot be replaced by the

father like Bobby may lead to Father Le

single families and families of two

fathers feeling they cannot fully

provide for the needs of infants

economic implications research could

lead to legislation that ensures equal

paternity and maternity leave this may

reduce the number of males in the

workforce reducing economic activity but

also help to address the gender pay Gap

animal studies of attachment Loren Loren

tested in printing Birds forming a

strong bond with and following their

mother shortly after hatching theen 1935

procedure gr like goose eggs were

randomly divided half were taken to be

hatched by the Rens and the other half

were hatched by the biological mother in

later studies he varied the time between

hatching and when the goslings first

observed a moving object Loren found the

goslings he had hatched imprinted on him

Loren placed all of the goslings in a

box when the goslings were released from

the box the goslings who had imprinted

on Loren found him and continued to

follow him Loren found that goslings had

a critical period of around 32 hours if

a goling did did not see a large moving

object to imprint on these first few

hours it lost the ability to imprint

Lorenzo's research suggests imprinting

is a strong evolutionary biological

feature of attachment in certain Birds H

H tested the CED love theory that babies

love Mothers because they feed them

Hollow 1958 procedure infant Reese's

maak monkeys were placed in cages with

two surrogate mothers one that provided

milk but not comfort as its body was

constructed of exposed wire the other

surrogate mother provided comfort as the

wire was covered with a cloth but not

food time spend with each mother was

recorded as well as a wi Sur get the

infant ran to when frightened by a

mechanical monkey Hollow found that the

infant monkeys spent most of their time

with the Comfort providing cloth mother

only visiting the food mother when they

needed to eat they returned to the cloth

M when frightened in follow-up research

harow found that the maternal

deprivation studies had caused resulted

in permanent social disorders hollow's

research suggests that re mechanics have

a biological nature need for physical

Conta contact contact Comfort the

generalization of animal behavior to

human psychology is problematic humans

and animals have very different biology

and humans have various social and

cultural experiences that inform their

behavior hollow's findings on contact

Comfort have been highly influential

Balby argued similar to maax infants

crave comfort from their mothers

attempting to form a monotropic

relationship Loren's findings on the

critical period in geese have been

highly influential Bobby argued there's

a similar critical period for humans

there are practical applications of har

and the render's work knowledge

initially gained from these studies and

later developed by Balby have been

applied to Early Child Care for example

immediate physical contact after birth

har is criticized on ethical grounds for

harm caused to many intentionally

orphaned primary infants and for causing

high stress levels and public knowledge

of these studies has harmed psychology

reputation explanations of attachment

learning theory doand and Miller's 1950

theory of covered love is based on the

principle of learning theory it argues

infants become attached to their

caregiver because they learn that their

caregiver provides food classical

conditioning food is an unconditioned

stimulus producing pleasure an

unconditioned response as the mother is

present every time the baby is fed the

mother becomes associated with the

pleasure of being fed she changes from

being a neutral stimulus to a condition

stimulus oper conditioning positive

reinforcement when a parent feeds a

crying baby the baby is more likely to

repeat the crying Behavior to get food

the parent feeding behavior is NE

reinforced by the baby stopping its

crying behavior when fat attachment is a

second drive this will ultimately lead

to satisfying a primary drive in this

case hunger learning theory has faed

validity it makes intuitive sense that

babies cry more when they learn crying

gains them attention and ultimately food

the Behavior's principles used to

explain attachment are backed up by a

long history of well-controlled research

such as at Pike pavlof and Skinner

Harlow's research on Reese's mechanics

rejects a c of theory showing that

infant monkey become attached to a cloth

mother that did not provide milk not a y

monkey that provided milk most parents

would say their relationship with their

children is more complicated than the

result of simplistic stimulus

associations suggesting applying

learning theory to attachment is

environmentally reductionist bal's

monotopic Theory an evolutionary

explanation of attachment Balby argues

infants have an innate instinctual drive

to form an especially strong attachment

to their mother monotropy and stay in

close proximity this is vital to infant

surv rival babies instinctively use

signals called social releases crying

smiling vocalizations that attract the

caregivers attention mothers are

biologically programmed to instinctively

find these behaviors cute or distressing

infants should use their mother as a

safe base to explore their environment

and show stranger anxiety BBY suggest

that strong monotropic attachment must

form in the first 30 months after birth

critical period and a lack of monotropy

results in permanent negative social

intellectual and emotional consequences

for the infant BBY claims a child's

monotropic attachment to its mother

forms a schema called an internal

working model this is a blueprint for

future relationships Bob's ideas have

been developed and applied to Early

Child Care for example immediate

physical contact between the mother and

their babies in the first few hours

after birth is encouraged and he

inspired Mary answorth Bobby's work is

based on Loren's findings research on

orphans suggest unlike geese Early

Childhood is sensitive not critical

important but suitable care can lead to

recovery counter to Bob's claim of

permanent damage the internal working

model is highly deterministic people

like to think that they have complete

conscious control over their

relationships including responsibility

for the success of relationships not

that this is set in infancy Bobby argues

the father's role is to provide

resources for the family while the

mother's monotropic role is crucial this

is likely a reflection of 1940s

worldview that is likely correct in its

time but now lacks temporal

validity hey there I just still watching

I'm guess and you'll find this video

useful as I release content right up to

the exams don't forget to subscribe so

you know when new videos are

uploaded asworth strain situation and

cultural variations asworth types of

attachment answorth identified behaviors

that indicated attachment strength

proximity to the mother exploration safe

based Behavior stranger anxiety

separation anxiety reunion response and

sensitive responsiveness Ang have

categorized infant into one of three

attachment types insecure avoidant type

A infants explore freely not using their

mother as secure base has low stranger

anxiety and separation anxiety mothers

Show Low sensitive

responsiveness secure type B infants use

their mother as a safe base they have a

moderate level of stranger anxiety and

show separation anxiety caregivers show

sensitive responsiveness insecure

resistant type c infants are clinky and

have high stranger and separation

anxiety when the mothers return the

infants appear ambivalent with mixed

emotions

seeming to both crave and reject her

attention mothers are inconsistent with

sensitive responsiveness a a strange

situation inworth 1970 and 1973

procedure a structured observation of

infant and mother pairs in a lab setting

the eight stages included the mother

leaving the room and the stranger

entering behaviors that indicated

attachment strength were recorded

asworth findings provided evidence for

free distinct attachment types that seem

to correlate with a level of sensitive

responsiveness shown by the mother

findings 66% of infants were secure 34%

insecure including 22% insecure avoidant

and 12% insecure resistant anor's

research suggests that a secure

attachment develops due to the attention

of a consistently sensitive responsive

mother The Strain situation is a highly

controlled observational research study

with standardized procedures and clear

behavioral categories this

standardization has resulted in precise

replications of the strain situation

predictive validity children classified

as securely attached tend to have better

social emotional and academic outcomes

in later childhood and adulthood

McCarthy found adults with secure

friendships and romantic relationships

were securely attached infancy as the

strange situation was developed in

America it may be a culture-bound test

not valid when applied to other cultures

in some cultures children are taught to

be more or less independent low

ecological validity as the observation

is not in a familiar environment like

the family home the mother knows her

behavior is mared so she may show sense

of responsiveness due to demand

characteristics

kagan's alternate temperament hypothesis

suggests infants have inherited a high

or low reactive temperament high

reactivity results in distressed babies

and low reactive infants Show Low

distress cultural variations in

attachment banor 1988 procedure

conducted a large scale matter analysis

of 2,000 infants in 32 studies from

eight countries each study classifi the

attachment types of infants and mothers

using the strain situation findings

General secure attachment was the most

common typee in all countries insecure

resistant was the least common type

avoidant was more common in

individualistic Western cultures and

resistant in collectivist cultures

individual Germany had the most insecure

avoidant infants 35% Japan 27% had the

most insecure resistant suggests as

secure attachment is the most common

type there is a globally preferred

attachment style which potentially has a

biological basis there are cultural

variations for example German families

encourage independent avoidant behavior

and Japanese mothers spends a

significant amount of time with infants

explaining the extreme resistant

reactions ainsworth's 1970 and Van

endor's 1988 findings May lack temporal

liity Simon Elli in 2014 found fewer

secure and more avoidant infants in

modern Italian families due to the

changing nature of family life as the

dominant attachment style was Secure for

all country studies this may be evidence

for Bob's theory that that there is a

biological instinctive drive to parent

in a way that produces secure

attachments many of the countries

represented only had one study included

such a small sample is not

representative of the country's

population for example the sample may

have over represented groups such as

Urban infants this Metro analysis

included a very large sample as strength

of this is any poorly conducted study or

unusual results only have a small fact

on the overall results increasing

confidence in the validity of the

findings using the strength situation to

assess attachments in nonwestern

countries may be an example of

ethnocentrism it may suffer from

cultural bias as secure styles of

attachment are more common in Western

culture Bob's theory of maternal

deprivation if the child's monotropic

attachment is disrupted during the

critical period due to prolonged

separation from the mother this

deprivation has negative and

irreversible consequences the critical

period is an infant's first 30 months 2

and a half years however there's a risk

up to 5 years consequences of

deprivation Social Development

delinquency behaviors often outside

acceptable Norms such as committing

petty crime emotional development

affectional psychopathy children are

unable to show caring behaviors to

others or empathy for other people's

feelings and have little guilt about

their harmful actions intellectual

development low IQ cognitive abilities

are lower than peers continuity

hypothesis deprivation affects the

infant's internal working model leading

to unsuccessful relationships bal's 1944

44 thieves study 44 child thieves and a

control group were assessed for

affectional psychopathy and paternal

deprivation found 14 thieves had

affection of psychopathy 12 Eternal

deprivation Bobby's research is

correlational deprivation and

delinquency could be linked to a third

Factor such as extreme poverty or

contact with criminal relatives Bob's

work and attachment led to significant

positive changes to policies related to

child welfare such as visiting time for

mothers in hospitals the ratio of carers

and infants at nursery school and the

length of maternity leave monotropy May

exaggerate the importance of the mother

as a primary caregiver alphab bias

underestimating the role of the father

in encouraging risk-taking developing

socialization and taking on a sensitive

responsive role ran orphan studies as

institutions are unable to provide the

same level of physical and emotional

care to young children as families

institutionalization is for to influence

childhood development negatively

deprivation is not receiving suitable

emot care from a primary attachment

figure due to frequent or extended

absences of the primary caregiver

privation is a total lack of care so

there's no ability to form an attachment

Bond rter ER 1998 to 2011 conducted a

longitudinal study of 165 ranian orphans

who lacked physical and emotional care

from staff many were malnourished and

abused they were then adopted into

British

families procedure children were adopted

while under 6 months between 6 months

and 2 years and and older than 2 years

each group were assessed at the ages of

4 6 11 and 15 main findings ag6 overly

friendly Behavior to strange adults

disinhibited attachment was more common

in infants adopted after 2 years old age

11 children adopted after 6 months

showed delayed physical emotional and

intellectual development children

adopted after 24 months had an average

IQ of 77 intellectual problems continued

at the 15-year follow-up in a small

number of cases quasi autism Tendencies

were identified practical applications

Romanian orphan research has changed

policies around adoption and car in

orphanages Hodes and tizard 1989 found

children adopted into caring families

cope better on measures of Behavioral

and peer relationships then children

returned to abusive families goldb 1947

found that early fostering led to

significantly higher levels of mental

ability IQ and social

skills the children in R's ER study were

not randomly assigned for adoption was

selected by the new parents in Romania

it's possible this resulted in a bias

with the more sociable children picked

for adoption at a younger age Balby

argues if children miss a window for

development the harm is permanent

however often studies that show recovery

suggest a sensitive period the damage

caused while severe can be addressed

with later care the influence of early

attachment internal working model

according to Balby infants develop a

schema based on their attachment to

their primary caregiver this SCH acts as

a template for how relationships work

the continuity hypothesis suggesting

individuals future relationships will

follow a pattern based on the internal

working model Hansen shaver argue that

an adult relationship type is a

continuation of the infinite attachment

style secure insecure avoidant and

insecure resistant and secure children

will be more socially capable than

insecure types Bob's maternal

deprivation Theory suggests children

with a disrupted attachment with their

primary caregiver in the critical period

will have problems with social emotional

and intellectual development affecting

adult relationships hasard and shav's

1987 love quiz assess child's attachment

type and participants adult relationship

Styles found 56% secure look for a

balance between closeness and

Independence 25% avoidant avoided

intimacy and 19% anxious couldn't cope

well with Independence there was a

correlation between adle and child

attachment types McCarthy in 1999

studied women assessed using the stange

situation as infants found adults with

long-lasting and secure animal

friendships and romantic relationships

were securely attached in infancy Maran

Wilson 1988 found children assesses

bullies had low scores in Parental

warmth and high scores in Parental

neglect those assessors victims scored

highly on Parental punitiveness

punishments kagan's temperament

hypothesis suggest infant and adult

relationships are due to inherited

temperament high reactivity babies go

into inhibited and anxious adults and

low reactive infants grow into outgoing

adults adults early attachment research

is correlational so it's impossible to

establish a cause and effect

relationship between Early Childhood

attachment and later adult relationship

Styles there may be another variable

such as poverty don't forget you can now

test yourself on the attachment unit in

the Cy stat all of the topics in paper

one are free and you can get it on iOS

or Android if you want to see model

answers to attaching questions or access

my other resources there's also patreon

speaking of patreon I want to thank all

of my patients for their support with

the help of all these students and

teachers I'm able to teach part-time so

I can work on the main mission of s

boost the development of a free- to

watch and hopefully high quality a level

psychology course so thanks to them good

luck with your revision and I will see

you in the next psych pce

video